Electricity Generation System Research Articles

Considerations for designing a new wave generator system in an existing flume

Van Halteren Technologies Boxtel B.V. (formerly known as Bosch Rexroth B.V.) has designed, manufactured, installed, and commissioned the new electrical driven wave generator system in the existing Large Wave Flume (GWK) at FZK in Hannover. The aim of the replacement was designing a new wave generator system, with optimized performance in the given space in the existing flume, and replace the hydraulics for an electrically driven system. The width and depth of the flume are five and seven meters respectively. The water depth is variable up to five meters. In order to get the most out of the finite length of the flume the space for the wave maker is limited. Given the limited space for the wave maker we had to apply a dry back wave generator system which has the advantage of a rather compact design compared to a wet back wave generator. This also introduced challenges such as a seal system around the moving wave segment at the side walls and floor as well as a compensator for compensating the static force of the variable water depth. The hydrodynamic forces are provided by the electrically driven system. The wave generator has been provided with an Active Reflection Compensation system (ARC) for compensating the reflected waves traveling to the wave segment. This ARC must be capable to handle variable water depths, even when the water depth is changed in order to simulate high and low water conditions.

Performance improvement of PV systems during dynamic partial shading conditions using optimization algorithms

PV power plants encounter varying levels of irradiance, temperature fluctuations, and partial shading because of the differences in sunlight conditions. Partial shading can cause an increase in the power loss, leading to a reduction in efficiency. Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) is of utmost importance in the functioning of photovoltaic (PV) systems for electricity generation because it is indispensable for maximizing power extraction from PV modules, thereby increasing the overall power output. In situations where partial shading is present, the utilization of MPPT algorithms to achieve maximum power output becomes complex because of the existence of multiple distinct peak power points, each having a unique local optimum. To overcome this issue, a method is proposed that uses Darts Game Optimization (DGO), a game-based optimization process, to efficiently determine and extract the maximum power from various local optimal peaks. A population-based optimization method known as the Darts Game Optimization algorithm exists. In this approach, the optimization process begins by creating a population of random players. Then, the algorithm iteratively updates and improves the population to search for the best player or solution. In this study, the DGO algorithm was applied to the MPPT process for voltage optimization in the PV procedure. The DC-DC converter is utilized to capture the maximum available power, and the findings demonstrate that the DGO algorithm efficiently identifies the global maximum, resulting in accelerated convergence, reduced settling time, and minimized power oscillation. Through simulations, the feasibility and effectiveness of the DGO centered MPPT approach was confirmed and compared with MPPT algorithms relying on perturb and observe (P&O) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). The simulation results offer compelling evidence that the DGO algorithm, as proposed in this study, proficiently traces the global maximum, thereby substantiating its practicality and efficiency.

Enhancing green hydrogen production via improvement of an integrated double flash geothermal cycle; Multi-criteria optimization and exergo-environmental evaluation

The environmental advantages of hydrogen as a clean energy carrier are more prominent when it is produced utilizing renewable resources. In this regard, a novel geothermal energy driven electricity generation system integrated to hydrogen production plant is developed and investigated in this research. In the developed plant, a PEM electrolyzer is employed for hydrogen generation such that its required electricity is provided by an improved double-flash geothermal cycle. A self-superheater is applied for superheating the vapor at the steam turbine inlet using the geothermal resource to enhance the hydrogen production capacity. To evaluate feasibility of such superheating process and to examine its effects on hydrogen production, thermodynamic models are developed based on first and second laws. Also, environmental considerations are considered in evaluation of the proposed plant performance based on exergo-environmental indices. The influences of first and second flashing pressure, geothermal source temperature and current density of water electrolyzer on energy and exergy efficiency, hydrogen production rate, and environmental damage index are investigated. After carrying out a parametric study, the optimum operation point of the plant is determined via a two-objective optimization based on the hydrogen rate and environmental damage index . It is found that, under optimum operation, the system can produce 25.48 kg/h of hydrogen, while its environmental damage index is calculated to be as 0.00645.

Improving the efficiency of photovoltaic-thermoelectric generator system using novel flying squirrel search optimization algorithm: Hybrid renewable and thermal energy system (RTES) for electricity generation

The world is moving towards cleaner energy to cater to the effects of global warming, the existing renewable energy resources need to be hybridized with other resources for better output using the same input. Photovoltaic-thermoelectric generator (PV-TEG) energy system is one example of a hybrid renewable and thermal energy system (RTES) for electricity generation, the waste heat which if accumulated on the PV Panel causes an efficiency dip, the heat can be converted into useful energy using a TEG module resulting in PV Panel cooling as well as added energy at the output. For the PV-TEG energy system the controllability aspect is crucial as the main problem lies in the optimization and harvesting of energy from these two sources, the non-linear energy generation nature of the PV and TEG energy systems due to changing conditions i.e., partial shading (PS) and dynamic temperature spread (DTS), makes it hard to attain the full potential of PV and TEG systems using classical/analog techniques. To solve this problem, a novel implementation of Flying Squirrel Search Optimization (FSSO) is used for the Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) for the PV-TEG energy system. The proposed FSSO MPPT algorithm is proven effective through a comparison with Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), Fruit Fly Optimization (FFO), Perturb and Observe (P&O), and Incremental Conductance (InC) algorithms, demonstrating its superiority. The FSSO-based MPPT algorithm exhibits rapid and accurate Global Maxima (GM) tracking in real-time, minimizing power oscillations with a tracking efficiency of 99.56% and a tracking time of under 0.3 s.

Towards a Net Zero-Emission Electricity Generation System by Optimizing Renewable Energy Sources and Nuclear Power Plant

Towards a Net Zero-Emission Electricity Generation System by Optimizing Renewable Energy Sources and Nuclear Power Plant

Optimal sizing and location of grid-interfaced PV, PHES, and ultra capacitor systems to replace LFO and HFO based power generations

The impacts of climate change, combined with the depletion of fossil fuel reserves, are forcing human civilizations to reconsider the design of electricity generation systems to gradually and extensively incorporate renewable energies. This study aims to investigate the technical and economic aspects of replacing all heavy fuel oil (HFO) and light fuel oil (LFO) thermal power plants connected to the electricity grid in southern Cameroon. The proposed renewable energy system consists of a solar photovoltaic (PV) field, a pumped hydroelectric energy storage (PHES) system, and an ultra-capacitor energy storage system. The economic and technical performance of the new renewable energy system was assessed using metrics such as total annualized project cost (TAC), loss of load probability (LOLP), and loss of power supply probability (LPSP). The Multi-Objective Bonobo Optimizer (MOBO) was used to both size the components of the new renewable energy system and choose the best location for the solar PV array. The results achieved using MOBO were superior to those obtained from other known optimization techniques. Using metaheuristics for renewable energy system sizing necessitated the creation of mathematical models of renewable energy system components and techno-economic decision criteria under MATLAB software. Based on the results for the deficit rate (LPSP) of zero, the installation of the photovoltaic field in Bafoussam had the lowest TAC of around 52.78 × 106€ when compared to the results for Yaoundé, Bamenda, Douala, and Limbe. Finally, the project profitability analysis determined that the project is financially viable when the energy produced by the renewable energy systems is sold at an average price of 0.12 €/kWh.

Assessing the decarbonization of electricity generation in major emitting countries by 2030 and 2050: Transition to a high share renewable energy mix

The urgent need to mitigate the severe environmental impacts of climate change necessitates a transition to a low-carbon energy infrastructure, crucial for decarbonization and achieving global sustainability goals. This study investigates the decarbonization trajectories of five major economies and significant carbon emitters: the United States of America (USA), China, Japan, Germany, and India. We focus on evaluating two decarbonization scenarios for power generation. Scenario 1 explores the use of a generic storage system for reducing critical excess electricity production (CEEP), maintaining the same thermal power plant capacity as in the reference year 2021. In contrast, Scenario 2 models thermal power plants to meet the exact electricity demand without introducing a new electricity storage system. The primary aim is to assess the feasibility and implications of achieving a 100% share of renewable and nuclear energy by 2030 and 2050 in these countries. EnergyPLAN software was utilized to model and simulate the electricity systems of these countries. The two scenarios represent different degrees of renewable energy integration, demonstrating possible transitional pathways towards an environmentally friendly electricity generation system. The study provides a comparative analysis of the outcomes for each country, focusing on carbon emissions reduction and the impact on annual total costs in 2030 and 2050. Results show that by 2030, China could reduce its emissions by 88.5% and 85.14% in Scenarios 1 and 2, relative to 2021 levels. From the two scenarios considered in all the countries, India records the highest percentage reduction while Germany has the least percentage emission in reference to 2021, with a potential decrease of 90.63% and 52.42% respectively. By 2050, carbon emissions in the USA will be reduced by 83% and 79.8% using Scenario 1 and Scenario 2 decarbonization pathways. This research significantly contributes to understanding the decarbonization potential of global electricity generation. It provides vital data for policymakers, energy planners, and stakeholders involved in developing sustainable energy policies.

Analysis of an efficient liquified natural gas utilization cascade Brayton cycle and an improved cold energy recovery evaluation criterion

The cold energy utilization of liquified natural gas is a promising solution for electricity generation systems to raise power output. In order to enhance cold energy recovery performance, here we propose a cascade Brayton cycle, which can efficiently utilize the waste heat from gas turbine and the cold energy of liquefied natural gas. The temperature pinch in natural gas evaporator is successfully reduced by adopting helium as the working fluid. The optimal working condition is determined through parametric sensitivity analysis, and the exergy and economic performance is assessed and compared. The design case outperforming high energy efficiency (68.61 %), competitive exergy efficiency (58.51 %) and excellent levelized cost of electricity (0.0481$·(kW·h)−1). Moreover, the exergy destruction in natural gas evaporator reduced by 4.05 MW, resulting in 23.2 % improvement compared to conventional systems. Simultaneously, a modified criterion of “real specific work contributed per kg/s liquified natural gas” is proposed, which provides a more accurate cold energy recovery evaluation method for cold energy utilization systems. The comparison of reported cold energy utilization systems are conducted based on the modified criterion, and our model delivers the best result among them.

Optimal design of a local renewable electricity supply system for power-intensive production processes with demand response

This work studies synergies arising from combining industrial demand response and local renewable electricity supply. To this end, we optimize the design of a local electricity generation and storage system with an integrated demand response scheduling of a continuous power-intensive production process in a multi-stage problem. We optimize both total annualized cost and global warming impact and consider local photovoltaic and wind electricity generation, an electric battery, and electricity trading on day-ahead and intraday market. We find that installing a battery can reduce emissions and enable large trading volumes on the electricity markets, but significantly increases cost. Economically and ecologically-optimal operation of the process and battery are driven primarily by the electricity price and grid emission factor, respectively, rather than locally generated electricity. A parameter study reveals that cost savings from the local system and flexibilizing the process behave almost additively.

Multi-modal safety analysis of the more electric aircraft starter generator system

Multi-modal safety analysis of the more electric aircraft starter generator system

A multidimensional and multi-criteria framework for measuring the circularity of energy generation systems at national level

The circular economy can play a key role in the clean energy transition. In fact, it can enable the shift to renewable power generation addressing the emerging security risks related to supply chains of minerals and metals crucial for green energy technologies. Circularity metrics are essential for assessing the effectiveness of actions taken and the progress toward measurable goals. In this context, through an action research approach the authors developed a framework of indicators to quantify the level of circularity of the whole electricity generation systems at the macro scale. The framework includes indicators related to energy policies, materials, energy, and waste flows and environmental sustainability dimensions and classifies the systems as “beginner”, “started”, “concerned” and “circular”. The framework was applied to the Italian electricity generation system in 2020. The results of the analysis showed that the Italian electricity generation system could be classified as “concerned” in the circular transition. Water circularity, the recycling rate of waste and the usage of minerals and metals, as well as the need to enhance the installation of renewable capacity, resulted in crucial areas for enhancing the circularity of the system. In addition, the application to the case study highlighted the need for the creation of comprehensive databases that increase the accessibility of the data required for measurement and subsequent monitoring purposes. The proposed framework can support the policy makers in planning strategies aimed at increasing the circularity of the electricity generation system at the national level.

Optimization of the diesel photovoltaic isolated system installed in the Nazareth community using wind energy.

The objective of the work is the optimization of the isolated and hybridized electric power generation system with photovoltaic technology and genset, installed in the village of Nazareth belonging to the municipality of Uribia, Colombia. The optimization criteria established in this study consists of respecting what is already installed and from there propose various search spaces in HOMER Energy to find the optimal system configuration, the main idea is to minimize the consumption of diesel fuel through the inclusion of a wind system. two optimal scenarios are proposed, the first minimizes the participation of the genset to 10%, the second proposes a system of 100% renewable energy generation. Based on the results of the study, it is concluded that the system proposed in scenario C is the most pertinent alternative, It is concluded that the system proposed in scenario C is the most relevant alternative, because the system has 90% autonomy without the generator set.

Harvesting electricity from road traffic noise energy – a literature review

Recent developments in digital technologies, including big data and internet of things concepts, have shown promising results in achieving more appropriate and effective pavement engineering through a proactive asset management approach. This could be achieved through an early diagnosis of defects and selection of an appropriate maintenance strategy informed by more granular data by the utilisation of advanced sensing systems. Such a sensing system for pavement, which should include a combination of embedded sensors and surface data sensors (e.g. cameras) would require electricity, which could be problematic when considering the growing demand for electricity around the globe. Harvesting electricity from the pavement, for example from traffic noise, which is the focus of this article, could bring new hope for achieving self-efficient and sustainable sensing systems for roads. If effective, an electricity generation system from road traffic noise could be counted towards the net zero carbon dioxide target set by road authorities. A review of the literature revealed that the noise of air pumping between the tyre and the pavement surface is the critical noise source with the highest potential for electricity generation. Harvesting, storage and conversion of noise energy to electrical energy are still in the preliminary stages.

On the role of interconnected mini-grids in net-zero emissions electricity system: insights from Nigeria

As developing countries like Nigeria strive to reduce carbon emissions while expanding energy access, mini-grids’ role has gained recognition. However, limited analysis exists regarding the role of interconnected mini-grids (IMGs) in the transition to net-zero emissions electricity generation systems. Here, we employ a bottom-up energy system optimization modeling framework to explore the techno-economic implications of deploying IMGs in net-zero emissions electricity systems, using Nigeria as a case study. We find that IMGs can contribute to modest system-level cost reductions in net-zero emissions electricity systems. IMGs can help minimize stranded electricity generation assets and decrease the reliance on negative emissions technologies in scenarios aiming for net-zero emissions electricity systems by 2050. In scenarios where the net-zero target is delayed until 2070, the widespread deployment of comparatively affordable cleaner generators and the phaseout of fossil fuel power plants may render negative emission technologies unnecessary. The model results further indicate that IMGs can help reduce the use of captive diesel/gasoline gen-sets quickly, and nuclear power has a role in the electricity generation mix in all net-zero emissions scenarios. Moreover, in order to achieve the median per capita electricity consumption observed in high-income countries by the year 2050, Nigeria must undertake a formidable expansion of its current electricity generation capacity at a rate approximately six times greater than that dictated by a business-as-usual trajectory. The study also provides recommendations to address the policy, regulatory, and financial considerations crucial for implementing IMGs successfully.

Ranking of Independent Small-Scale Electricity Generation Systems

The EU’s energy targets are to achieve at least 32% renewables in the energy mix by 2030. Part of the solution is strengthening consumer rights by empowering individuals to generate their own electricity. The aim of this study was to identify the most suitable energy system for electricity generation of up to 50 kW in the EU residential sector. Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis was used to compare four systems: proton exchange membrane fuel cell with photovoltaic panels, photovoltaic panels, biomass-powered Stirling engine, and solar-powered Stirling engine. Based on the results, the most beneficial system for household electricity generation is the biomass-fueled Stirling engine system due to its affordability, reliability, and low environmental impact. Governments and businesses can use these findings to improve information for the residential sector and enable the transition to renewable energy.

Proposal for the Sustainable Electrification of a Primary Healthcare Centre (PHC) Facility in Nigeria

Energy is a prerequisite to running health facilities and is, therefore, key to the success of the service. Karshi primary healthcare centre (PHC) facility is confronted with an unreliable power supply that leads to a high cost of generating power from diesel to operate its equipment. This facility needs a sustainable and reliable electricity supply and therefore a change in their energy system to enable it improve its quality of healthcare delivery services. A solar energy-based electricity generation system that would make the PHC to become resilient and contribute to climate mitigation was selected. A step by step on the design of solar powered system for the health facility was demonstrated, and therefore a grant to develop, install and train health workers on how to use the solar powered system effectively is needed. This program will measure the increased availability of energy, and there is a need for a follow-up program to measure the improvement in healthcare delivery. It was suggested that a data logging system and energy metering equipment should be installed to monitor the function and performance of the solar photovoltaic (PV) system. Monitoring and evaluation is specifically for project installation and management, and recommend that monitoring and evaluation team be set up by the Ministry of Health to collect data that will be used to measure these improvements. This project is aimed at providing 24 hours green and reliable electricity supply to the facility, and reduce CO<sub>2</sub> emissions compared to diesel generator. The project will cost 27,169.00 euros, and the organization of this paper follows EREF grant proposal guidelines.

Energy, economic, and environmental analysis: A study of operational strategies for combined heat and power system based on PEM fuel cell in the East China region

This study introduces a combined heat and power (CHP) system primarily based on proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells, which can provide electricity and heat for residential buildings in the East China region under two operating strategies. The analysis and discussion focus on the impact of parameters such as current density and gas inlet pressure on the system's output power and efficiency. The results indicate that excessively high current density decreases the system's electricity generation efficiency, while a moderate increase in hydrogen inlet pressure contributes to greater heat generation. Considering energy, economic, and environmental factors, the system operates with the thermal-led strategy in parallel with the grid, resulting in a substantial 73.3 % reduction in fuel costs. The annual greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and the amount of emission reduction are lowered to 6.96 × 107 g and 3.39 × 107 g, respectively.

Electricity Generation from Exhaust Steam of a Steam Turbine Generator

The world desperately needs renewable energy. Harnessing energy from waste heat has the potential of bringing in a new era of electricity. This paper explores the utilization of waste heat through the implementation of a Peltier module-based electricity generation system. The proposed system employs Thermoelectric Generators (TEGs), leveraging the Seebeck effect, to convert thermal energy differentials into electric voltage. Through a detailed examination of the system's design, implementation methodology, and experimental results, the paper clarifies the feasibility and efficiency of Peltier-based electricity generation, including a scenario involving a 100 MW Diesel Power Plant that demonstrates the scalability and practical applications of the system. In this article, we utilized 750 ml water to create a total of 201.8256 mWh of energy from three Peltier modules. 12V Peltier modules were utilized in the planned system and predicted with 2L of water to create a maximum of 11.18 V, 9.67 V, and 7.23 V into three distinct Peltier modules. Data analysis and forecasting models provide insights into system performance and limitations under varying conditions. Ethical considerations regarding sustainability, material procurement, and disposal are also discussed. The paper underscores the promise of Peltier-based electricity generation in harnessing waste heat for sustainable energy solutions while emphasizing the importance of ethical awareness in technology deployment.

Biological electricity generation system based on mitochondria-nanochannel-red blood cells.

The high-efficiency energy conversion process in organisms is usually carried out by organelles, proteins and membrane systems. Inspired by the cellular aerobic respiration process, we present an artificial electricity generation device, aimed at sustainable and efficient energy conversion using biological components, to demonstrate the feasibility of bio-inspired energy generation for renewable energy solutions. This approach bridges biological mechanisms and technology, offering a pathway to sustainable, biocompatible energy sources. The device features a mitochondria anode and oxygen-carrying red blood cells (RBCs) cathode, alongside a sandwich-structured sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) and polyimide composite nanochannel for efficient proton transportation, mimicking cellular respiration. Achieving significant performance with 40 wt% RBCs, it produced a current density of 6.42 mA cm-2 and a maximum power density of 1.21 mW cm-2, maintaining over 50% reactivity after 8 days. This research underscores the potential of bio-inspired systems for advancing sustainable energy technologies.

BOEING 787 Model Daha Elektrikli Uçak Sistem Yenilikleri ve Araştırılan Sorunları

In recent years, MEA technology has brought about developments in the field of power electronics, fault-tolerant architecture, electro-hydrostatic actuators, flight control systems, high-density electric motors, power generation and conversion systems. Non-propulsive systems in traditional aircraft systems, ıt is powered by a combination of different secondary power sources such as hydraulic, pneumatic, mechanical and electrical while the more electric aircraft (MEA) concept ensures the use of optimum electrical power for all non-propellant systems. 
 The goal of future aircraft technology is to replace the majority of non-electrical power-using systems, such as environmental control and engine starting, with electrical systems to improve various aircraft characteristics such as efficiency, emissions, reliability and maintenance costs. B787 series aircraft, the first civil aircraft with more electric aircraft features of modern times, ıt features composite fuselage and wing profiles, fly-by-wire flight controls, advanced cockpit and General Electric or Rolls-Royce engines. Different from previous designs, Boeing has minimized the use of air from the engines in the B787 technology and makes extensive use of electrically powered systems instead of traditional pneumatically powered systems. B787 new generation passenger aircraft, ıt is anticipated that significant improvements such as aircraft weight, fuel consumption, total life cycle costs, carbon neutrality, ease of maintenance and aircraft reliability will reduce the effects of adverse environmental conditions.
 In this study, the system innovations of the B787 aircraft model, which is a more electric aircraft concept and introduces different testing and working methods throughout the design process, and the problems caused by the new systems were investigated.