Electrochemical Sensor For Dopamine Research Articles

A facile synthesis of polyaniline-WO3 hybrid nanocomposite for enhanced dopamine detection

In this work, an enhanced electrochemical sensor for dopamine (DA) is constructed based on the tungsten nanoparticles with a polyaniline nanocomposite (PANI-WO3) coated glassy carbon electrode (GCE). The obtained PANI-WO3/GCE film displayed a notable enhancement of electrocatalytic activity for DA with significant redox property. The PANI-WO3/GCE sensors displayed excellent detection for DA with a detection limit of 0.139 μmol/L revealed a good linear relationship with concentration from 20 − 300 µM (S/N = 3). PANI and WO3 composite shows significant electrochemical oxidation of DA.

Polypyrrole-derived carbon nanotubes for potential application in electrochemical detection of dopamine

Dopamine (DA), as a crucial signal molecule in neurological diseases, can be detected by electrochemical technology because of its redox property. A novel electrochemical sensor for dopamine (DA) is developed based on heteroatom-doped carbon nanotubes derived from polypyrrole. X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, specific surface analyzer, and cyclic voltammetry are employed to characterize the microstructure and property of the products. The electrochemical catalytic activities of heteroatom-doped carbon nanotubes modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) towards DA are further investigated by cyclic voltammetry, amperometry, and differential pulse voltammetry. The results indicate that heteroatom-doped carbon nanotubes prepared by pyrolysis of polypyrrole nanotubes at 800 °C possessed higher specific surface area and better electrochemical activity compared with others obtained at different temperatures. Therefore, the electrochemical sensor fabricated by the heteroatom-doped carbon nanotubes shows excellent detection ability towards DA as well as remarkable anti-interference ability and stability. These features collectively endow the polypyrrole-derived carbon nanotubes with a promising application for the fabrication of electrochemical sensors.

A novel gold-decorated porous silicon-poly(3-hexylthiophene) ternary nanocomposite as a highly sensitive and selective non-enzymatic dopamine electrochemical sensor

As a key biomolecule for neurotransmission, dopamine (DA) is responsible for many neurological syndromes. Hence, effective DA detection is vital for the rapid-diagnosis of diseases caused by irregular DA levels. Therefore, we designed a non-enzymatic DA sensor using the novel gold-decorated porous silicon-poly-3-hexylthiophene (Au@PSi-P3HT) nanocomposite fabricated glassy carbon electrode. We employed a simple stain etching technique followed by ultra-sonication and photo-reduction techniques to synthesize this novel Au@PSi-P3HT nanocomposite. The structural, morphological, and surface characterizations of the Au@PSi-P3HT nanocomposite were performed using various analytical tools. TEM and FESEM images revealed that gold nanoparticles were randomly dispersed onto the PSi-P3HT sheet-like structure. In the electrochemical investigations, the Au@PSi-P3HT/GCE sensor showed excellent sensitivity (0.5112 μAμM−1cm−2), wide linear dynamic range (LDR = 1.0–460 μM), and reasonably low detection limit (LOD ∼0.63 μM). This newly designed DA sensor was also employed to check the potential chemical interference using several common biomolecules and the obtained results confirmed its selectivity during DA detection. The Au@PSi-P3HT/GCE sensor also exhibited satisfactory results in detecting DA levels in human blood serum and dopamine hydrochloride injection samples. Besides, the Au@PSi-P3HT/GCE sensor displayed superb reproducibility, repeatability, and stability. This novel Au@PSi-P3HT nanocomposite-modified GCE may emerge as a successful means for further designing effective non-enzymatic electrochemical sensors.

Gold‐dendrimer Nanocomposite Based Electrochemical Sensor for Dopamine

AbstractAn electrochemical sensor for dopamine was developed by electrodepositing poly(propylene imine) (PPI) dendrimer and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) onto a glassy carbon electrode (GCE). Electrochemical characterisation of the sensor was carried out by cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy in ferri/ferrocyanide electrolyte. The nanocomposite electrode (GCE‐PPI‐AuNPs) showed improved electroactive surface area and electrochemical response over bare GCE. The sensor recorded a detection limit of 0.16 μM over a concentration range of 0.1 μM to 125 μM. The sensor was applied for dopamine detection in human serum samples and in the presence of interfering substances such as ascorbic acid and epinephrine.

A carbon dots-enhanced laccase-based electrochemical sensor for highly sensitive detection of dopamine in human serum

Enzyme-based electrochemical sensor possesses a significant advantage in the highly efficient detection of small molecules, however, the poor electron transport efficiency limits their wide application. In this study, taking advantage of the distinct biocatalytic activity of laccase and the excellent electroconductibility of carbon dots, a carbon dots-enhanced laccase-based electrochemical sensor for the detection of dopamine (DA) is established. Thereinto, laccase can specifically recognize DA and promote its electrocatalytic oxidation on the electrode, while, the carbon dots can be used as the immobilization substrate of laccase and enhance its electron transfer efficiency, thus achieving the highly sensitive detection of dopamine. The electrochemical performance of the modified electrode interface is studied by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and differential pulse voltammetry. As demonstrated, the electrocatalytic activity of the proposed electrochemical sensor for DA is significantly improved and exhibits a low detection limit (0.08 μM) and a wide linear range (0.25 μM–76.81 μM). The excellent selectivity allows the sensor has the capacity for specific discrimination the DA from other interferents. Furthermore, by analyzing the DA in human serum verifies the practicability of this assay in real sample analysis.

High-Performance Non-Enzymatic Electrochemical Dopamine Sensors Based on Metal-Organic Framework Derived Co-C-Matrix Nanoplatforms

A facile electrochemical sensing nanoplatform for detection of ultralow dopamine (DA) concentrations is developed through modification of cobalt-benzene tricarboxylic acid (Co-BTC) derived cobalt-carbon-matrix (Co-C-matrix). To enhance surface reactions and enzyme-like activities involved in interaction with DA, the structural integration of hybrid Co-C-matrix into Co-BTC as metal-organic framework (MOF) is investigated, resulting in nanostructured transducing media with high sensitivity and selectivity as catalyst. The Co-C-matrix nanoplatform exhibited the improved performance based on electrocatalytic oxidation of DA with high sensitivity of 7176 μA mM−1 cm−2 and low detection limit of 10 nM. Furthermore, the linearity of an amperometry peak toward DA concentration over wide concentration range from 10 nM to 25 μM was observed under optimal conditions. Excellent selectivity in the presence of potential interferents and operational stability in ambient air for 30 days as well as under environmental conditions for the electrochemical oxidation of dopamine were achieved. The practical feasibility of these non-enzymatic biosensors is demonstrated on real samples, where DA is detected in human serum with outstanding recovery of up to 100%. The synergetic effect of Co atoms dispersed in the matrix of the carbon nanohybrid results in abundant active sites for DA oxidation and electron transfer pathways.

Preparation of Copper Nanoplates in Aqueous Phase and Electrochemical Detection of Dopamine.

Compared with gold and silver, cheap copper has attracted more attention and can potentially be applied in non-enzymatic electrochemical sensors due to its excellent conductivity and catalytic activity. In this paper, copper nanoplates were rapidly synthesized using copper bromide as the copper precursor, polyethyleneimine as the stabilizer, and ascorbic acid as a reducing agent in the presence of silver nanoparticles at a reaction temperature of 90 °C. The Cu nanoplates with an average side length of 10.97 ± 3.45 μm were obtained after a short reaction time of 2 h, demonstrating the promoting effect of an appropriate amount of silver nanoparticle on the synthesis of Cu nanoplates. Then, the electrochemical dopamine sensor was constructed by modifying a glass carbon electrode (GCE) with the Cu nanoplates. The results obtained from the test of cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry indicated that the Cu-GCE showed a significant electrochemical response for the measurement of dopamine. The oxidation peak current increased linearly with the concentration of dopamine in the range of 200 µmol/L to 2.21 mmol/L, and the corresponding detection limit was calculated to be 62.4 μmol/L (S/N = 3). Furthermore, the anti-interference test showed that the dopamine sensor was not affected by a high concentration of ascorbic acid, glucose, uric acid, etc. Therefore, the constructed Cu-GCE with good selectivity, sensitivity, and stability possesses a high application value in the detection of dopamine.

Review—Recent Progress in Graphene Based Modified Electrodes for Electrochemical Detection of Dopamine

Graphene and its derivatives have been widely used for the electrochemical detection of dopamine (DA) neurotransmitter, thanks to its high surface area and excellent conductivity. Modified graphene and graphene-based nanocomposites have shown improved catalytic activity towards DA detection. Various modification approaches have been taken, including heteroatom doping and association with other nanomaterials. This review summarizes and highlights the recent advances in graphene-based electrodes for the electrochemical detection of DA. It also aims to provide an overview of the advantages of using polymer as a linker platform to form graphene-based nanocomposites applied to electrochemical DA sensors.

A Sensor for Selective Dopamine Determination Based on Overoxidized Poly‐1,5‐Diaminonaphthalene on Graphene Nanosheets

AbstractAn effective nanocomposite sensor for selective electroanalytical dopamine (DA) determination using overoxidized conducting polymer of poly‐1,5‐diaminonaphthalene (OPoly‐1,5‐DAN) functionalized graphene nanosheets (GNS) was achieved. The OPoly‐1,5‐DAN/GNS nanocomposite polymer was prepared via an electropolymerization of 1,5‐DAN on GNS/GCE after 7 cycles of potential scan (−0.2 V to +0.9 V), followed by an electrooveroxidation of the nanocomposite Poly‐1,5‐DAN/GNS by the potential cycle (0.0 V to +1.8 V) for 2 scans. The OPoly‐1,5‐DAN was effectively designed by GNS as a uniformly distribution of nanocomposite that caused more accumulations of analyte due to large electrocatalytic active positions created on electrode surface. The high specific and sensitive performance of the OPoly‐1,5‐DAN/GNS nanocomposite polymer was conducted to greater effective electrons transferring behavior for DA with copresent of vitamin C (VC). The stable and suitable formation of OPoly‐1,5‐DAN/GNS nanocomposite polymer showed rapid charge transport voltammogram and obvious electrocatalytic activity to DA and eliminated VC response. Moreover, the OPoly‐1,5‐DAN/GNS displays an excellent responses to DA determination with wide linear range (LR) 1.0–150 μM and lower detection limit (DL) 8.82±0.1 nM as comparing with other studies. Additionally, the excellent reproducibility of OPoly‐1,5‐DAN/GNS as well as long‐term stability indicated that it is an excellent and effective electrochemical DA sensor. Finally, the electroanalytical application of the OPoly‐1,5‐DAN/GNS nanocomposite polymer was employed for the electroanalysis of DA in human urine.

Acid Modified Graphene Oxide from used Battery Rods Loaded with 2-{(E)-[(3-hydroxyphenyl) imino] methyl} phenol: Electrochemical Detection of Dopamine in Presence of Ascorbic Acid and Uric Acid in Aqueous Medium

The graphite rods of used batteries have been utilized as source for Graphene Oxide (GO). The Acid Modified Graphene Oxide (AMGO) is loaded with Schiff base obtained from salicylaldehyde and 3-amino phenol. Glassy Carbon Electrode (GCE) surface when modified with the Schiff base loaded AMGO acts as electrochemical sensor for Dopamine (DA) in presence of Uric Acid (UA) and Ascorbic Acid (AA). Cyclic Voltammetry (CV), Square Wave Voltammetry (SWV) and Differential Pulse Voltammetry (DPV) shows well separated peaks for DA from UA and AA. The DA peak intensity increases in the three techniques with DA concentration. The linear range for the detection of dopamine is observed from 9.09 × 10-4 M to 1.70 × 10-3 M in presence of 1.00 × 10-1 M Ascorbic Acid and 1.00 × 10-2 M uric acid. The detection limit is estimated to be 9.38 × 10-10 M.

Functionalized Iron Oxide Nanostructures: Recent Advances in the Synthesis, Characterization, and Electrochemical Biosensor Applications

FBiosensors play a significant role in the process of early diagnosis of non-communicable disease. In the global market, biosensors are valued at over 25.5 billion USD in 2021. Screen Printed Electrodes were traditionally used for biomolecule detection, but due to their poor stability and low conducting properties, they have been replaced by Glassy Carbon Electrodes, which exhibit excellent stability and reusability, only few works have been reported in glucose detection. The objective of this review is to provide an overview on the synthesis iron oxide nanoparticles and their composites developed for the electrochemical applications by various research works. The iron oxide and their composites of suitable morphologies at nanoscale dimensions prepared by various methods and conditions were compiled. The characterization results of all the samples obtained by X-Ray Diffraction, Scanning Electron Microscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, and Raman Spectroscopy were discussed in detail. The sensing efficiency of nanoscale iron oxides, when they are functionalized/combined with carbon nanotube, polyamidoamine dendrimer, Cellulose Nanocrystals, Terephthalic acid, Polyaniline, etc. were discussed in detail. The requirement for the development of more suitable electrochemical sensors for glucose, ascorbic acid, dopamine, and uric acid were proposed. The most suitable functionality for the iron oxide to is proposed for the development of efficient electrochemical sensor. Finally, the review provides the summary of the iron oxide nanomaterials, current challenges, and future scope of electrochemical sensors.

Three-dimensional loofah sponge derived amorphous carbon-graphene aerogel via one-pot synthesis for high-performance electrochemical sensor for hydrogen peroxide and dopamine

In this work, three-dimensional structured loofah sponge derived amorphous carbon-graphene aerogel (LSDC-GA) was firstly synthesized via one pot hydrothermal method. Graphene nanosheets are connected with each other to form a 3D porous structure, while LSDC nanosheets are randomly embedded between graphene layers without aggregation. Compared with GA and LSDC, LSDC-GA has the largest specific surface area of about 526.4 m2·g−1. The C and O elements of the hybrid LSDC-GA material are originating from reduced GO and LSDC, and the C/O atomic ratio was decreased in the order of LSDC > LSDC-GA > GA. LSDC-GA exhibits the smallest Rct value corresponding to 98.5 Ω, indicative of the excellent electrical conductivity. When applied in the electrochemical detection of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), the so-formed LSDC-GA electrode shows enhanced sensing properties with high sensitivity, a linear electrochemical range from 12 μM to 2.69 mM, a low detection limit of 1.2 µM, and satisfied selectivity, stability and reproducibility as well. Furthermore, for electrochemical biosensor application of dopamine (DA) detection, the LSDC-GA material also exhibits a linear electrochemical range of 2.5 μM–560 μM and a low limit down to 0.25 μM. These improved sensing performances enable it as promising electrode material for extensive electrochemical sensing applications.

A high-sensitive dopamine electrochemical sensor based on multilayer Ti3C2 MXene, graphitized multi-walled carbon nanotubes and ZnO nanospheres

Dopamine is one of the most important neurotransmitters in the human body, and its sensitive detection and quantification are important for the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of related neurological diseases. Herein, a highly-sensitive dopamine electrochemical sensor has been constructed based on the two-dimensional transition metal carbide Ti3C2 MXene, graphitized multi-walled carbon nanotubes and ZnO nanospheres. Dopamine presents a standard reversible redox reaction on the sensor, and density flooding theory has been successfully applied to reveal the redox process of dopamine. Under optimal experimental conditions, the sensor exhibits a wide linear range (0.01–30 μM), low limit of detection (3.2 nM) and high sensitivity (16 A/M). Furthermore, the sensor has excellent stability and anti-interference ability, satisfactory accuracy in human serum samples, which can be used for the detection of actual samples. This work has provided a novel method for detecting dopamine and a new idea for the application of MXene and metal oxide semiconductor in electrochemical sensors.

A high-efficiency electrochemical sensor of dopamine based on WS2 nanosheets decorated with dandelion-like platinum–silver nanoparticles

A high-efficiency electrochemical sensor of dopamine based on WS2 nanosheets decorated with dandelion-like platinum–silver nanoparticles

A highly selective and sensitive electrochemical sensor for dopamine based on a functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotube and poly(N-methylaniline) composite.

Dopamine (DA) is an important neurotransmitter used for diagnosing various diseases from its abnormal concentrations in human fluids. Herein, an electrochemical sensor based on a composite of re-doped poly(N-methylaniline) (rePNMA) and modified multi-walled carbon nanotubes (fMWCNTs), termed fMWCNT-rePNMA, was developed to measure DA concentration. The successful modification of the fMWCNT surface was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Cyclic voltammetry (CV) displayed an excellent electrocatalytic activity of the fMWCNTs-rePNMA composite towards the oxidation of DA. The developed fMWCNTs-rePNMA composite demonstrated a broad linear range from 5 to 90 μmol L-1 with a low limit of detection (LOD) value of 2.23 μmol L-1, and a fast response with a high sensitivity of 251.5 nA μmol-1 L as determined from the calibration curve of the DA determination. In addition, the fMWCNTs-rePNMA composite selectively identified and quantified DA in the presence of ascorbic acid (AA) and uric acid (UA). Therefore, the fMWCNTs-rePNMA composite sensor shows potential to determine the level of DA in human urine.

In situ polymerization confinement synthesis of ultrasmall MoTe2 nanoparticles for the electrochemical detection of dopamine

Ultrasmall MoTe2 nanoparticles has been synthesized using an in situ polymerization confinement method, which exhibits a low limit of detection and excellent selectivity for electrochemical dopamine sensors.

Facile Fabrication of CuO Nanoparticles Embedded in N-Doped Carbon Nanostructure for Electrochemical Sensing of Dopamine.

In the present study, a highly selective and sensitive electrochemical sensing platform for the detection of dopamine was developed with CuO nanoparticles embedded in N-doped carbon nanostructure (CuO@NDC). The successfully fabricated nanostructures were characterized by standard instrumentation techniques. The fabricated CuO@NDC nanostructures were used for the development of dopamine electrochemical sensor. The reaction mechanism of a dopamine on the electrode surface is a three-electron three-proton process. The proposed sensor's performance was shown to be superior to several recently reported investigations. Under optimized conditions, the linear equation for detecting dopamine by differential pulse voltammetry is Ipa (μA) = 0.07701 c (μM) − 0.1232 (R2 = 0.996), and the linear range is 5-75 μM. The limit of detection (LOD) and sensitivity were calculated as 0.868 μM and 421.1 μA/μM, respectively. The sensor has simple preparation, low cost, high sensitivity, good stability, and good reproducibility.

Preparation of ZnO/Ti3C2Tx/Nafion/Au electrode

In this study, monolayer titanium carbide (Ti3C2Tx) material was prepared, then the modified ZnO and Ti3C2Tx were self-assembled to obtain the MXene based composite material. Finally, ZnO/Ti3C2Tx/Nafion/Au electrodes were prepared to construct a dopamine electrochemical sensor for detection of dopamine. SEM, XRD measurements and so on verified the synthesis of monolayer Ti3C2Tx and preparation of the MXene based composite material. Utilizing Chronoamperometry (I-t), we found the electrodes displayed a linear dynamic range from 0.1 to 1200 μM with a limit of detection of 0.076 μM (S/N = 3). Meanwhile, the sensitivity of the sensor is 96nA/μM and in the prepared biological samples, the recoveries of the sensor were 97.8%∼102.2%. Finally, the electrochemical sensor showed a good reproducibility and stability.

L-Cysteine self-assembled Au(1 1 1)-like nanoparticles modified indium tin oxide electrode for determination of dopamine in the present of uric acid

A novel L-Cysteine self-assembled gold nanoparticles modified indium tin oxide electrode (ITO/Au/L-Cys) was fabricated by facile steps of electro-deposition and immersion in solution. The as-prepared ITO/Au/L-Cys electrode is investigated as a potential electrochemical sensor for dopamine (DA) in the interference of Uric Acid (UA). It combines the catalytic advantages of the Au(111)-like nanoparticles array with self-assembled L-Cysteine. The biosensor displays a highly sensitive and selective behavior for DA in the present of UA. The peak currents response to DA is linear with their concentrations in the range of 2 μM ∼ 400 μM. In addition, a limit of detection reaches up to 0.6 μM (S/N = 3). Consequently, the high sensitivity, stability and excellent biocompatibility of ITO/Au/L-Cys electrode made it as a promising DA sensor.

ZIF-8 Coupling with Reduced Graphene Oxide to Enhance the Electrochemical Sensing of Dopamine

A reduced graphene oxide@zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (rGO@ZIF-8) based electrochemical sensor was developed and used for dopamine detection. ZIF-8 was rapidly prepared by zinc hydroxide nitrate (Zn-HDS, Zn5(OH)8(NO3)2·2H2O) as precursor. Subsequently, rGO was introduced to enhance the performance of ZIF-8 (e.g., high carrier mobility, favorable stability), and a label-free electrochemical dopamine sensor based on the composite material was obtained with high specific surface area and better conductivity verified by Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface analysis and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, respectively. Consequently, rGO@ZIF-8 complex exhibited an admirable electrochemical catalytic performance. For determination of dopamine, the sensor behaves wide linear range from 2.0 × 10−6 to 1.4 × 10−4 mol l−1 and lower detection limit of 2.0 × 10−8 mol l−1 (S/N = 3). It also showed sufficient repeatability and durability due to the coordinated amplification effect of rGO and ZIF-8.