A multidimensional and multi-criteria framework for measuring the circularity of energy generation systems at national level

Abstract

The circular economy can play a key role in the clean energy transition. In fact, it can enable the shift to renewable power generation addressing the emerging security risks related to supply chains of minerals and metals crucial for green energy technologies. Circularity metrics are essential for assessing the effectiveness of actions taken and the progress toward measurable goals. In this context, through an action research approach the authors developed a framework of indicators to quantify the level of circularity of the whole electricity generation systems at the macro scale. The framework includes indicators related to energy policies, materials, energy, and waste flows and environmental sustainability dimensions and classifies the systems as “beginner”, “started”, “concerned” and “circular”. The framework was applied to the Italian electricity generation system in 2020. The results of the analysis showed that the Italian electricity generation system could be classified as “concerned” in the circular transition. Water circularity, the recycling rate of waste and the usage of minerals and metals, as well as the need to enhance the installation of renewable capacity, resulted in crucial areas for enhancing the circularity of the system. In addition, the application to the case study highlighted the need for the creation of comprehensive databases that increase the accessibility of the data required for measurement and subsequent monitoring purposes. The proposed framework can support the policy makers in planning strategies aimed at increasing the circularity of the electricity generation system at the national level.