Electrical Transient Analyzer Program Research Articles

The Central American Power System: Achievements, Challenges, and Opportunities for a Green Transition

Over the past few decades, Central American countries have seen a steady increase in their energy needs. Luckily, the region has abundant renewable energy resources and, as a result, has been busy constructing wind and photovoltaic power facilities. However, while these renewable sources are promising, they come with some risks—mainly, their variable power generation can pose a challenge to the interconnected regional system. This paper explores the current state of the Central American power system and the obstacles it faces as it strives to transition to a more environmentally-friendly energy system. To do so, the authors employed power flow analysis and transient stability studies, which were conducted using ETAP (Electrical Transient Analyzer Program) to model and simulate the power system. Their study revealed that the Central American power system is at risk of instability, and they suggest that integrating ancillary services and storage solutions could strengthen its resilience. Additionally, the authors advocate for the development of microgrids, energy management, and sustainable decarbonization plans. Lastly, the authors emphasize the importance of short-, medium-, and long-term power planning to make better decisions.

Relay Protection Setting Calculation of Power Transformer Based on ETAP

The conventional relay protection setting calculation method considers the internal interference of the transformer and obtains the setting value quickly, which leads to large harmonic interference of the transformer and affects the secondary setting calculation results. Therefore, the setting calculation method of the power transformer relay protection based on the Electrical Transient Analysis Program (ETAP) is designed. The harmonic transfer characteristics of the power transformer are extracted, and the harmonic interference of the power transformer is proposed. Then the ETAP software is adopted to establish the calculation principle of the power transformer relay protection setting and improve the calculation accuracy of the secondary setting. Through comparative experiments, it is verified that the second fixed value of the algorithm is close to the actual fixed value and can be applied to real life.

Protection coordination analysis applied at biogas power generation plant

Biogas from liquid waste from palm oil processing, palm oil mill effluent (POME), can be utilized in biogas power plants as a source of renewable energy (PLTBg). The PLTBg electrical system is equipped with a coordinated protection system. Then, the protection system must also maintain the continuity of electrical service in parts that are not affected by disturbances. Coordination of the protection system is essential. In this research, the electrical transient analysis program (ETAP) carries out the short circuit current analysis, and the coordination of overcurrent protection is constructed from its inverse-definite minimum time characteristics. The analyzed data contributed to selecting the right protection devices. A combination of overcurrent protection, directional protection, and frequency protection change rate supported a reliable electrical power system for a biogas power generation plant as distributed generation. The result shows that modern microprocessor-based protection relays support several protection features in one device and can be integrated into a supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA)-controlled protection system to enhance their capabilities.

A Comparison of Active Power Generated Under Normal Circumstances with the Optimization State Electric Power System

To see the power at normal conditions and at optimal conditions, the researchers used the Electrical Transient Analyzer Program (ETAP). Simulation using Load Flow (LF) and Optimal Power Flow (OPF) is a tool to produce power flow during normal conditions and when the power flow is optimal as a comparison for calculating the cost of generation from the power produced by each generator. After carrying out the Load Flow simulation process, when normal conditions were obtained, the simulation results showed that the active power released by the plant was 807.3 MW. Whereas after carrying out the Optimal Power Flow (OPF) simulation process, at optimal conditions. The simulation results show that the active power released by the generator is 806.2 MW. Keywords: Electrical Transient Analyzer Program (ETAP), Optimal Power Flow (OPF), Losses

Neural Networks Based Dynamic Load Modeling for Power System Reliability Assessment

The reliability of a power system is considered as a critical requirement in planning and operating the system due to the increasing demand for more reliable service with a lower frequency and duration of interruption. Hence, reliability is also considered as a major challenge in the development of future power systems as they become more advanced and complex, making the accuracy of the reliability assessment dependent on several factors such as supply and load modeling. Recent studies on power systems’ reliability and stability have focused on load modeling, where loads are either assumed to be static or dynamic, by introducing significant constraints. However, the emergence of new types of loads necessitates the development of models that can incorporate them with accuracy, as this would facilitate their effective use in flow and stability simulation studies, as well as reliability analyses. In this study, dynamic loads are modeled using a feed-forward neural network where a simulation test bed is developed in MATLAB/Simulink to generate operating data used during training and validating of the neural network model. Subsequently, Electrical Transient Analyzer Program (ETAP) software is used to verify the effect of load modeling on power system reliability assessment platform. Bus 2 of Roy Billinton Test System (RBTS) is employed as a case study to investigate the sensitivity of the reliability indices, such as System Average Interruption Duration Index (SAIDI) and System Average Interruption Frequency Index (SAIFI), on the load modeling technique with mixed loads (dynamics and statics).

Load Flow Study of GCT Powerhouse using ETAP

Load flow is one of the most significant aspects to consider while studying and analyzing power system functioning. A comprehensive study of load flow analysis at the Government College of Technology (GCT) powerhouse is offered in this research. The Electrical Transient Analyzer Program (ETAP) software is used to construct a case study of modelling and simulation of the actual power distribution network (Version: 19.1). A comparison of common load flow approaches for power distribution is also offered. This evaluation provides and compares numerical and practical approaches such as Adaptive Newton-Raphson, Newton-Raphson, and Fast Decoupled. The study is an analysis of high voltage substations to loads utilizing ETAP software. The capabilities and usefulness of load flow evaluation are proved by applying ETAP simulation findings to the actual distributed power system of GCT, Coimbatore. ETAP makes easy the conversion of traditional to a smart grid.

Reliability assessment of grid-connected multi-inverter for renewable power generation sector

PurposeThe paper aims to present a grid-connected multi-inverter for solar photovoltaic (PV) systems to enhance reliability indices after selected the placement and level of PV solar.Design/methodology/approachIn this study, the associated probability is calculated based on the solar power generation capacity levels and outages conditions. Then, based on this probability, dependability indices like average energy not supplied (AENS), expected energy not supplied and loss of load expectations (LOLE) are computed, also, another indices have been computed such as (customer average interruption duration index (CAIDI), system average interruption frequency index (SAIFI) and system average interruption duration index (SAIDI)) addressing by affected customers with distribution networks reliability assessment, including PV. On the basis of their dependability indices and active power flow, several PV solar modules installed in several places are analyzed. A mechanism for assessing the performance of the grid's integration of renewable energy sources is also under investigation.FindingsThe findings of this study based on data extracted form a PV power plant connected to the power network system in Diyala, Iraq 132 kV, attempts to identify the system's weakest points in order to improve the system's overall dependability. In addition, enhanced reliability indices are given for measuring solar PV systems performance connected to the grid and reviewed for the benefit of the customers.Originality/valueThe main contributions of this study are two methods for determining the reliability of PV generators taking into consideration the system component failure rates and the power electronic component defect rates in a PV system which depend on the power input and the power loss using electrical transient analysis program (ETAP) program.

ANALYSIS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC TRANSIENTS IN THE LOW-VOLTAGE DISTRIBUTION NETWORK OF AN INDUSTRIAL ENTERPRISE

Analysis of a short circuit in the distribution network with a voltage of up to 1 kV of the power supply system of an industrial enterprise. The procedure for calculating the short-circuit current in accordance with the recommendations of the ANSI/IEEE standard C37 series, which regulates the calculation of the short-circuit current for the selection and verification of switchgear and protective devices according to the short circuit current rating, was used to calculate the short-circuit current in the low-voltage distribution network of an industrial enterprise. The need to automate the process of calculating short-circuit currents in the power supply system of an industrial enterprise was substantiated. The Electrical Transient Analyzer Program (ETAP) software was used as an analysis tool. The design of the low-voltage distribution network was carried out in the ETAP software environment. The Short Circuit package of the ETAP software was used to calculate the short-circuit current on any bus of the distribution network. The result of the analysis is the determination of the short circuit current values and the verification of the compliance of the characteristics of the installed electrical equipment with the short-circuit currents. The effectiveness of using ETAP software for short-circuit analysis in order to select and verify the electrical equipment of the low-voltage distribution network of an industrial enterprise according to the level of short-circuit current was proven. The results of the analysis of the short-circuit current using the ETAP software provided an opportunity to verify the correctness of the decisions made regarding the selection of low-voltage switchgear of the distribution network of the facility’s power supply system. Analysis of short-circuit current using ETAP software provides the possibility of selecting switchgear and protective devices according to the level of short-circuit current, which contributes to the design of a reliable power supply system for the facility.

Direct Reduction Plant Alternator Synchronization Using DC Motor and Synchronous Generator with Complete Reduced Machines Transient

Direct Reduction Plant alternator synchronization using D.C. motor and synchronous generator with complete reduced machines transient is presented. This is very significance in the industrial world. Direct Reduction plant is an iron making process plant for the new era which utilizes natural gas to reduce iron ore to produce Direct Reduced Iron used in steel industry. An alternator is an electrical generator that converts mechanical energy into AC electrical energy. Synchronization is connection of an alternator into the grid in parallel with many other alternators that is live of constant voltage and frequency. Transient stability is one of the major factors for proper operation of the Direct Reduction plant production systems that lead to major system collapses. The stress on Direct Reduction plant machines systems is increasing day by day, due to faults, economic and environmental pressures, sudden load change, deviation of active power and frequency. This phenomenon constitutes negative threat to Direct Reduction plant stability. The study was carried out to examine the capacity and transient stability on the Direct Reduction plant machines to withstand disturbance while quality of service is maintained. The effect of improper phase condition upon the synchronizing process, phase sequence of three phase power line, direct current excitation effect upon the power deliver by alternator, power delivered by an alternator upon the torque delivered by the prime mover. The challenges were solved and analyzed using individual machine with the help of accurate step by step integration and Electrical Transient Analyzer Program MatLab software. Swing equation was solved using advanced Runge-Kutta’s method. An experiment was conducted in Electrical Engineering laboratory and machines transient stability of the plant was improved by 64 percent averagely. The results were depicted graphically for machines dynamic behavior studies and recommended for Technician and Engineers in steel and related industries

Power Flow Analysis of the Electric Power System in Texturizing Section at Asia Pacific Fibers in Ghatal, West Bengal using ETAP Power Station 4.0 Software

Electric Power Flow Analysis (Load Flow) is a study of power flow to find the quantum of power in a network. Nowadays industries require captive power for their production departments to continue the process in the event of Utility failure and also for safety purposes. The power flow analysis gives the power available that will meet the requirements, or some extra power is required or in extreme cases load shedding. The analysis also gives the losses in the system, thus ascertaining the authorities to reduce the losses. This load flow analysis study takes the example of the implementation of the electric power system at PT. Asia Pacific Fibers in Ghatal of West Bengal, with centralized load characteristics (lumped load). Power flow analysis begins with calculating the active power and reactive power at each installed node (bus), the load on the transformer, the load on the line or conductor, the value of power losses, system voltage drops, and the power flow in the installed electric power system network. From the results of power flow calculations assisted by the ETAP (Electrical Transient Analyzer Program) program, it can be concluded that the electricity network system is good. The results obtained are that the difference between active power losses and reactive power losses on Load Bus 4 is too large. Meanwhile, the voltage drop still meets the standards according to the Text Report results on ETAP results confirming that the voltage drop is meeting the IEEE specifications.

A Comparative Study Between Bayesian Network and Hybrid Statistical Predictive Models for Proactive Power System Network Resilience Enhancement Operational Planning

Enhancing the operational resilience of the distribution system network (DSN) proactively in a hurricane-prone region requires a pre-hurricane event DSN optimization model, built on accurate hurricane-induced DSN line fault prediction scenarios. In the past, the resilience evaluation methods such as statistical sequential and non-sequential Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) contingency-based technique, and Machine learning-based Bayesian Networks (BN) technique, have been proposed to strengthen the operational resilience of the DSN proactively against the forecasted oncoming hurricane events. However, a comparative study is largely unexplored to evaluate which of these two methods is best for proactive operational planning decision-making against the forecasted oncoming hurricane event. In this paper, the Bayesian network (BN) and combined statistical DSN’s Fragility-curve(FC)-Monte Carlo simulation (MCS)-Scenario reduction (SCENRED) predictive algorithms were developed. The DSN line fault prediction scenarios simulated leveraging the predicted oncoming hurricane Ewiniar data were utilized to perform pre-hurricane DSN optimization to proactively decrease the DSN expected load loss. The pre-event system optimization problems were formulated in a mixed integer linear programming (MILP) approach and solved using a CPLEX solver in general algebraic modelling system (GAMS) on a redesigned 48-bus DSN. The simulated initial expected load loss of 39% of 35 MWh was decreased to 35.34%, and then to 30.71% with the use of combined statistical DSN’s FC-MCS-SCENRED, and the BN-DSN predictive models. These results were validated using the Electrical transient analyzer program (ETAP).This study confirmed that the BN-DSN predictive model is a better operational planning tool compared to combined statistical DSN’s line FC-MCS-SCENRED predictive model.

Techno-Economic and Environmental Analysis of Renewable Mix Hybrid Energy System for Sustainable Electrification of Al-Dhafrat Rural Area in Oman

Affordable and clean energy for any rural community is crucial for the sustainable development of the community and the nation at large. The utilization of diesel-based power generation is one of the barriers to the sustainable development of these communities. Such generations require fuel that has a volatile market price and emits massive greenhouse gas emissions. This paper presents the design, modeling, and simulation of a hybrid power system for a rural area in the Sultanate of Oman that aims to reduce daily consumption of diesel fuel and greenhouse gas emissions. Hybrid Optimization of Multiple Energy Resources (HOMER) is utilized to model multiple energy mix hybrid systems and to propose the best optimal energy mix system for a selected community. In addition, Electrical Transient Analyzer Program (ETAP) software is employed to assess hybrid system operational performances, such as bus voltage profiles and active and reactive power losses. This study revealed that the PV–wind–diesel system is the optimal energy mix hybrid microgrid for the Al-Dhafrat rural area in Oman, with a net present cost of USD 14.09 million. Compared to the currently operating diesel-based system, the deployment of this microgrid can reduce the levelized cost of energy, diesel fuel consumption, and greenhouse gas emissions per year by 54.56%, 70.44%, and 70.40%, respectively. This study confirms that the Sultanate of Oman has a substantial opportunity to install a hybrid microgrid system for rural diesel-based communities to achieve sustainable development in the country.

Planning a Protection Coordination System Against Over Current Relays and Ground Fault Relays Using the NN Method

PT PAMA PERSADA is one of the power plants located in Kalimantan, Barunang which has 2 feeders. In one of the feeders, protection coordination often occurs. These disturbances can hamper the performance of the company PT PAMA PERSADA. This turned out to be a disturbance in the coordination of protection types of overcurrent relays and ground fault relays. Where in the end it takes an evaluation analysis of the relay setting coordination using the Electrical Transient Analysis Program (ETAP) 19.0.1 software on the electrical system. The disturbance that occurs is in feeder 2 which is divided into KM30 and Parilahung substations. This disturbance occurs because the relay coordination trips work simultaneously. From the results of the ETAP simulation, the power value is 4.164 KW, the reactive power is 780.3 KVAR, the apparent power is 4.237 KVA, and the cos phi value used is 0.9. Meanwhile, the protection coordination setting meets the IEEE 60255 standard with a grading time of 0.2 – 0.6 second. After being successfully simulated with the Electrical Transient Analysis Program (ETAP) 19.0.1 software, it was continued with the Matlab software which was used as an optimization of the relay settings and the use of the working effect of the NN (Neural Network) method. In accordance with the MSE (Main Square Error) value it reached 0.33452.

Enhancing Voltage Profile and Power Loss Reduction Considering Distributed Generation (DG) Resources

In recent years, Distributed Generation (DG) has received attention due to its benefits to the distribution network. In this paper, the influence of DG along with several techniques for mitigating the detrimental impact on voltage profile and power losses was examined. The test system of 132 KV residential test feeder was selected, examined, and modeled in the Electrical Transient Analyzer Program (ETAP). Various tests were carried out to determine the influence of DG on the distribution network. Results were compared with, and without DG, taking into account the voltage profile. When injecting DG with unity power factor at different buses in a radial test system, it was discovered that when the DG of the right size and type is injected at the ideal position, the voltage profile improves while the power losses are reduced. When an un-deterministic DG is injected at multiple points on the test feeder, no improvement in voltage profile was observed. When the cross-sectional area of conductors is increased and a DG is injected at optimal locations, a positive impact on voltage profile is observed while the detrimental impact on power losses was also analyzed. The findings of this study may be useful to distribution firms regarding the future expansion of the power systems and the proliferation of DG.

Optimization and Design of a Sustainable Industrial Grid System

Electricity is a multifaceted form of energy and is used globally, with a continuously growing demand. Electrical power grids are there for more than 150 years. The generated electrical power is delivered to different industrial, commercial, and residential sectors, thereby fulfilling the ever-growing demand. In this research paper, the design and optimization of an industrial grid for various electrical loads is discussed. The electrical grid ensures a stable power supply to the loads by providing quality power with the minimum total harmonic distortion (THD) possible. A complete study of the short circuit current has been done in two different electrical grid systems, as it is seen that the short circuit current depends on the impedance of the transformer which feeds the load. These two designs of a single diagram will be simulated by using a power system analyzer, the Electrical Transient Analyzer Program (ETAP) software. The different electrical parameters, like choosing the optimised rated generator, cables, and transformers, are done. Load flow analysis is performed on both the design to evaluate the THD, short circuit fault, as well as to choose the right protection circuit for the system.

Electrical distribution grid of Kirkuk City: A case study of load flow and short circuit valuation using ETAP

The load flow study and short circuit analysis can be considered as the backbone of the electrical power network. This study based on real data collected from 12 substations, each substation contains many feeders provide the electricity network of Kirkuk city (a city in Iraq located at the north of Baghdad). The methodology of this article depended on using the Electrical Transient Analyzer Program (ETAP) software in assessing the performance of Iraqi electrical distribution network (Kirkuk city as a model) by starting modeling and simulation in order to assess the reliability through testing the load flow, and short circuit test. A complete study of load flow assessment of an actual Kirkuk city power distribution network with actual load values is presented (data have been taken from the Directorate of Electricity Distribution of Kirkuk city). The results of modeling the whole city and the detailed reports of this study can give us a comprehensive assessment with the presence of actual loads values, including total demand, PF, transmission line parameters, and the weakness points of the electrical grid.

인공신경망을 이용한 불안정 전력망에 접속된 발전기 변압기 OLTC 제어

The safe and economic operation of the nuclear power plant (NPP) requires that the plant be connected to a stable and reliable electric grid where the voltage and frequency can be controlled within predefined limits. For a country introducing NPP for the first time, such stable and reliable grid may not exist and the grid may experience voltage and frequency fluctuations beyond the acceptable limits for extended periods. This paper therefore analyzes the necessity of installing an on-load tap changer (OLTC) on the main transformer (MT) of the NPP for automatic and fine voltage control in the event of severe voltage degradation on the Nigeria’s electric grid. IEEE Std. C57.116-2014 power transfer equation and load flow analysis using the electrical transient analyzer program (ETAP®) approach were used for this study. The paper also proposes implementation of artificial neural network (ANN) as a control mechanism for the effective and efficient operation of the MT OLTC tap settings. The research is based on the hypothetical generator output voltage of the proposed advanced power reactor (APR1400) unit connected to the Nigerian electric grid. Implementing the ANN model for MT OLTC automatic control enables stable operation even for the large synchronous generators connected to highly fluctuating voltage grids exceeding the +/-5% voltage range.

Optimal Siting of Distributed Generation Unit in Power Distribution System considering Voltage Profile and Power Losses

Many underdeveloped countries are facing acute shortage of electric power and short term measures are important to consider to address the problems of power outage, power plant failures, and disaster areas. Distributed generation (DG) is a promising approach for such cases as it allows quick on-site installation and generation of electric power. Injection of DG can improve the system voltage profile and also reduce the system's total power losses. However, the placement and sizing of the DG unit is an optimization problem in the radial distribution system. As a test case, this study examines voltage profile improvement and system power losses for an 11 KV residential feeder at the Abdul Rehman Baba grid station in Pakistan, which is modelled using the Electrical Transient Analyzer Program (ETAP). For various scenarios, several tests are conducted to assess the effects of DG on the distribution system. The results show that proper design considerations of size and location of a DG, to be inserted in to the system, lead to significant reduction in power losses and improvement in voltage profile and thus improvement in the overall efficiency of the power system. The projections of this work can be used to optimize the expansion of a power system and tackling different issues related to voltage profile in distribution sector worldwide.

Voltage Profile Enhancing Using HVDC for 132KV Power System: Kurdistan Case Study

Nowadays power systems are huge networks that consist of electrical energy sources, static and lumped load components, connected over long distances by A.C. transmission lines. Voltage improvement is an important aspect of the power system. If the issue is not dealt with properly, may lead to voltage collapse. In this paper, HVDC links/bipolar connections were inserted in a power system in order to improve the voltage profile. The load flow was simulated by Electrical Transient Analyzer Program (ETAP.16) program in which Newton- Raphson method is used. The load flow simulation studies show a significant enhancement of the power system performance after applying HVDC links on Kurdistan power systems. The bus voltages are significantly increased after connecting High Voltage Direct Current.

Simulation and analysis of solar photovoltaic penetration in conventional power system

With increase in cost of fossil fuel results into escalated cost of electricity price. Moreover, supply of grid is not reliable as it is getting overloaded day by day. There is huge demand of energy sources which are renewable in nature. It reduces utilisation of fossil fuels. Therefore, Photovoltaic (PV) penetrated grid tied system need to be developed and analysed. This paper presents simulation and design of Modified IEEE 9 bus system without PV and with PV penetration using ETAP (Electrical Transient Analysis Program) software. The effect of photovoltaic plant on the transmission network is analysed using load flow analysis. The L-L-L (Line to Line to Line) fault takes place at bus 2 and stability of the system is observed under transient disturbances for penetration of PV and without penetration of PV.