Electrochemical Sensor For Dopamine Research Articles

Electro-catalytic detection of dopamine at carbon paste electrode modified with activated carbon: analytical application in blood samples

ABSTRACTA simple electrochemical sensor for dopamine was developed based on activated carbon (AC) as a modifier for carbon paste electrode (CPE). The proposed electrode (AC-CPE) was used to study the electrocatalytic oxidation of dopamine by cyclic voltammetry (CV), chronoamperometry (CA) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Firstly, the electrochemical behaviour of the modified electrode demonstrated that the substantial of the cathodic and anodic peak potentials were positively and negatively shifted, respectively; accompanied by an enhancement of current peak of DA. Then, the diffusion coefficient (D = 1.01 × 10−5 cm2 s−1) and the kinetic parameters such as the electron transfer coefficient (α = 0.48), apparent electron transfer rate constant (ks = 0.80 s−1) and catalytic reaction rate constant (kcat = 40.90 × 104 mol L−1 s−1) for dopamine at the surface of the AC-CPE were determined using electrochemical approaches. The AC−CPE showed favourable electron transfer kinetics and electro-catalytic activity towards oxidation/reduction of the dopamine. Differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) was used successfully for the determination of DA in the linear response range from 1.0 × 10−7 to 1.0 × 10−3 mol L−1 with a detection limit of 3.09 × 10−8 mol L−1. The AC−CPE offered high electro-catalytic activity in dopamine sensing individually and simultaneously in the presence of hydroquinone, catechol, paracetamol and phenol. These results demonstrated that the AC−CPE exhibited an excellent anti-interference property by peaks separation. The practical analytical utility of the AC−CPE is illustrated by dopamine determination in blood samples.

A ruthenium(IV) disulfide based non-enzymatic sensor for selective and sensitive amperometric determination of dopamine.

An electrochemical dopamine (DA) sensor has been fabricated by modifying a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) with ruthenium disulfide (RuS2) nanoparticles (NPs). FESEM and TEM micrographs show the NPs to have an average size of ~45nm. XRD, Raman and EDS, in turn, confirm the successful formation of cubic phased RuS2 NPs. The modified GCE displays has attractive features of merit that include (a) an ultra-low detection limit (73.8nM), (b) fast response time (< 4s), (c) a low oxidation potential (0.25V vs. Ag|AgCl), (d) excellent reproducibility and stability, (e) an electrochemical sensitivity of 18.4μAμM-1cm-2 and 1.8μA.μM-1.cm-2 in the linear ranges from 0.1-10μM of DA (R2 = 0.97) and 10-80μM of DA (R2 = 0.99), respectively. The sensor exhibits excellent specificity over potential interferents like ascorbic acid, glucose and uric acid. The superior performance of the sensor is attributed to its high electrical conductivity, large electro-active surface, and large numbers of exposed catalytically active sites resulting from the presence of unreacted sulfur atoms. Graphical abstract A ruthenium disulfide modified electrochemical sensor material was obtained by single-step hydrothermal synthesis. Sensitive and highly selective detection of dopamine is demonstrated.

Synthesis of Cerium‐Doped Zirconia Nanoparticles for the Electrochemical Detection of Dopamine by Modified Carbon Paste Electrode

AbstractCerium doped zirconia (ZrO2) nanoparticles are used in the electrochemical investigation of one of the important neurotransmitter Dopamine. Cerium doped ZrO2 nanoparticles finds an interesting application for the electrochemical detection of Dopamine. These cerium doped zirconia nanoparticles were synthesized by environmental benign co‐precipitation method. The phase formation and the crystallinity of the synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by X‐ray diffraction and it was in cubic phase. The morphology of the nanoparticles was characterized by field‐emission scanning electron microscopy and the particle size was measured by using high resolution transmission microscopy. The average particle size was measured to be 18 nm. Additionally, the effectiveness of cerium doped zirconia nanoparticles modified carbon paste electrode (Ce‐ZrO2/MCPE) was evaluated by using cyclic voltammetric technique, to assess the application as electrochemical sensor for Dopamine. Differential pulse voltammetry method is used for the detection of Dopamine, the limit of detection was found to be 3.6 μmol L−1 based on (S/N=3). This shows high stability and low detection level at modified electrode. In addition, modified electrodes are also been used the detection of Dopamine in real time sample analyses with satisfactory results.

A novel dopamine electrochemical sensor based on La3+/ZnO nanoflower modified graphite screen printed electrode

Flower-like La3+/ZnO nanocomposite was facile synthesized. A simple and ultrasensitive sensor based on graphite screen printed electrode (SPE) modified by La3+/ZnO nanoflower was developed for the electrochemical determination of dopamine. The electrochemical behavior of dopamine was studied in 0.1 M phosphate buffer solution (PBS) using cyclic voltammetry (CV), chronoamperometry (CA) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). Compared with the unmodified graphite screen printed electrode, the modified electrode facilitates the electron transfer of dopamine, since it notably increases the oxidation peak current of dopamine. Also, according to CV results the maximum oxidation of dopamine on La3+/ZnO/SPE occurs at 150 mV which is about 140 mV more negative compared with unmodified SPE. Under optimized conditions, the modified electrode exhibited a linear response over the concentration range from 0.15 to 300.0 μM, with a detection limit of 0.08 μM (S/N = 3). The proposed sensor exhibited a high sensitivity, good stability and was successfully applied for dopamine determination in dopamine ampoule, with high recovery.

Thin Hematite Film Based Flavin Microsensor

We developed a new microelectrode with a tip made of a hematite film for the detection of flavin using pulse voltammetry. Hematite has been used as a reducing agent for many metals and an electrochemical sensor for Riboflavin, hydroquinone, and dopamine because of its excellent adsorption capacity. Potentially, a thin hematite film can be used for microelectrodes for sensor development. We prepared hematite films on a microelectrode with a carbon fiber tip. Colloidal hematite was synthesized from iron nitrate and characterized using FTIR and EDX. In addition to microelectrode work, a hematite film was deposited on to a glassy carbon electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (eQCM) to characterize the mechanism of deposition and physical sorption in a pH range of 5-8. Lastly, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was used to characterize the electrochemical processes. We found that the hematite film exhibited capacitive and resistive characteristics. We also found that the hematite film microelectrode detection limit improved compared to bare carbon fiber.

Electrochemically reduced graphene oxide and gold nanoparticles onan indium tin oxide electrode for voltammetric sensing of dopamine.

The authors describe an electrochemical dopamine sensor that is based on the use of electrochemically co-reduced graphene oxide (Er-GO) and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) on an indium-tin oxide (ITO) electrode. The synergistic effects of Er-GO and Er-AuNPs promote electron transport in the modified ITO. This results in an excellent performance for voltammetric sensing of dopamine (DA). Under the optimum conditions and a typical working potential of -0.05V (vs. Ag/AgCl), the ITO electrode has a linear response in the 0.02-200μM DA concentration range and a low detection limit of 15nM. The sensor also showed a good selectivity over ascorbic acid and uric acid. The feasibility of the method was studied by analyzing DA in cerebrospinal fluid of rats. Graphical abstract Schematic presentation of one-step electrochemical co-reduction of graphene oxide (GO) and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) on anITO electrode for voltammetric sensing of dopamine.

Hollow carbon sphere supported Ag nanoparticles for promoting electrocatalytic performance of dopamine sensing

Nonenzyme electrochemical sensor of dopamine based on various highly active nanomaterials has attracted enormous attention. In this paper, hollow carbon spheres (HCSs) were chosen as the catalyst supports due to its abundant mass transport channels, large specific surface area and electronic properties. Ag nanoparticles decorated mesoporous HCSs were synthesised by employing sodium borohydride as reductant. The Ag nanoparticles attached HCSs with an average diameter of ˜ 6 nm. The BET surface area and pore width of HCSs are 568.62 m2 g−1, 4.3 nm, respectively. A high-performance dopamine sensor was fabricated based on a glassy carbon electrode modified with Ag@HCSs nanocomposites. In the electrocatalytic experiments, the relevant kinetic parameters were calculated (α = 0.63, ks = 0.32 s−1), which proved that the nanocomposites has a high catalytic efficiency in promoting the electron transfer kinetics of dopamine at the modified GCE. Dopamine can be detected by amperometry (at a typical working potential of 0.2 V vs. SCE) with a detection limit of 0.6 μM, over two wide linear ranges (3 μM - 2 mM and 2 mM–7 mM), and with high sensitivities (757 μA mM−1 cm-2 and 315 μA mM−1 cm-2), respectively. In addition, the sensor also showed good selectivity, stability and repeatability.

Designing Parameters of Surfactant-Free Electrochemical Sensors for Dopamine and Uric Acid on Nitrogen Doped Graphene Films

Electrochemistry studies on the derivatives of graphene have been in the forefront of chemical research in recent years. The large specific surface area, high electrical conductivity, fast electron transfer rate and excellent biocompatibility to biomolecules constitute a few of the underlying reasons for the extensive application of graphene derivatives in modern electrochemistry and related technologies. Much interest in graphene derivatives has been driven by the ease of intentional functionalisation of the carbon backbone of graphene with dopants, such as nitrogen. Doping enhances the electrical conductivity and biocompatibility of nitrogen-doped graphene (NGr) nanomaterials and aids in their potential applications in electrochemical sensing and spectroelectrochemical devices. Despite the application of NGr in electrochemical sensing devices, the major challenge for reproducible industrial application still lies in the use of surfactants and binders and the limited knowledge on the correlation between the N-configurations and the electrocatalytic performance of these NGr-based electrodes. Therefore, the purpose of this short review article is to highlight some recent progress on the application of NGr derivatives for electrochemical detection of biomarkers such as uric acid and dopamine. The paper will also illustrate design parameters for new surfactant-free two-dimensional (2D) N-doped graphene based electrochemical sensors with variable N-functionalities for the detection of dopamine and uric acid.

Electrochemical Dopamine Sensors Based on Graphene

Electrochemical Dopamine Sensors Based on Graphene

A hollow urchin-like α-MnO2 as an electrochemical sensor for hydrogen peroxide and dopamine with high selectivity and sensitivity.

A hollow urchin-like α-MnO2 material has been synthesized by ahydrothermal method starting from MnSO4·H2Oand (NH4)2S2O8, and byusing silver(I) as the catalyst. It has a hollow morphology with diameters of 5-6μm and consists of densely aligned nanowires, with a 30-40nm width and a 1.5μm length. The diameter of the cavities and the thickness of the shell are about 1.2μm and 300nm, respectively. The material was placed on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE), and electrochemical experiments showed the respective sensor to possess good stability and reproducibility. The modified GCE displays response to both hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and dopamine (DA) at working potentials of -0.40V and +0.4V, respectively (both versus SCE). H2O2 can be detected with an 80nM detection limit, and DA with a 12nM detection limit (at S/N = 3). Graphical abstract Schematic presentation of synthesis of a hollow urchin-like α-MnO2, which taking MnSO4.H2O and (NH4)2S2O8 as raw materials and was further used to construct an electrocatalytic sensor for hydrogen peroxide and dopamine with low detection limit, desirable selectivity and sensitivity.

Nanomaterial-modified Hybrid Platforms for Precise Electrochemical Detection of Dopamine

Dopamine belongs to the class of catecholamine neurotransmitters which have vital roles in the human central nervous system. Due to its importance in signal transmission in the nervous system, the abnormal release of dopamine is critical for the development of a number of neurological diseases/disorders, including Parkinson’s diseases, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and even drug addiction. Hence, there is an utmost need to develop platforms for the quantitative detection of dopamine in the human body in a rapid, sensitive, and label-free manner. A variety of nanomaterials have been explored and integrated into dopamine sensing platforms; in particular, electrochemical sensors can enhance both the sensitivity and selectivity toward dopamine, with promising results. The aim of this review is to summarize recent research on nanomaterial-modified dopamine electrochemical sensor platforms, particularly those that use nanoparticle-, graphene composite-, and transition metal dichalcogenide-modified electrodes. The information presented in this review might motivate the discovery or extension of nanomaterials with beneficial properties for the development of biosensors to detect various neurotransmitters including dopamine.

Electrochemical dopamine sensor based on the use of a thermosensitive polymer and an nanocompositeprepared from multiwalled carbon nanotubes and graphene oxide.

An electrochemical dopamine sensor with a temperature-controlled switch was constructed by using a mixture of thermo-sensitive block copolymers (type tBA-PDEA-tBA), graphene oxide (GO) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). If the temperature is below 26°C, the polymer on the glassy carbon electrode (GCE) is stretched, the distance between the MWCNTs is large, and the charge transfer resistance (Rct) of the composite also is large. In the presence of dopamine, the electron transfer at theelectrode is strongly retarded and in the "off" state. At above 38°C, the polymer is shrunk and the Rct is much smaller. The presence of dopamine results in a rapid electron transfer at the GCE, and this is referred to as the "on" state. At temperatures between 26 and 38°C, the polymer shrinks slightly and has a "spring-like" state. There is a linear relationship between the response current (typically measured at a potential as low as 0.16V vs. Ag/AgCl) and temperature. The response to dopamine is linear in the 0.06 to 4.2μM and 4.2 to 18.2μM concentration range, and the detection limit is 42nM. Conceivably, this approach provides a novel approach towards the design of electrochemical sensors based on the use of thermo-sensitive polymers. Graphical abstract Schematic presentation of reversible and temperature-controlled electrochemical response of dopamine on the thermo-sensitive block copolymers (tBA-PDEA-tBA) / multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) / graphene oxide (GO) / glassy carbon electrode (GCE).

Synthesis of palladium nanocubes decorated polypyrrole nanotubes and its application for electrochemical sensing

In present work, typical nanocomposites were synthesized, composed of polypyrrole nanotubes and palladium nanocubes. The morphology and composition of the nanocomposites were characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The obtained data indicated that the polypyrrole nanotubes and palladium nanocubes were well dispersed with the uniform size about 180 nm and 12.5 nm, respectively. Then the nanocomposites were modified on a glassy carbon electrode to build an electrochemical sensor of dopamine. The data of electrochemical experiments showed that the sensor has an excellent catalytic ability to detect dopamine in a linear range from 1.0 µM to 3.0 mM with a detection limit of 0.33 µM at a signal-to-noise ratio of 3, a sensitivity of 228.56 µA mM−1 cm−2 and a response time of 3 s. The process might provide a special idea to construct a sensor or for application in other fields.

Au nanoparticles attached Ag@C core-shell nanocomposites for highly selective electrochemical detection of dopamine

Herein, a simple electrochemical sensor for dopamine (DA) detection was developed based on Ag@C core-shell structure and Au nanocomposites (Ag@C/Au). The Ag@C core-shell nanoparticles were synthesized by one-pot hydrothermal method, which were supported on Au nanoparticles in situ reduction process. The as-prepared nanocomposites were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and UV–vis absorption spectra. The electrochemical investigations indicated that Ag@C/Au nanocomposites possessed intriguing properties towards DA. These results could be attributed to the synergistic effect of Ag@C with enhanced substrate accessibility and conductivity, Au nanoparticles with surface of negative charges. Under the optimum experimental conditions, the liner range was 0.5 μM to 27.5 μM, 27.5 μM to 0.2775 mM and 0.2775 mM to 4.278 mM. The detection limit was 0.21 μM (S/N = 3). Furthermore, the electrochemical sensor showed favorable selectivity in the presence of interferents such as ascorbic acid (AA) and uric acid (UA). In general, the work could provide a promising possibility to develop excellent electrochemical sensors for DA detection.

In Situ Polymerization of Aniline on Morphology-Controlled Ultrafine Manganese Oxyhydroxide for High-Performance Electrochemical Sensing Applications

The controllable synthesis of manganese oxyhydroxide (MnOOH) nanomaterials was achieved via a simple solvothermal reaction in the presence of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate. The obtained MnOOH nanowires, nanonets, and nanorods were all used for the in-situ polymerization of aniline to afford three types of polyaniline (PANI)/MnOOH composites: PANI/w-MnOOH, PANI/n-MnOOH, and PANI/r-MnOOH. The obtained PANI/MnOOH composites were tested as catalysts for the electrochemical oxidation of dopamine (DA), with PANI/n-MnOOH demonstrating the best catalytic activity. PANI/n-MnOOH was then used for fabricating a DA electrochemical sensor, which exhibited an ultra-sensitive detection limit of 0.01 μM and a broad linear range of 0.05–2.78 mM. Finally, PANI/n-MnOOH was used as a substrate for the adsorption of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). The obtained AuNPs/PANI/n-MnOOH composite was applied for fabricating an ascorbic acid (AA) electrochemical sensor, which exhibited a low detection limit of 0.1 μM and a broad linear range of 0.3–77.8 mM. This work provides a platform for the controllable synthesis of manganese oxides (MnOx), conducting polymers, and metal materials for electrochemical sensing and catalytic applications.

Electrochemical determination of dopamine in the presence of uric acid using WS2 nanospheres-carbon nanofibers

An electrochemical dopamine (DA) sensor was developed based on WS2 nanospheres-carbon nanofibers (WS2 NSs-CNFs) electrode. Carbon nanofibers (CNFs) were synthesized by electrospinning and then WS2 nanospheres (WS2 NSs) were grown on the CNFs by a hydrothermal process. The WS2 NSs-CNFs composite was used for electrochemical detection of DA in the presence/absence of uric acid. The results show that sugar-gourd shaped WS2 NSs are grown dispersedly on the surface of CNFs. The sensitivity of WS2 NSs-CNFs electrode for DA is 5.36μA·μM−1·cm−2 in the concentration range of 0.5–60μM and the limit of detection (LOD) is 0.01μM. Moreover, the electrode also exhibits good selectivity, reproducibility and stability. The WS2 NSs-CNFs electrode was also employed for analysis of the biomolecular content in human urine, exhibiting desirable results.

Synthesis of CuO/g-C3N4 composites, and their application to voltammetric sensing of glucose and dopamine.

The preparation of 3 kinds of carbonaceous nanocomposites by hydrothermal treatment and subsequent calcination described. The first comprises a nanomaterial of type CuO/g-C3N4, with g-C3N4 in mass fractions of 2, 5 and 7wt%, respectively. The second comprises CuO/porous carbon (5wt%), and the third comprises CuO/carbon spheres (5wt%). All of them were employed to modify a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) to obtain electrochemical sensors for glucose and dopamine. The GCE modified with CuO/g-C3N4 (5wt%) displays the highest electrocatalytic activity towards glucose and dopamine. Figures of merit for sensing glucose (in 0.1M NaOH solution) include a wide linear range (0.5μM to 8.5mM), a detection limit of 0.150μM, and a sensitivity of 0.274μA·μM-1·cm-2 (at a working potential of 0.60V vs. Ag/AgCl). The respective data for dopamine (in pH7.0 solution) are linear ranges from 0.2-16.0μM and 16.0-78.7μM, a lower detection limit of 60nM, and an electrochemical sensitivity of 0.834 and 0.331μA·μM-1·cm-2 (at a working potential of 0.22V vs. Ag/AgCl). The good performance of the modified GCE is attributed to the synergetic interactions between CuO and the appropriate fraction of g-C3N4, and the improvement of conductivity. Graphical abstract Schematic presentation of a electrochemical sensor based on CuO/g-C3N4 for the determination of glucose and dopamine.

A dopamine electrochemical sensor based on Pd-Pt alloy nanoparticles decorated polyoxometalate and multiwalled carbon nanotubes

A novel sensor was assembled for electrochemical sensing of dopamine (DA) based Pd-Pt alloy nanoparticles (Pd@Pt) decorated polyoxometalate (PMo9V3) on the surface of indium‑tin oxide (ITO) electrodes which was pre-modified by multiwalled carbon nanotubes (CNTs). The surface morphology of the sensor was recorded by scanning electron microscope (SEM), and the elements on the modified electrode were characterized from a representation of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The combination of Pd@Pt and CNTs with PMo9V3 significantly enhanced the peak response current and decreased the overpotential of dopamine oxidation. Meanwhile the oxidation reaction of dopamine can be separated from ascorbic acid and uric acid, improving the selectivity of the sensor. The as-fabricated sensor exhibited a wide linear response of 2.50 × 10−8 to 1.78 × 10−4 M, low detection limit of 1.25 × 10−8 M (S/N = 3) and short response time (<1.0 s). Furthermore, the sensor was employed for determination of DA in human serum and dopamine hydrochloride injection, which manifested the potential application of the modified electrode.

Co/Co‐N@Nanoporous Carbon Derived from ZIF‐67: A Highly Sensitive and Selective Electrochemical Dopamine Sensor

AbstractCo/Co‐N nanoparticles incorporated nitrogen‐doped nanoporous carbon (Co/Co‐N@NPC) nanostructures were fabricated via pyrolysis of metal organic framework, ZIF‐67, under argon atmosphere. The ZIF‐67 derived Co/Co‐N@NPC modified carbon paste electrode exhibited excellent performance during electroanalysis of dopamine, displaying two linear ranges; 10 nM to 50 μM, and 50 μM–500 μM with sensitivity of 12.4±0.3 μA/μM/cm2 and11.69±0.06 μA/μM/cm2, respectively. The modified electrodes were observed to be highly selective towards dopamine even in presence of other interfering biomolecules such as ascorbic acid, glucose and uric acid. To the best of our knowledge, the sensing ability of Co/Co‐N@NPC with a lower limit of detection as 6 nM is the best compared to the previously reported cobalt mediated sensors for dopamine. Practical feasibility of the sensor was demonstrated in real sample analysis of dopamine measurement in human urine samples and dopamine hydrochloride injection samples.

Three-dimensional graphene oxide foams loaded with AuPd alloy: a sensitive electrochemical sensor for dopamine.

The authors describe a chemical sensor for dopamine (DA). It is based on the use of three-dimensional graphene oxide (3D rGO) loaded with varying amounts of AuPd bimetallic nanoparticles (3D rGO/AuPd NPs). The 3D rGO acts as an effective substrate providing a large surface area and allowing fast electron transfer. The interaction between 3D rGO and surface AuPd NPs increases the activity of the sensing material. These composites were fabricated as the active layer on an indium tin oxide for DA determination. The electrode showed the best performance at a working potential of 0.25V (vs. the saturated calomel reference electrode) and a scan rate of 100mVs-1. The best electrode exhibits good sensitivity (4670μA·mM-1·cm-2), a wide linear response (0.5μM to 135μM), and a low detection limit (0.2μM). It is also selective, easily reproducible, and stable. It was applied to the determination of DA in spiked human serum and in clinical DA hydrochloride injections. The excellent performance of this electrode is attributed to the efficient electron transfer and large specific surface area of 3D rGO and to the high electrocatalytic activity of AuPd NPs due to the synergistic effect between the 3D rGO substrate and the AuPd alloy NPs. Graphical abstract An three-dimensional reduced graphene oxide (3D rGO) foam was loaded with AuPd bimetallic nanoparticles and applied to dopamine (DA) detection in human serum and an injection fluid.