Electrical Stimulation Of Hypothalamus Research Articles

Anterior hypothalamic electrical stimulation and hippocampal EEG in the rat: suppressed EEG, locomotion, self-stimulation and inhibition of shock avoidance

Freely moving rats were given electrical stimulation via electrodes implanted in the forebrain and brainstem while concurrent hippocampal EEG and behavior were recorded. Stimulation of the preoptic-anterior hypothalamus and lateral hypothalamus produced desynchronization of slow hippocampal EEG, but either increased or left fast hippocampal EEG (30–50 Hz) unchanged. Increases in stimulation voltage produced intensity-related decreases in hippocampal EEG amplitude, increases in distance animals ran, and in self-stimulation tests increases in bar press rates. Stimulation in the medial hypothalamus (dorsomedial and posterior hypothalamic nucleus) produced hippocampal rhythmical slow activity, no change in fast activity, stimulus-bound running, and supported self-stimulation. On a jump-avoidance task, anterior and lateral hypothalamic stimulation disrupted performance while medial hypothalamic stimulation did not. Stimulation of two sites in the medial septum and seven in the dentate gyrus inhibited ongoing movement and depressed amplitude of both slow and fast activity. Medial septal stimulation which did not depress fast activity but depressed slow activity did not inhibit movement. Administration of low doses of sodium pentobarbital produced pronounced increases in fast activity during stimulation of the preoptic and lateral hypothalamus, but fast activity was unchanged with stimulation of the medial posterior hypothalamus and dentate gyrus in comparison to control values. The results suggest movement inhibition may be related to depression of both slow and fast activity, that rewarding properties of stimulation are not necessarily related to either slow or fast hippocampal EEG changes and that stimulation which produces either RSA or desynchronization can differentially affect performance on a motor task.

Lateral hypothalamic electrical stimulation: Does it make animals ‘hungry’?

Lateral hypothalamic electrical stimulation: Does it make animals ‘hungry’?

Simultaneous stimulation of the subcortical systems governing agonistic behaviour

Development of rat-killer behaviour by environmental factors was observed in two cats. Food deprivation, however, never converted a non-killer into a killer cat. Stimulation of certain points in the basolateral region of the amygdala arrests the spontaneous rat-killer behaviour, but does not prevent the attack which is induced by electrical stimulation of hypothalamus or central gray matter. On the hand, the stimulation of hypothalamus and/or central gray matter may overcome the inhibitory effects of the electrical stimulation of the amygdala.

Differences in excitability of cortical neurons as a function of motor projection in conditioned cats.

Differences in excitability of cortical neurons as a function of motor projection in conditioned cats.

Stimulation-induced eating disrupted by a conditioned taste aversion

Lateral hypothalamic electrical stimulation induced eating of cat food and of lab pellets in sated rats. The threshold for stimulation-induced eating was lower for the cat food, which was preferred in the home cage. A conditioned taste aversion was established for the cat food, and stimulation-induced eating of the cat food but not the pellets was temporarily eliminated. As the taste aversion wore off stimulation-induced eating of the cat food reappeared but frequently at elevated thresolds; the thresholds returned to preaversion levels after a few days. These data indicate that motivationally adequate lateral hypothalamic stimulation need not cause performance of eating behavior; just as performance of eating can be inhibited in naturally hungry animals, so can it be inhibited in animals motivated by stimulation.

1, 3-Diphenyl-5-(2-dimethyl amino propionamide) pyrazole塩酸塩 (AP-14) の薬理学的研究特に中枢神経に対する作用を中心として

At a high dosage, AP-14 depressed emotional behavior elicited by hypothalamic electrical stimulation in rabbits. Using the screening method for central acting drugs, AP-14 equalled that of chlormezanone in mice. AP-14 inhibited to some extent the conditioned avoidance response in rats. Analgesic action was demonstrated by electrical and ultrasonic stimulus methods in mice. Anti-inflammatory action of this drug was found to be more effective than that of aspirin, in rat paw edema induced by carrageenin.

Effects of Hypothalamic Electrical Stimulation on the Urinary Testosterone Glycuronide in the Adult Male Rat

The influence of electrical stimulation of various hypothalamic areas on the urinary excretion of testosterone glycuronide (TG) was investigated in the awake, unrestrained, unanesthetized male rat. The urinary TG was determined by means of a gas chromatographic method. Either low-rate or high-rate electrical stimulation of paraventricular, suprachiasmatic and medial tuberal regions elicited a highly significant, short-lasting increase in the urinary TG excretion. No modification in the urinary TG excretion occurred after electrical stimulation of other brain formations as the cerebral cortex or the cerebellum.

Hormonal induction of behavioral estrus modified by electrical stimulation of hypothalamus

Sexual receptivity was induced by sequential injections of estrogen and progesterone in ovariectomized female rats which had bilateral, monopolar electrodes permanently implanted into either the medial preoptic area (MPOA) or the medial basal hypothalamus (MBH). Intermittent electrical stimulation of the MPOA during the first 6 hours of estrogen priming significantly reduced the intensity of estrous behavior measured 2 days later. Comparable stimulation of the MBH produced a non-significant increase in receptivity. The use of electrical stimulation to study the ways in which hormones affect central sites of action is discussed.

The influence of neural blocking agents injected into the third ventricle of the rat brain and hypothalamic electrical stimulation on serum prolactin.

SummaryThe influence of neural blocking agents injected into the third ventricle of the brain of female rats at the time of vaginal estrus with and without electrical stimulation of the ventral medial hypothalamus (VMH) on serum prolactin levels was examined 30, 45, 75 and 135 min after initiation of electrical stimulation. Prolactin levels of sham control animals decreased 30-40% from initial values. Electrical stimulation of hypothalamus did not alter the response from that of sham controls. Intraventricular administration of atropine alone gave a response similar to that of sham controls while electrical stimulation modified the extent of the decrease. The injection of propranolol, a β-adrenergic blocker, with and without electrical stimulation, increased serum prolactin 100-110%. Phenoxybenzamine, an α-adren-ergic blocker, alone resulted in a gradual but progressive increase in serum prolactin levels. Electrical stimulation of phenoxybenzamine-injected animals prevented the rise in serum prolactin obs...

Plasma thyrotropin (TSH) response to hypothalamic electrical stimulation and to injection of synthetic thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH).

Plasma TSH responses in the rat, as measured by radioimmunoassay, were compared following hypothalamic electrical stimulation or intravenous administration of synthetic TRH. Positive responses occurred within 5–10 min following electrical stimulation of widely distributed regions of the hypothalamus, including the preoptic area, paraventricular nucleus, anterior hypothalamic area and the medial-basal hypothalamus. Stimulation of the cerebral cortex, fornix, lateral hypothalamus, thalamus and mesencephalon had no effect on TSH levels. The effect of TRH on pituitary and plasma TSH concentrations was examined over the range 0.1–5000 ng. A dose of 1.0 ng gave significant elevation of plasma TSH but only the largest dose (5000 ng) significantly depleted pituitary TSH levels. Both the response to electrical stimulation and to synthetic TRH administration could be blocked by prior treatment with T4 in a dose of 50 μg/100 g bw. (Endocrinology 90: 1079, 1972)

Lick rate during lateral hypothalamic electrical stimulation in the rat

Lick rate was studied in four rats during electrical stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus (LH) and following 24 and 48 hr of water deprivation. Although lick rate did not change as a function of water deprivation, it increased during LH electrical stimulation when the intensity was increased. Results are discussed in terms of adjunctive behavior and the influence of the LH on motor excitability.

A new factor affecting the consumption of ethyl alcohol and other sapid fluids

In an attempt to explain the fact that we were unable to repeat the results of previous experiments on lateral hypothalamic electrical stimulation induced ethanol consumption, we discovered that the apparent change in preference-aversion might be due to brief periods of withdrawal of one of the solutions or the presentation of the ethanol solutions to the animals only on every other day. Results of five experiments are presented. Prolonged exposure to ethanol resulted in unpredictable periodic increases and a more gradual increase in the ethanol consumption of most of the animals studied. Many of the increases occurred with relatively high concentrations of ethanol which the animals had avoided previously. Increased consumption of ethanol occurred in some animals very rapidly following the periodic presentation and withholding of ethanol solutions for two days every other two days. The effect was not specific to ethyl alcohol and occurred with dilute solutions of quinine monohydrochloride and 0.05% o-benzoic sulfimide (saccharin). As a similar effect was observed during four 24 hr food deprivation periods every other day in two out of six animals and in three animals with 24 hr water deprivation every other day, a possible explanation in terms of the lateral hypothalamus and general arousal was discussed. In addition, the specificity of the alcohol deprivation effect was not confirmed as it was shown to occur in this study with a 0.05% saccharin solution. Also, the results reported here indicate that whether or not lateral hypothalamic electrical stimulation alone is a sufficient condition to enhance the consumption of ethanol has not been determined adequately.

Differentiation of hypothalamic drive and reward centers

ARTICLESDifferentiation of hypothalamic drive and reward centersJ Olds, WS Allan, and E BrieseJ Olds, WS Allan, and E BriesePublished Online:01 Jul 1971https://doi.org/10.1152/ajplegacy.1971.221.1.368MoreSectionsPDF (2 MB)Download PDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesGet permissionsTrack citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInEmailWeChat Previous Back to Top Next Download PDF FiguresReferencesRelatedInformationCited ByThe contribution of brain reward circuits to the obesity epidemicNeuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, Vol. 37, No. 9Principles of motivation revealed by the diverse functions of neuropharmacological and neuroanatomical substrates underlying feeding behaviorNeuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, Vol. 37, No. 9Psychoanalytic Integration and The Role of Affect19 September 2017 | The Psychoanalytic Quarterly, Vol. 82, No. 4Wenn Theorien berühren …23 April 2011Intracranial Self-Stimulation26 October 2010Sensor TechnologyBehavioral functions of the mesolimbic dopaminergic system: An affective neuroethological perspectiveBrain Research Reviews, Vol. 56, No. 2Discrete neurochemical coding of distinguishable motivational processes: insights from nucleus accumbens control of feeding23 February 2007 | Psychopharmacology, Vol. 191, No. 3Reducing Naltrexone-resistant hyperphagia using laser acupuncture to increase endogenous opiates3 July 2009 | Brain Injury, Vol. 10, No. 12REFERENCESEffect of glucoprivation on self-stimulation rate-frequency functionsPhysiology & Behavior, Vol. 52, No. 2BibliographyThe effects of sodium appetite on the responses of cells in the zona incerta to the sight or ingestion of food, salt and water in sheepBrain Research, Vol. 492, No. 1-2Comparisons of refractory periods for medial forebrain bundle fibers subserving stimulation-induced feeding and brain stimulation reward: a psychophysical studyBrain Research, Vol. 438, No. 1-2Some Psychophysiological and Pharmacological Correlates of A Developmental, Cognitive, and Motivational TheoryLiteraturverzeichnisEffect of electrode size on brain stimulationExperimental Neurology, Vol. 89, No. 3Anxiety, anxiolytics and brain stimulation reinforcementNeuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, Vol. 9, No. 1Some Psychophysiological and Pharmacological Correlates of a Developmental, Cognitive and Motivational TheoryAnnals of the New York Academy of Sciences, Vol. 425, No. 1 Brain and InfA reassessment of the brain mechanisms that control thirstNeuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, Vol. 8, No. 1Participation of monoamines in the mechanisms of hypothalamic regulation of cortical trace processes in ratsNeuroscience and Behavioral Physiology, Vol. 13, No. 6Heterogeneity of hypothalamic rewarding sites possibly involved in temperature regulationPhysiology & Behavior, Vol. 30, No. 4Task-dependent properties of brain stimulation rewardBehavioural Brain Research, Vol. 4, No. 4Some Connections Between Ascriptions of Goals and Assumptions of Adaptiveness *Electrical brain stimulation and food reinforcement dissociated by demand elasticityPhysiology & Behavior, Vol. 26, No. 3Effects of GABA receptor blockade on stimulation-induced feeding and self-stimulationPharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, Vol. 12, No. 1System organization of alimentary behavior in the newborn and the developing catDevelopmental Psychobiology, Vol. 10, No. 5Reactivity to food odors during hypothalamic stimulation in rats not experienced with stimulation-induced eatingPhysiology & Behavior, Vol. 18, No. 6The Neuroanatomy and Neuropharmacology of DrinkingSelf-stimulation thresholds and dorso-ventral variation in the lateral hypothalamus in mouse: Effects of food and water deprivationPhysiology & Behavior, Vol. 16, No. 2Anorexia nervosa and the regulation of intake: a review9 July 2009 | Psychological Medicine, Vol. 4, No. 3Duration variability of the intracranially reinforced barpressing response in the rat5 November 2013 | Physiological Psychology, Vol. 2, No. 2Differentiation of hypothalamic feeding and killing5 November 2013 | Physiological Psychology, Vol. 2, No. 1Lateral hypothalamic electrical stimulation: Does it make animals ‘hungry’?Brain Research, Vol. 67, No. 2Does the ventromedial hypothalamus inhibit the lateral hypothalamus?Physiology & Behavior, Vol. 12, No. 2The neural basis of brain-stimulation rewardProgress in Neurobiology, Vol. 3Zona incerta lesions: Disruption of regulatory water intakePhysiology & Behavior, Vol. 11, No. 6Neural pathways mediating drinking and feeding in ratsExperimental Neurology, Vol. 37, No. 2 More from this issue > Volume 221Issue 1July 1971Pages 368-375 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 1971 by American Physiological Societyhttps://doi.org/10.1152/ajplegacy.1971.221.1.368PubMed5555810History Published online 1 July 1971 Published in print 1 July 1971 Metrics

Dissociation of changes in growth hormone and adrenocortical hormone levels during brain stimulation of monkeys.

Plasma concentrations of immunoreactive growth hormone (GH) and of 17-hydroxycorticosteroids (17OH-CS) were measured during electrical stimulation of hypothalamus or hippocampus in 6 conscious monkeys adapted to chronic restraint in primate chairs. Plasma GH and 17OH-CS increased during 13/14 hypothalamic stimulation experiments. During hippocampal stimulation, however, changes of plasma GH and 17OH-CS were variable. In 6 of 12 hippocampal experiments the qualitative change of plasma 17OH-CS differed from that of GH. These dissociated hormonal changes during hippocampal stimulation are evidence that the central neurological control systems for GH and ACTH are functionally distinct. When the GH and 17OH-CS changes were correlated with the behavior elicited by brain stimulation rather than with the site of stimulation, peak increases of GH, but not of 17OH-CS, were significantly greater during behavior characterized by pupillary dilatation or vigorous attempts to escape from the primate chair than during simple ‘alerting’ behavior. This suggests that plasma GH may reflect the intensity of the central excitatory state better than plasma 17OH-CS.

Thyrotropin secretion in rats after hypothalamic electrical stimulation or injection of synthetic TSH-releasing factor.

Plasma thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels, as measured by radioimmunoassay, begin to rise within 5 minutes after initiation of electrical stimulation of the medial-basal hypothalamus, become significantly elevated at 10 minutes, and reach a peak at 10 to 25 minutes. Intravenous administration of synthetic thyrotropin-releasing factor induces a marked rise in plasma thyroidstimulating hormone which is maximal within 5 minutes after administration. These data are interpreted to indicate that there are neuronal structures within the medial-basal hypothalamus which release preformed thyrotropin-releasing factor. The claim (based on bioassay data) that pyroglutamyl-histidyl-proline amide is a potent thyrotropin-releasing factor has also been confirmed by using a highly specific immunoassay system.

Relation of pyramidal tract activity to force exerted during voluntary movement.

in a series P of studies of the relation of discharge 01 pyramlda1 tract neurons (PTNs) to voluntary movement. The first of the previous studies (5) showed that PTN activity both at rest and during movement is related to axonal conduction velocity. PTNs with the highest axonal conduction velocities tend to be silent during motor quiescence and to show phasic activity in association with movement. PTNs with lower axonal conduction velocities are for the most part active even in the absence of movement; with movement they show both upward and downward modulation of their resting discharge frequency. A second study (6) was carried out to obtain information as to the point in the interval between stimulus and response at which PTN discharge takes place in association with a conditioned hand movement. It was found that for many PTNs, responses to the conditioned stimulus (the onset of a light) preceded the first peripheral electromyographic correlates of the conditioned response (wrist extension). The fact that these PTN responses preceded the electromyographic response showed that they were not consequent upon feedback resulting from the movement. 1

Tissue uptake of 86Rb with electrical stimulation of hypothalamus and midbrain.

ARTICLESTissue uptake of 86Rb with electrical stimulation of hypothalamus and midbrainNP Clarke, and RF RushmerNP Clarke, and RF RushmerPublished Online:01 Dec 1967https://doi.org/10.1152/ajplegacy.1967.213.6.1439MoreSectionsPDF (2 MB)Download PDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesGet permissionsTrack citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInWeChat Previous Back to Top Next Download PDF FiguresReferencesRelatedInformation Cited ByCentral Neural Control of Respiration and Circulation During Exercise1 January 2011Regional blood flow responses to stimulation of the subthalamic locomotor regionRespiration Physiology, Vol. 64, No. 1The effect of hypothermia (25°C) on the circulatory system of the ratComparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology, Vol. 54, No. 1Redistribution of Cardiac Output during Hemorrhage in the Unanesthetized MonkeyCirculation Research, Vol. 27, No. 3Hypothalamic Control of the Distribution of Cardiac Output in the Unanesthetized Rhesus MonkeyCirculation Research, Vol. 26, No. 6 More from this issue > Volume 213Issue 6December 1967Pages 1439-1444 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 1967 by American Physiological Societyhttps://doi.org/10.1152/ajplegacy.1967.213.6.1439PubMed6075745History Published online 1 December 1967 Published in print 1 December 1967 Metrics

STATES OF THE ORGANISM AS OBJECTS OF DISCRIMINATION AND PREFERENCE

SUMMARY Experimental criteria for determining whether an organism discriminates between a pair of discriminanda and prefers one of a pair of differential outcomes to the other were offered. These criteria were then applied to the problem of ascertaining an organism's discrimination among its own states and the preference values of such states for the organism. Illustrations from the literature strongly suggest that such an animal as the rat is capable of discriminating between its own states of hunger and thirst and even between two intensities of the state of hunger, and that the state of hunger as produced by hypothalamic electrical Stimulation is desired by the same animals. It was argued that, regardless of the species concerned, a theory of motivation is on a sounder basis if it treats the preference value of states of the organism as an experimental question than if, like “drive theory” it makes the almost certainly incorrect assumption that all motivational states are aversive.

Electrical stimulation of hypothalamus and gastric secretion in the albino rat.

Electrical stimulation of hypothalamus and gastric secretion in the albino rat.

Changes in the blood cholesterol concentration during electrical stimulation of the hypothalamus

Hypothalamus takes part in blood cholesterol control. Electrical stimulation of hypothalamus provokes changes in the blood cholesterol level. The character of these changes depends on localization of the stimulation. Electrical stimulation of the anterior part of the hypothalamus causes a fall, and of the posterior part—a rise in the blood cholesterol level. The change of blood cholesterol caused by electrical stimulation of the mid portion, of the hypothalamus depends on the initial blood cholesterol level. Stimulation of the mid portion of the hypothalamus raises an initially low, and lowers an initially high, cholesterol level.