Electrochemical Sensor For Dopamine Research Articles

Sulfur-vacancy-enriched MoS2-CNTs with highly dispersed Au particles for sensitive dopamine detection

Introducing targeted surface defects sites to regulate the electronic structure is a key method to enhance the electrocatalytic activity of materials. This study reports an electrochemical dopamine sensor using sulfur vacancy (Sv) rich MoS2-CNTs with coaxial hierarchical structure and highly dispersed active gold particles (Au-Sv-MoS2-CNTs). MoS2 with sulfur vacancies expands the layered structure beyond the MWCNT's cylinder rather than being restricted to its surface and has active Au deposition sites along the edges. With optimal conditions, the proposed coaxial, hierarchical-structured Au-Sv-MoS2-CNTs show remarkable detection performance for the rapid detection of DA at concentrations as low as 2 nM in phosphate buffered saline (PBS). In addition, the sensor selectivity and anti-interference qualities are evaluated using chronoamperometry. Furthermore, it successfully detected the analyte from injection of dopamine hydrochloride and bovine serum samples with recovery rates ranging from 99.3% to 102.6% and relative standard deviations (RSD) less than 5%. Density functional theory (DFT) simulations demonstrate that the modifications of Sv and Au NPs could tune the electronic structure of the sensor and facilitate the adsorption and electrocatalytic reaction of DA on Au-Sv-MoS2-CNTs. This study reveals that vacancy engineering and morphology control are emerging strategies for the fabrication of biosensors.

Electrochemical evaluation of magnetic reduced graphene oxide nanosheet‐modified glassy carbon electrode on dopamine electrochemical sensor for Parkinson's diagnostic application

AbstractBackgroundDopamine is an important catecholamine neurotransmitter that plays a critical function as a chemical messenger that aids in the signal transmission in the brain and other important places. Dopamine is known to play an important role in several neurological diseases such as schizophrenia and Parkinson's disease in which a key factor in the development of Parkinson's disease is abnormally lower levels of dopamine compared to normal levels. However, these methods are expensive, requires manual labor and resources, and demands large number of reagents and chemicals. Therefore, it is essential to develop dopamine detection methods that are less costly, more stable, and easier to perform.ObjectiveTo develop a magnetic reduced graphene oxide (MRGO) nanosheet‐modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) for the electrochemical detection of dopamine.MethodsMagnetic reduced graphene oxide (MRGO) nanosheet were prepared by the in situ coprecipitation of Fe3+ and Fe2+ in the GO solution. To prepare the MRGO nanosheet ink, 38 mg of MRGO nanosheet was mixed with 2 mg of acetylene black and 80 μL of Nafion solution (5%). The mixture was then mixed with 210 μL of deionized water and 210 μL of 2‐propanol and subjected to ultrasonication for 120 min using a sonicator to obtain a homogenous MRGO nanosheet ink. Furthermore, 3 μL of MRGO ink was dripped onto the surface of the GCE.ResultsMRGO consists of graphene layered tethered with the spherical Fe3O4. The oxygen‐based functional groups on the surface of MRGO could act as chemically active sites for the attachment of dopamine. The MRGO nanosheet has been proven to be an effective GCE modifier with a remarkable electroactive surface area of approximately 0.0104 cm2, demonstrating stable and sensitive electrochemical performance towards dopamine.ConclusionsThe MRGO nanosheets‐modified GCE presented a great potential as an electrocatalyst for dopamine detection, especially in the presence of interfering compounds like uric acid. By effectively discriminating dopamine and uric acid, MRGO nanosheets‐modified GCE have demonstrated a sensitive, stable, and specific electrochemical performance. This remarkable result underlines the immense potential of MRGO nanosheets‐modified GCE for real‐world applications, particularly in the medical field, where the ability to detect dopamine precisely and accurately is critical.

An ultra-sensitive electrochemical dopamine sensor based on Ni@N-doped carbon derived from COF LZU-1 microspheres

An ultra-sensitive electrochemical dopamine sensor based on Ni@N-doped carbon derived from COF LZU-1 microspheres

Dopamine Electrochemical Sensor Based on Molecularly Imprinted Polymer on Carbon Electrodes with Platinum Nanoparticles

Dopamine Electrochemical Sensor Based on Molecularly Imprinted Polymer on Carbon Electrodes with Platinum Nanoparticles

Insight into TEMPO-oxidized cellulose-based composites as electrochemical sensors for dopamine assessment

The diagnosis and treatment of many neurological and psychiatric problems depend on establishing simple, inexpensive, and comfortable electrochemical sensors for dopamine (DA) detection. Herein, 2,2,6,6 tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl (TEMPO)-oxidized cellulose nanofibers (TOC) were successfully loaded with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and/or graphite (Gr) and crosslinked by tannic acid, producing composites. This study describes a suitable casting procedure for the composite synthesis of TOC/AgNPs and/or Gr for the electrochemical detection of dopamine. Electrochemical impedance spectra (EIS), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were employed to characterize the TOC/AgNPs/Gr composites. In addition, the direct electrochemistry of electrodes treated with the prepared composites was examined using cyclic voltammetry. The TOC/AgNPs/Gr composite-modified electrode improved electrochemical performance towards detecting dopamine compared to TOC/Gr-modified electrodes. Upon employing amperometric measurement, our electrochemical instrument has a wide linear range (0.005–250 μM), a low limit of detection (0.0005 μM) at S/N = 3, and a high sensitivity (0.963 μA μM−1 cm−2). Additionally, it was demonstrated that DA detection seemed to have outstanding anti-interference characteristics. The proposed electrochemical sensors meet the clinical criteria regarding reproducibility, selectivity, stability, and recovery. The straightforward electrochemical method utilized in this paper may provide a potential framework for creating dopamine quantification biosensors.

Electrochemical Sensor Based on Co-Doped FePS3 Nanosheets for Ultra-Sensitive Detection of Dopamine in Human Serum

Electrochemical dopamine (DA) sensors become important for the early diagnosis of psychiatric disorders like schizophrenia and Parkinson’s disease due to their fast response, simplicity, and portability. However, traditional electrode modification materials such as noble metals and metal oxides have shortcomings such as high cost, low conductivity, or limited catalytic performance. Two-dimensional sulfide materials contribute to the smooth electrode reaction because of their ultra-high specific superficial area and favorable electrocatalysis properties, however, their low carrier mobility and poor electroconductibility limit the detection signal. In this paper, Co-doped FePS3 nanosheets were employed for DA detection for the first time. Fe0.9Co0.1PS3 nanosheets exhibited a detection limit of 120 nM, a linear range 0.25–100 μM and 120–500 μM, and possessed high recovery and reproducible stability when applied to human serum samples. Furthermore, according to the in situ XPS characterization, S atoms located on the outmost layer of Fe0.9Co0.1PS3 nanosheets could be combined with the phenolic hydroxyl oxygen of DA, which makes electrode reaction from DA to dopamine quinone easier. Co-doping can further enhance the above effect, and increase the carrier mobility of FePS3 nanosheets. This work demonstrated electrochemical sensors based on metal phosphorus trisulfide materials have tremendous potential for future application in mental disorder diagnosis.

A novel dopamine electrochemical sensor based on 3D flake nickel oxide/ cobalt oxide @ porous carbon nanosheets/carbon nanotubes/electrochemical reduced of graphene oxide composites modified glassy carbon electrode

Dopamine (DA), as an typical neurotransmitter, was believed to play important roles in addiction and some neurodegenerative diseases. Accurately and rapidly detection of DA is very valuable. In this study, a sensor based on 3D flake nickel oxide/ cobalt oxide@porous carbon nanosheets/carbon nanotubes/ electrochemical reduced of graphene oxide composites modified glassy carbon electrode (NiO/CoO@PCNs/CNTs/erGO/GCE) was constructed. The flake NiO/CoO@PCNs/CNTs were obtained by directly pyrolysis Ni/Co-MOF under nitrogen protection, which presented excellent electrochemical properties due to the synergistic catalytic effect and porous sheet structure. For the detection of DA, the NiO/CoO@PCNs/CNTs/erGO/GCE showed wider linear range (0.10 μM – 22.0 μM) and the detection limit (LOD) of DA was 0.045 μM, (S/N = 3). Additionally, the reaction sites and mechanism of DA were revealed by analyzing the electrochemical behavior with the help of density functional calculation. Moreover, the sensor showed satisfactory results in the determination of DA in real biological sample.

Ultrasensitive and Simple Dopamine Electrochemical Sensor Based on the Synergistic Effect of Cu-TCPP Frameworks and Graphene Nanosheets

Dopamine (DA) is an important neurotransmitter. Abnormal concentration of DA can result in many neurological diseases. Developing reliable determination methods for DA is of great significance for the diagnosis and monitoring of neurological diseases. Here, a novel and simple electrochemical sensing platform for quantitative analysis of DA was constructed based on the Cu-TCPP/graphene composite (TCPP: Tetrakis(4-carboxyphenyl)porphyrin). Cu-TCPP frameworks were selected in consideration of their good electrochemical sensing potential. The graphene nanosheets with excellent conductivity were then added to further improve the sensing efficiency and stability of Cu-TCPP frameworks. The electrochemical properties of the Cu-TCPP/graphene composite were characterized, showing its large electrode active area, fast electron transfer, and good sensing performance toward DA. The signal enhancement mechanism of DA was explored. Strong accumulation ability and high electrocatalytic rate were observed on the surface of Cu-TCPP/graphene-modified glassy carbon electrode (Cu-TCPP/graphene/GCE). Based on the synergistic sensitization effect, an ultrasensitive and simple DA electrochemical sensor was developed. The linear range is 0.02-100 and 100-1000 µM, and the detection limit is 3.6 nM for the first linear range. It was also successfully used in detecting DA in serum samples, and a satisfactory recovery was obtained.

Highly Sensitive and Selective Dopamine Determination in Real Samples Using Au Nanoparticles Decorated Marimo-like Graphene Microbead-Based Electrochemical Sensors

A sensitive and selective electrochemical dopamine (DA) sensor has been developed using gold nanoparticles decorated marimo-like graphene (Au NP/MG) as a modifier of the glassy carbon electrode (GCE). Marimo-like graphene (MG) was prepared by partial exfoliation on the mesocarbon microbeads (MCMB) through molten KOH intercalation. Characterization via transmission electron microscopy confirmed that the surface of MG is composed of multi-layer graphene nanowalls. The graphene nanowalls structure of MG provided abundant surface area and electroactive sites. Electrochemical properties of Au NP/MG/GCE electrode were investigated by cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry techniques. The electrode exhibited high electrochemical activity towards DA oxidation. The oxidation peak current increased linearly in proportion to the DA concentration in a range from 0.02 to 10 μM with a detection limit of 0.016 μM. The detection selectivity was carried out with the presence of 20 μM uric acid in goat serum real samples. This study demonstrated a promising method to fabricate DA sensor-based on MCMB derivatives as electrochemical modifiers.

Growth Control of Metal-Organic Framework Films on Marine Biological Carbon and Their Potential-Dependent Dopamine Sensing.

Ever-evolving advancements in films have fueled many of the developments in the field of electrochemical sensors. For biosensor application platforms, the fabrication of metal-organic framework (MOF) films on microscopically structured substrates is of tremendous importance. However, fabrication of MOF film-based electrodes always exhibits unsatisfactory performance, and the mechanisms of the fabrication and sensing application of the corresponding composites also need to be explored. Here, we report the fabrication of conformal MIL-53 (Fe) films on carbonized natural seaweed with the assistance of an oxide nanomembrane and a potential-dependent electrochemical dopamine (DA) sensor. The geometry and structure of the composite can be conveniently tuned by the experimental parameters, while the sensing performance is significantly influenced by the applied potential. The obtained sensor demonstrates ultrahigh sensitivity, a wide linear range, a low limit of detection, and a good distinction between DA and ascorbic acid at an optimized potential of 0.3 V. The underneath mechanism is investigated in detail with the help of theoretical calculations. This work bridges the natural material and MOF films and is promising for future biosensing applications.

Holey MoS2-based electrochemical sensors for simultaneous dopamine and uric acid detection.

In this study, two-dimensional holey MoS2 (h-MoS2) nanosheets were used to develop electrochemical sensors for simultaneous detection of dopamine (DA) and uric acid (UA). The holes were created on MoS2 layers using hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in the presence of Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA). h-MoS2 was characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS), and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-vis). Electrochemical dopamine and uric acid sensors were prepared by drop-casting h-MoS2 on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE). The electroanalytical performance of the sensors was evaluated using cyclic voltammetry (CV), differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) methods. The sensors revealed linear ranges between 50-1200 μM and 200-7000 μM with a limit of detection (LOD) of 4.18 μM and 5.62 μM for DA and UA, respectively. Furthermore, the h-MoS2-based electrochemical sensors showed high stability, sensitivity, and selectivity. The reliability of the sensors was elucidated in human serum. Recoveries ranging between 100.35% and 102.48% were calculated from real sample experiments.

Dual-Signal Colorimetric and Electrochemical Sensor of Dopamine Based on Nanocomposite of Cobalt Oxyhydroxide/Carbon Black

In this report, a novel electrochemical and colorimetric dual-mode sensing system was developed for the sensitive and selective detection of DA. The large surface area of CoOOH and the excellent conductivity of CB endow the electrochemical sensing system with high sensitivity. CoOOH with oxidase-like activity will convert the colorless TMB into the blue oxidation product OXTMB, appearing an absorption peak at 652 nm correspondingly. And the addition of DA will inhibit the activity of oxidase followed by a reducing in the absorption. Our device provided a wider detection range for DA from 1 to 30 μM and 1 to 950 μM through colorimetric and electrochemical methods, respectively. Furthermore, this biosensor with good biocompatibility has been successfully used for in-vitro tracking of DA efflux from live PC12 cell after being stimulated, which has important scientific and practical value for clinical diagnosis and monitoring.

Reticular synthesis of a conductive composite derived from metal-organic framework and Mxene for the electrochemical detection of dopamine

There is a great demand for the development of electrochemical sensors dealing with reagent-free detection of neurochemicals such as dopamine (DA). This study deals with the synthesis of a nanocomposite prepared from non-conductive [Zn4(btec)2(H2O)6]n·3nH2O (H4BTC = 1,2,4,5-benzene-tetra carboxylate) metal-organic framework (MOF) and titanium-based MXene (Ti3C2) as a conductive probe for the voltammetry detection of redox-active dopamine (DA). The electrochemical sensor for DA was prepared with a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) which is modified with a layer of nanocomposite (MOF–Ti3C2). The modified GCE was used for the detection of DA in the presence of ascorbic acid (AA) and 5-aminovaleric acid (VA) in PBS (0.1 M, pH; 6.5). The MOF-Ti3C2-based GCE demonstrated the detection limit of 110 nM for DA sensing in a linear concentration range (90–300 nM).

A facile synthesis of polyaniline-WO3 hybrid nanocomposite for enhanced dopamine detection

In this work, an enhanced electrochemical sensor for dopamine (DA) is constructed based on the tungsten nanoparticles with a polyaniline nanocomposite (PANI-WO3) coated glassy carbon electrode (GCE). The obtained PANI-WO3/GCE film displayed a notable enhancement of electrocatalytic activity for DA with significant redox property. The PANI-WO3/GCE sensors displayed excellent detection for DA with a detection limit of 0.139 μmol/L revealed a good linear relationship with concentration from 20 − 300 µM (S/N = 3). PANI and WO3 composite shows significant electrochemical oxidation of DA.

Polypyrrole-derived carbon nanotubes for potential application in electrochemical detection of dopamine

Dopamine (DA), as a crucial signal molecule in neurological diseases, can be detected by electrochemical technology because of its redox property. A novel electrochemical sensor for dopamine (DA) is developed based on heteroatom-doped carbon nanotubes derived from polypyrrole. X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, specific surface analyzer, and cyclic voltammetry are employed to characterize the microstructure and property of the products. The electrochemical catalytic activities of heteroatom-doped carbon nanotubes modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) towards DA are further investigated by cyclic voltammetry, amperometry, and differential pulse voltammetry. The results indicate that heteroatom-doped carbon nanotubes prepared by pyrolysis of polypyrrole nanotubes at 800 °C possessed higher specific surface area and better electrochemical activity compared with others obtained at different temperatures. Therefore, the electrochemical sensor fabricated by the heteroatom-doped carbon nanotubes shows excellent detection ability towards DA as well as remarkable anti-interference ability and stability. These features collectively endow the polypyrrole-derived carbon nanotubes with a promising application for the fabrication of electrochemical sensors.

Facile Fabrication of CuO Nanoparticles Embedded in N-Doped Carbon Nanostructure for Electrochemical Sensing of Dopamine.

In the present study, a highly selective and sensitive electrochemical sensing platform for the detection of dopamine was developed with CuO nanoparticles embedded in N-doped carbon nanostructure (CuO@NDC). The successfully fabricated nanostructures were characterized by standard instrumentation techniques. The fabricated CuO@NDC nanostructures were used for the development of dopamine electrochemical sensor. The reaction mechanism of a dopamine on the electrode surface is a three-electron three-proton process. The proposed sensor's performance was shown to be superior to several recently reported investigations. Under optimized conditions, the linear equation for detecting dopamine by differential pulse voltammetry is Ipa (μA) = 0.07701 c (μM) − 0.1232 (R2 = 0.996), and the linear range is 5-75 μM. The limit of detection (LOD) and sensitivity were calculated as 0.868 μM and 421.1 μA/μM, respectively. The sensor has simple preparation, low cost, high sensitivity, good stability, and good reproducibility.

A novel gold-decorated porous silicon-poly(3-hexylthiophene) ternary nanocomposite as a highly sensitive and selective non-enzymatic dopamine electrochemical sensor

As a key biomolecule for neurotransmission, dopamine (DA) is responsible for many neurological syndromes. Hence, effective DA detection is vital for the rapid-diagnosis of diseases caused by irregular DA levels. Therefore, we designed a non-enzymatic DA sensor using the novel gold-decorated porous silicon-poly-3-hexylthiophene (Au@PSi-P3HT) nanocomposite fabricated glassy carbon electrode. We employed a simple stain etching technique followed by ultra-sonication and photo-reduction techniques to synthesize this novel Au@PSi-P3HT nanocomposite. The structural, morphological, and surface characterizations of the Au@PSi-P3HT nanocomposite were performed using various analytical tools. TEM and FESEM images revealed that gold nanoparticles were randomly dispersed onto the PSi-P3HT sheet-like structure. In the electrochemical investigations, the Au@PSi-P3HT/GCE sensor showed excellent sensitivity (0.5112 μAμM−1cm−2), wide linear dynamic range (LDR = 1.0–460 μM), and reasonably low detection limit (LOD ∼0.63 μM). This newly designed DA sensor was also employed to check the potential chemical interference using several common biomolecules and the obtained results confirmed its selectivity during DA detection. The Au@PSi-P3HT/GCE sensor also exhibited satisfactory results in detecting DA levels in human blood serum and dopamine hydrochloride injection samples. Besides, the Au@PSi-P3HT/GCE sensor displayed superb reproducibility, repeatability, and stability. This novel Au@PSi-P3HT nanocomposite-modified GCE may emerge as a successful means for further designing effective non-enzymatic electrochemical sensors.

Gold‐dendrimer Nanocomposite Based Electrochemical Sensor for Dopamine

AbstractAn electrochemical sensor for dopamine was developed by electrodepositing poly(propylene imine) (PPI) dendrimer and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) onto a glassy carbon electrode (GCE). Electrochemical characterisation of the sensor was carried out by cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy in ferri/ferrocyanide electrolyte. The nanocomposite electrode (GCE‐PPI‐AuNPs) showed improved electroactive surface area and electrochemical response over bare GCE. The sensor recorded a detection limit of 0.16 μM over a concentration range of 0.1 μM to 125 μM. The sensor was applied for dopamine detection in human serum samples and in the presence of interfering substances such as ascorbic acid and epinephrine.

A carbon dots-enhanced laccase-based electrochemical sensor for highly sensitive detection of dopamine in human serum

Enzyme-based electrochemical sensor possesses a significant advantage in the highly efficient detection of small molecules, however, the poor electron transport efficiency limits their wide application. In this study, taking advantage of the distinct biocatalytic activity of laccase and the excellent electroconductibility of carbon dots, a carbon dots-enhanced laccase-based electrochemical sensor for the detection of dopamine (DA) is established. Thereinto, laccase can specifically recognize DA and promote its electrocatalytic oxidation on the electrode, while, the carbon dots can be used as the immobilization substrate of laccase and enhance its electron transfer efficiency, thus achieving the highly sensitive detection of dopamine. The electrochemical performance of the modified electrode interface is studied by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and differential pulse voltammetry. As demonstrated, the electrocatalytic activity of the proposed electrochemical sensor for DA is significantly improved and exhibits a low detection limit (0.08 μM) and a wide linear range (0.25 μM–76.81 μM). The excellent selectivity allows the sensor has the capacity for specific discrimination the DA from other interferents. Furthermore, by analyzing the DA in human serum verifies the practicability of this assay in real sample analysis.

High-Performance Non-Enzymatic Electrochemical Dopamine Sensors Based on Metal-Organic Framework Derived Co-C-Matrix Nanoplatforms

A facile electrochemical sensing nanoplatform for detection of ultralow dopamine (DA) concentrations is developed through modification of cobalt-benzene tricarboxylic acid (Co-BTC) derived cobalt-carbon-matrix (Co-C-matrix). To enhance surface reactions and enzyme-like activities involved in interaction with DA, the structural integration of hybrid Co-C-matrix into Co-BTC as metal-organic framework (MOF) is investigated, resulting in nanostructured transducing media with high sensitivity and selectivity as catalyst. The Co-C-matrix nanoplatform exhibited the improved performance based on electrocatalytic oxidation of DA with high sensitivity of 7176 μA mM−1 cm−2 and low detection limit of 10 nM. Furthermore, the linearity of an amperometry peak toward DA concentration over wide concentration range from 10 nM to 25 μM was observed under optimal conditions. Excellent selectivity in the presence of potential interferents and operational stability in ambient air for 30 days as well as under environmental conditions for the electrochemical oxidation of dopamine were achieved. The practical feasibility of these non-enzymatic biosensors is demonstrated on real samples, where DA is detected in human serum with outstanding recovery of up to 100%. The synergetic effect of Co atoms dispersed in the matrix of the carbon nanohybrid results in abundant active sites for DA oxidation and electron transfer pathways.