Abstract

Relation of pyramidal tract activity to force exerted during voluntary movement.E V EvartsE V EvartsPublished Online:01 Jan 1968https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.1968.31.1.14MoreSectionsPDF (3 MB)Download PDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesGet permissionsTrack citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInWeChat Previous Back to Top Next Download PDF FiguresReferencesRelatedInformation Cited ByShifts in the eye-centered frame of reference may underlie saccades, visual perception, and eye-hand coordinationLei Zhang, Shelia Guberman, and Anatol G. Feldman13 October 2022 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 128, No. 4Efference copy in kinesthetic perception: a copy of what is it?Mark L. Latash1 April 2021 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 125, No. 4From motor planning to execution: a sensorimotor loop perspectiveEmilio Bizzi and Robert Ajemian17 December 2020 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 124, No. 6A platform for semiautomated voluntary training of common marmosets for behavioral neuroscienceJeffrey D. Walker, Friederice Pirschel, Nicholas Gidmark, Jason N. MacLean, and Nicholas G. Hatsopoulos6 April 2020 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 123, No. 4Highlights from the 29th Annual Meeting of the Society for the Neural Control of MovementAlexander Mathis, Andrea R. Pack, Rodrigo S. Maeda, and Samuel D. McDougle16 October 2019 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 122, No. 4Indirect, referent control of motor actions underlies directional tuning of neuronsAnatol G. Feldman28 February 2019 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 121, No. 3A muscle-activity-dependent gain between motor cortex and EMGStephanie Naufel,* Joshua I. Glaser,* Konrad P. Kording, Eric J. Perreault, and Lee E. Miller26 December 2018 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 121, No. 1Different population dynamics in the supplementary motor area and motor cortex during reaching16 July 2018 | Nature Communications, Vol. 9, No. 1Topographic precision in sensory and motor corticostriatal projections varies across cell type and cortical area3 September 2018 | Nature Communications, Vol. 9, No. 1Dynamics of directional tuning and reference frames in humans: A high-density EEG study29 May 2018 | Scientific Reports, Vol. 8, No. 1Simulation of electromyographic recordings following transcranial magnetic stimulationBahar Moezzi, Natalie Schaworonkow, Lukas Plogmacher, Mitchell R. Goldsworthy, Brenton Hordacre, Mark D. McDonnell, Nicolangelo Iannella, Michael C. Ridding, and Jochen Triesch2 November 2018 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 120, No. 5Theta-band EEG Activity over Sensorimotor Regions is Modulated by Expected Visual Reafferent Feedback During Reach PlanningNeuroscience, Vol. 385Emphasizing the “positive” in positive reinforcement: using nonbinary rewarding for training monkeys on cognitive tasksBenjamin Fischer and Detlef Wegener1 July 2018 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 120, No. 1Hierarchical Organization Within the Ventral Premotor Cortex of the Macaque MonkeyNeuroscience, Vol. 382Neural Dynamics during Resting State: A Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Exploration with Reduction and VisualizationComplexity, Vol. 2018The structure of arm and hand movements in a spontaneous and food rewarded on-line string-pulling task by the mouseBehavioural Brain Research, Vol. 345Predicting Spike Trains from PMd to M1 Using Discrete Time Rescaling Targeted GLMIEEE Transactions on Cognitive and Developmental Systems, Vol. 10, No. 2Brain-Machine Interfaces: Powerful Tools for Clinical Treatment and Neuroscientific Investigations17 May 2018 | The Neuroscientist, Vol. 37Assessing Perturbations to Neural Spiking Response Dynamics Caused By Electrical MicrostimulationSmooth Pursuit Eye Movement of Monkeys Naive to Laboratory Setups With Pictures and Artificial Stimuli17 April 2018 | Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience, Vol. 12Corticospinal gating during action preparation and movement in the primate motor cortexDemetris S. Soteropoulos18 April 2018 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 119, No. 4Neural Recordings at Multiple Scales23 March 2018Mechanisms of motor learning mediated by synaptic plasticity in rat primary motor cortexNeuroscience Research, Vol. 128Motor Cortex Embeds Muscle-like Commands in an Untangled Population ResponseNeuron, Vol. 97, No. 4A Brief History of the Encoding of Hand Position by the Cerebral Cortex: Implications for Motor Control and Cognition24 January 2018 | Cerebral Cortex, Vol. 87Multi-Linc: A New Approach for Exploring Inter-areal Spike Communication29 June 2018Brain–Computer InterfacesInvasive Brain–Computer Interfaces for Functional RestorationAdvances in Invasive Brain–Computer Interface Technology and Decoding Methods for Restoring Movement and Future ApplicationsMotor System IIRestoration of Hindlimb Movements after Complete Spinal Cord Injury Using Brain-Controlled Functional Electrical Stimulation19 December 2017 | Frontiers in Neuroscience, Vol. 11Food-rewarded conditioning and neurophysiological analysis of cheliped gripping behavior in crayfishPhysiology & Behavior, Vol. 180Perspectives on classical controversies about the motor cortexMohsen Omrani, Matthew T. Kaufman, Nicholas G. Hatsopoulos, and Paul D. Cheney14 September 2017 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 118, No. 3Physiological properties of brain-machine interface input signalsMarc W. Slutzky and Robert D. Flint14 August 2017 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 118, No. 2Behaviorally Selective Engagement of Short-Latency Effector Pathways by Motor CortexNeuron, Vol. 95, No. 3Stirred, Not Shaken: Motor Control with Partially Mixed SelectivityNeuron, Vol. 95, No. 3Neural Manifolds for the Control of MovementNeuron, Vol. 94, No. 5Learning multiple variable-speed sequences in striatum via cortical tutoring8 May 2017 | eLife, Vol. 6Dynamic range adaptation in primary motor cortical populations18 April 2017 | eLife, Vol. 6Brain-Machine Interfaces: From Basic Science to Neuroprostheses and NeurorehabilitationMikhail A. Lebedev and Miguel A. L. Nicolelis8 March 2017 | Physiological Reviews, Vol. 97, No. 2Movement Initiation Signals in Mouse Whisker Motor CortexNeuron, Vol. 92, No. 6Strength Training Biases Goal-Directed AimingMedicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, Vol. 48, No. 9Primary motor cortex neurons classified in a postural task predict muscle activation patterns in a reaching taskEthan A. Heming, Timothy P. Lillicrap, Mohsen Omrani, Troy M. Herter, J. Andrew Pruszynski, and Stephen H. Scott15 April 2016 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 115, No. 4Insights into decision making using choice probabilityTrinity B. Crapse and Michele A. Basso4 December 2015 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 114, No. 6Accurate stepping on a narrow path: mechanics, EMG, and motor cortex activity in the catBrad J. Farrell, Margarita A. Bulgakova, Mikhail G. Sirota, Boris I. Prilutsky, and Irina N. Beloozerova13 November 2015 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 114, No. 5Brain-controlled muscle stimulation for the restoration of motor functionNeurobiology of Disease, Vol. 83Non-invasive primate head restraint using thermoplastic masksJournal of Neuroscience Methods, Vol. 253Les modèles animaux et leur limitesHistoire de la recherche contemporaine, No. Tome IV-N°1Bilateral force transients in the upper limbs evoked by single-pulse microstimulation in the pontomedullary reticular formationThomas J. Hirschauer and John A. Buford1 April 2015 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 113, No. 7Motor adaptation and generalization of reaching movements using motor primitives based on spatial coordinatesHirokazu Tanaka and Terrence J. Sejnowski15 February 2015 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 113, No. 4Motor cortex single-neuron and population contributions to compensation for multiple dynamic force fieldsTouria Addou*, Nedialko I. Krouchev*, and John F. Kalaska15 January 2015 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 113, No. 2Rapid prediction of biomechanical costs during action decisionsIgnasi Cos, Julie Duque, and Paul Cisek15 September 2014 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 112, No. 6Dissociable neural representations of wrist motor coordinate frames in human motor corticesNeuroImage, Vol. 97Corticospinal excitability underlying digit force planning for grasping in humansPranav Parikh, Marco Davare, Patrick McGurrin, and Marco Santello15 June 2014 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 111, No. 12Cortical Mechanisms Underlying the Organization of Goal-Directed Actions and Mirror Neuron-Based Action UnderstandingGiacomo Rizzolatti, Luigi Cattaneo, Maddalena Fabbri-Destro, and Stefano Rozzi1 April 2014 | Physiological Reviews, Vol. 94, No. 2Motor learning of novel dynamics is not represented in a single global coordinate system: evaluation of mixed coordinate representations and local learningMax Berniker, David W. Franklin, J. Randall Flanagan, Daniel M. Wolpert, and Konrad Kording*15 March 2014 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 111, No. 6A framework for using signal, noise, and variation to determine whether the brain controls movement synergies or single musclesMati Joshua, and Stephen G. Lisberger15 February 2014 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 111, No. 4Neurophysiological correlates of aging-related muscle weaknessEla B. Plow, David A. Cunningham, Corin Bonnett, Dina Gohar, Mehmed Bayram, Alexandria Wyant, Nicole Varnerin, Bernadett Mamone, Vlodek Siemionow, Juliet Hou, Andre Machado, and Guang H. Yue1 December 2013 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 110, No. 11An Implantable Neural Sensing Microsystem with Fiber-Optic Data Transmission and Power Delivery10 May 2013 | Sensors, Vol. 13, No. 5Computing reaching dynamics in motor cortex with Cartesian spatial coordinatesHirokazu Tanaka, and Terrence J. Sejnowski15 February 2013 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 109, No. 4Movement representation in the primary motor cortex and its contribution to generalizable EMG predictionsEmily R. Oby, Christian Ethier, and Lee E. Miller1 February 2013 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 109, No. 3Control of MovementShort-term synchrony in diverse motor nuclei presumed to receive different extents of direct cortical inputDouglas A. Keen, Li-Wei Chou, Michael A. Nordstrom, and Andrew J. Fuglevand15 December 2012 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 108, No. 12Using a classic paper by Evarts as a platform for discussing cortical control of skeletal muscle in awake, behaving primatesAaron L. Cecala1 December 2012 | Advances in Physiology Education, Vol. 36, No. 4The modulatory influence of end-point controllability on decisions between actionsIgnasi Cos, Farid Medleg, and Paul Cisek15 September 2012 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 108, No. 6Reinforcing operandum: rapid and reliable learning of skilled forelimb movements by head-fixed rodentsRie Kimura*, Akiko Saiki*, Yoko Fujiwara-Tsukamoto*, Fuki Ohkubo, Kazuo Kitamura, Masanori Matsuzaki, Yutaka Sakai, and Yoshikazu Isomura15 September 2012 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 108, No. 6Local field potentials allow accurate decoding of muscle activityRobert D. Flint, Christian Ethier, Emily R. Oby, Lee E. Miller, and Marc W. Slutzky1 July 2012 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 108, No. 1Increase in flexor but not extensor corticospinal motor outputs following ischemic nerve blockAnn-Maree Vallence, Geoffrey R. Hammond, and Karen T. Reilly15 June 2012 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 107, No. 12A system for recording neural activity chronically and simultaneously from multiple cortical and subcortical regions in nonhuman primatesJoseph Feingold*, Theresa M. Desrochers*, Naotaka Fujii*, Ray Harlan, Patrick L. Tierney, Hideki Shimazu, Ken-ichi Amemori, and Ann M. Graybiel1 April 2012 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 107, No. 7Neural correlates of cognitive control of reaching movements in the dorsal premotor cortex of rhesus monkeysG. Mirabella, P. Pani, and S. Ferraina1 September 2011 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 106, No. 3Motor cortical prediction of EMG: evidence that a kinetic brain-machine interface may be robust across altered movement dynamicsA. Cherian, M. O. Krucoff, and L. E. Miller1 August 2011 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 106, No. 2Sequential Activation of Motor Cortical Neurons Contributes to Intralimb Coordination During Reaching in the Cat by Modulating Muscle SynergiesSergiy Yakovenko, Nedialko Krouchev, and Trevor Drew1 January 2011 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 105, No. 1A Contribution of Area 5 of the Posterior Parietal Cortex to the Planning of Visually Guided Locomotion: Limb-Specific and Limb-Independent EffectsJacques-Étienne Andujar, Kim Lajoie, and Trevor Drew1 February 2010 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 103, No. 2Complex Spatiotemporal Tuning in Human Upper-Limb MusclesJ. Andrew Pruszynski*, Timothy P. Lillicrap*, and Stephen H. Scott1 January 2010 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 103, No. 1Changing the “When” and “What” of Intended ActionsSukhvinder S. Obhi, Shannon Matkovich, and Robert Chen1 November 2009 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 102, No. 5Covert Representation of Second-Next Movement in the Pre-Supplementary Motor Area of MonkeysToshi Nakajima, Ryosuke Hosaka, Hajime Mushiake, and Jun Tanji1 April 2009 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 101, No. 4Phasic Voluntary Movements Reverse the Aftereffects of Subsequent Theta-Burst Stimulation in HumansEnnio Iezzi, Antonella Conte, Antonio Suppa, Rocco Agostino, Loredana Dinapoli, Alessandra Scontrini, and Alfredo Berardelli1 October 2008 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 100, No. 4Do Corticomotoneuronal Cells Predict Target Muscle EMG Activity?D. M. Griffin, H. M. Hudson, A. Belhaj-Saïf, B. J. McKiernan, and P. D. Cheney1 March 2008 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 99, No. 3A Biocompatible Titanium Headpost for Stabilizing Behaving MonkeysDaniel L. Adams, John R. Economides, Cristina M. Jocson, and Jonathan C. Horton1 August 2007 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 98, No. 2Role of Individual Basal Ganglia Nuclei in Force Amplitude GenerationMatthew B. Spraker, Hong Yu, Daniel M. Corcos, and David E. Vaillancourt1 August 2007 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 98, No. 2Temporal Complexity and Heterogeneity of Single-Neuron Activity in Premotor and Motor CortexMark M. Churchland, and Krishna V. Shenoy1 June 2007 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 97, No. 6Motor Cortical Representation of Position and Velocity During ReachingWei Wang, Sherwin S. Chan, Dustin A. Heldman, and Daniel W. Moran1 June 2007 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 97, No. 6Mixture of Trajectory Models for Neural Decoding of Goal-Directed MovementsByron M. Yu, Caleb Kemere, Gopal Santhanam, Afsheen Afshar, Stephen I. Ryu, Teresa H. Meng, Maneesh Sahani *, and Krishna V. Shenoy*1 May 2007 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 97, No. 5Explaining Patterns of Neural Activity in the Primary Motor Cortex Using Spinal Cord and Limb Biomechanics ModelsEhud Trainin, Ron Meir, and Amir Karniel1 May 2007 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 97, No. 5Characterization of Torque-Related Activity in Primary Motor Cortex During a Multijoint Postural TaskTroy M. Herter, Isaac Kurtzer, D. William Cabel, Kirk A. Haunts, and Stephen H. Scott1 April 2007 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 97, No. 4Direct Comparison of the Task-Dependent Discharge of M1 in Hand Space and Muscle SpaceM. M. Morrow, L. R. Jordan, and L. E. Miller1 February 2007 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 97, No. 2Encoding of Movement Dynamics by Purkinje Cell Simple Spike Activity During Fast Arm Movements Under Resistive and Assistive Force FieldsKenji Yamamoto, Mitsuo Kawato, Shinya Kotosaka, and Shigeru Kitazawa1 February 2007 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 97, No. 2Control of 3D Limb Dynamics in Unconstrained Overarm Throws of Different Speeds Performed by Skilled Baseball PlayersMasaya Hirashima, Kazutoshi Kudo, Koji Watarai, and Tatsuyuki Ohtsuki1 January 2007 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 97, No. 1Partial Reconstruction of Muscle Activity From a Pruned Network of Diverse Motor Cortex NeuronsMarc H. Schieber, and Gil Rivlis1 January 2007 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 97, No. 1Correlations Between the Same Motor Cortex Cells and Arm Muscles During a Trained Task, Free Behavior, and Natural Sleep in the Macaque MonkeyAndrew Jackson, Jaideep Mavoori, and Eberhard E. Fetz1 January 2007 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 97, No. 1Nonuniform Distribution of Reach-Related and Torque-Related Activity in Upper Arm Muscles and Neurons of Primary Motor CortexIsaac Kurtzer, Troy M. Herter, and Stephen H. Scott1 December 2006 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 96, No. 6Linear Encoding of Muscle Activity in Primary Motor Cortex and CerebellumBenjamin R. Townsend, Liam Paninski, and Roger N. Lemon1 November 2006 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 96, No. 5Parietal Area 5 Activity Does Not Reflect the Differential Time-Course of Motor Output Kinetics During Arm-Reaching and Isometric-Force TasksCatherine Hamel-Pâquet, Lauren E. Sergio, and John F. Kalaska1 June 2006 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 95, No. 6Intracortical Inhibition During Volitional Inhibition of Prepared ActionJames P. Coxon, Cathy M. Stinear, and Winston D. Byblow1 June 2006 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 95, No. 6Activity of the Motor Cortex During ScratchingMikhail G. Sirota, Galina A. Pavlova, and Irina N. Beloozerova1 February 2006 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 95, No. 2Primate Upper Limb Muscles Exhibit Activity Patterns That Differ From Their Anatomical Action During a Postural TaskIsaac Kurtzer, J. Andrew Pruszynski, Troy M. Herter, and Stephen H. Scott1 January 2006 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 95, No. 1Encoding in the Motor Cortex: Was Evarts Right After All? Focus on “Motor Cortex Neural Correlates of Output Kinematics and Kinetics During Isometric-Force and Arm-Reaching Tasks”Nicholas G. Hatsopoulos1 October 2005 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 94, No. 4Quantification of Motor Cortex Activity and Full-Body Biomechanics During Unconstrained LocomotionBoris I. Prilutsky, Mikhail G. Sirota, Robert J. Gregor, and Irina N. Beloozerova1 October 2005 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 94, No. 4Motor Cortex Neural Correlates of Output Kinematics and Kinetics During Isometric-Force and Arm-Reaching TasksLauren E. Sergio, Catherine Hamel-Pâquet, and John F. Kalaska1 October 2005 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 94, No. 4Movement Quantity and Frequency Coding in Human Motor AreasJennifer A. Kim, James C. Eliassen, and Jerome N. Sanes1 October 2005 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 94, No. 4Activity Properties and Location of Neurons in the Motor Thalamus That Project to the Cortical Motor Areas in MonkeysKiyoshi Kurata1 July 2005 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 94, No. 1Activity of Pyramidal Tract Neurons in the Cat During Postural CorrectionsI. N. Beloozerova, M. G. Sirota, G. N. Orlovsky, and T. G. Deliagina1 April 2005 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 93, No. 4Subthalamic nucleus and internal globus pallidus scale with the rate of change of force production in humansNeuroImage, Vol. 23, No. 1Temporal Processing in Primate Motor Control: Relation Between Cortical and EMG ActivityIEEE Transactions on Neural Networks, Vol. 15, No. 5Hand movement distribution in the motor cortex: the influence of a concurrent task and motor imageryNeuroImage, Vol. 22, No. 4Mapping From Motor Cortex to Biceps and Triceps Altered By Elbow AngleMichael S. A. Graziano, Kaushal T. Patel, and Charlotte S. R. Taylor1 July 2004 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 92, No. 1The Integrated Nature of Motor Cortical Function29 June 2016 | The Neuroscientist, Vol. 10, No. 3Electrical Cortical Activity Associated With Joint Torque Direction in the Human ArmJournal of Clinical Neurophysiology, Vol. 21, No. 3What the Brain Stem Tells the Frontal Cortex. I. Oculomotor Signals Sent From Superior Colliculus to Frontal Eye Field Via Mediodorsal ThalamusMarc A. Sommer, and Robert H. Wurtz1 March 2004 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 91, No. 3Neuronal Activity in the Supplementary Motor Area of Monkeys Adapting to a New Dynamic EnvironmentCamillo Padoa-Schioppa, Chiang-Shan Ray Li, and Emilio Bizzi1 January 2004 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 91, No. 1The Bilateral Origin of Movement-Related Potentials Preceding Unilateral ActionsJournal of Psychophysiology, Vol. 18, No. 2/3Motor Subcircuits Mediating the Control of Movement Extent and SpeedRobert S. Turner, Michel Desmurget, Jeff Grethe, Michael D. Crutcher, and Scott T. Grafton1 December 2003 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 90, No. 6The role of primary motor cortex in goal-directed movements: insights from neurophysiological studies on non-human primatesCurrent Opinion in Neurobiology, Vol. 13, No. 6Modeling Reaching Impairment After Stroke Using a Population Vector Model of Movement Control That Incorporates Neural Firing-Rate VariabilityNeural Computation, Vol. 15, No. 11Estimation of Active Cortical Current Source Regions Using a Vector Representation Scanning ApproachJournal of Clinical Neurophysiology, Vol. 20, No. 5Directional tuning of speed-related activation for reaching in the vertical plane in cerebellar ataxia19 July 2013 | Neurological Research, Vol. 25, No. 5Single-unit recording in the lateral geniculate nucleus of the awake behaving monkeyMethods, Vol. 30, No. 2Sensorimotor transformations in cortical motor areasNeuroscience Research, Vol. 46, No. 1Dynamical Organization of Directional Tuning in the Primate Premotor and Primary Motor CortexYoram Ben-Shaul*, Eran Stark*, Itay Asher, Rotem Drori, Zoltan Nadasdy, and Moshe Abeles1 February 2003 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 89, No. 2Neural Activity in Primary Motor and Dorsal Premotor Cortex In Reaching Tasks With the Contralateral Versus Ipsilateral ArmPaul Cisek, Donald J. Crammond, and John F. Kalaska1 February 2003 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 89, No. 2Effects of Altering Initial Position on Movement Direction and ExtentRobert L. Sainburg, Jordan E. Lateiner, Mark L. Latash, and Leia B. Bagesteiro1 January 2003 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 89, No. 1Neuronal Correlates of Kinematics-to-Dynamics Transformation in the Supplementary Motor AreaNeuron, Vol. 36, No. 4Invariability of the privileged direction of the maximal EMG activity during speed-related activation for reaching in the vertical plane19 July 2013 | Neurological Research, Vol. 24, No. 8Contributions of the motor cortex to the control of the hindlimbs during locomotion in the catBrain Research Reviews, Vol. 40, No. 1-3The Cortical Control of Movement RevisitedNeuron, Vol. 36, No. 3Rhythm generation in monkey motor cortex explored using pyramidal tract stimulation22 July 2004 | The Journal of Physiology, Vol. 541, No. 3Reaching for AnswersNeuron, Vol. 34, No. 5Eye movement training and recording in alert macaque monkeys: 1. Operant visual conditioning; 2. Magnetic search coil and head restraint surgical implantation; 3. Calibration and recording8 July 2009 | Strabismus, Vol. 10, No. 1Greater Movement-Related Cortical Potential During Human Eccentric Versus Concentric Muscle ContractionsYin Fang, Vlodek Siemionow, Vinod Sahgal, Fuqin Xiong, and Guang H. Yue1 October 2001 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 86, No. 4On the Relationship Between Joint Angular Velocity and Motor Cortical Discharge During ReachingG. Anthony Reina, Daniel W. Moran, and Andrew B. Schwartz1 June 2001 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 85, No. 6Kinematic Coordinates In Which Motor Cortical Cells Encode Movement DirectionRobert Ajemian, Daniel Bullock, and Stephen Grossberg1 November 2000 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 84, No. 5New Views of the Primary Motor Cortex29 June 2016 | The Neuroscientist, Vol. 6, No. 5I-Waves in Motor CortexJournal of Clinical Neurophysiology, Vol. 17, No. 4Reference Frames for Spinal Proprioception: Limb Endpoint Based or Joint-Level Based?G. Bosco, R. E. Poppele, and J. Eian1 May 2000 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 83, No. 5Direct cortical control of muscle activation in voluntary arm movements: a model1 April 2000 | Nature Neuroscience, Vol. 3, No. 4Impact of neuroprosthetic applications on functional recoveryCortical motor areas and their properties: Implications for neuroprostheticsMotor Cortical Representation of Speed and Direction During ReachingDaniel W. Moran and Andrew B. Schwartz1 November 1999 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 82, No. 5Activity of Spinal Interneurons and Their Effects on Forearm Muscles During Voluntary Wrist Movements in the MonkeySteve I. Perlmutter, Marc A. Maier, and Eberhard E. Fetz1 November 1998 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 80, No. 5Motor Subcircuits Mediating the Control of Movement Velocity: A PET StudyRobert S. Turner, Scott T. Grafton, John R. Votaw, Mahlon R. Delong, and John M. Hoffman1 October 1998 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 80, No. 4Temporal Firing Patterns of Purkinje Cells in the Cerebellar Ventral Paraflocculus During Ocular Following Responses in Monkeys I. Simple SpikesHiroaki Gomi, Munetaka Shidara, Aya Takemura, Yuka Inoue, Kenji Kawano, and Mitsuo Kawato1 August 1998 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 80, No. 2Reaching Movements With Similar Hand Paths but Different Arm Orientations. II. Activity of Individual Cells in Dorsal Premotor Cortex and Parietal Area 5Stephen H. Scott, Lauren E. Sergio, and John F. Kalaska1 November 1997 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 78, No. 5Comparison of Onset Time and Magnitude of Activity for Proximal Arm Muscles and Motor Cortical Cells Before Reaching MovementsStephen H. Scott1 February 1997 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 77, No. 2Reaching Movements With Similar Hand Paths But Different Arm Orientations. I. Activity of Individual Cells in Motor CortexStephen H. Scott and John F. Kalaska1 February 1997 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 77, No. 2New concepts in generation of movementNeuron, Vol. 13, No. 2Effect of Side and Rate of Stimulation on Cerebral Blood Flow Changes in Motor Areas during Finger Movements in Humans28 June 2016 | Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism, Vol. 13, No. 4Monkey motor cortex: movements, muscles, motoneurons and metricsTrends in Neurosciences, Vol. 16, No. 2Three-Dimensional Trajectory Analysis of Congenital Mirror Movements in a Single Subject31 August 2016 | Perceptual and Motor Skills, Vol. 73, No. 2Corticospinal, rubrospinal and rubro-olivary projections: a unifying hypothesisTrends in Neurosciences, Vol. 13, No. 12Asymmetric interlimb interference during the performance of a dynamic bimanual taskBrain and Cognition, Vol. 14, No. 2The Kugelberg lecture Brain mechanisms of voluntary motor commands — a reviewElectroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, Vol. 76, No. 4Effects of varying force components on EMG reaction times of isometric ankle dorsiflexionHuman Movement Science, Vol. 9, No. 2A new method for relating behavior to neuronal activity in performing monkeysJournal of Neuroscience Methods, Vol. 28, No. 3Pre-movement facilitation of motor-evoked potentials in man during transcranial stimulation of the central motor pathwaysBrain Research, Vol. 458, No. 1Fractionated Reaction Time and the Rate of Force Development1 January 2018 | The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A, Vol. 40, No. 3Thalamic connectivity of rat somatic motor cortexBrain Research Bulletin, Vol. 20, No. 3Effects of behaviorally rewarding hypothalamic electrical stimulation on intracellularly recorded neuronal activity in the motor cortex of awake monkeysBrain Research, Vol. 439, No. 1-2Control of Rapidly Executed Forces to a Target31 August 2016 | Perceptual and Motor Skills, Vol. 65, No. 3Operant conditioning in motor and neural integrationNeuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, Vol. 10, No. 4Edward Vaughan Evarts (1926–1985)Trends in Neurosciences, Vol. 9Studies on the olfactory nervous system of the old world monkeyProgress in Neurobiology, Vol. 27, No. 3The representation of movement schemas in long-term memory: Lessons from the acquisition of a transcription skillActa Psychologica, Vol. 60, No. 2-3Factor Analysis of Choice Reaction Time in Young and Elderly Subjects31 August 2016 | Perceptual and Motor Skills, Vol. 59, No. 2Motor cortical neuronal activity patterns in monkeys performing several force tasks at the ankleBrain Research, Vol. 310, No. 1Interhemispheric transfer of voluntary motor commands in manElectroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, Vol. 57, No. 5Medial preoptic neuronal responses to connatural females in sexually inactive male monkeys (Macaca fuscata)Neuroscience Letters, Vol. 44, No. 2Single cell studies of the primate putamenExperimental Brain Research, Vol. 53, No. 2Context and motor control in handwritingActa Psychologica, Vol. 54, No. 1-3Evolution of myoelectrical and precentral cell activities during learning of a new amplitude of movementBrain Research, Vol. 267, No. 2A theory of the functional organization of the neostriatum and the neostriatal control of voluntary movementBrain Research Reviews, Vol. 5, No. 2Corticospinal neurons with a special role in precision gripBrain Research, Vol. 261, No. 2Functional heterogeneity of single neuronal activity in the monkey dorsolateral prefrontal cortexBrain Research, Vol. 260, No. 1Pyramidal tract neurons in somatosensory cortex: central and peripheral inputs during voluntary movementBrain Research, Vol. 238, No. 1Correlation of monkey pyramidal tract neuron activity to movement velocity in rapid wrist flexion movementBrain Research, Vol. 230, No. 1-2A method of head restraint in unanaesthetized cats by using frontal sinusBehavioural Brain Research, Vol. 2, No. 2Premovement slow cortical potentials and required muscle force in self-paced hand movements in the monkeyBrain Research, Vol. 197, No. 2Modulation of the myotatic reflex gain in man during intentional movementsBrain Research, Vol. 193, No. 1Monkey cortical neuron discharge variations in high fixed ratio schedules for foodBrain Research Bulletin, Vol. 5The activity of supplementary motor area neurons during a maintained precision gripBrain Research, Vol. 172, No. 2Intracellular synaptic potentials of primate motor cortex neurons during voluntary movementBrain Research, Vol. 163, No. 1Monkey pyramidal tract neurons and changes of movement parameters in visual trackingBrain Research Bulletin, Vol. 4, No. 2Visual properties of neurons in the posterior suprasylvian gyrus of the catExperimental Neurology, Vol. 59, No. 1Role of thermoreceptive afferents in behavioral reaction times to warming temperature shifts applied to the monkey's faceBrain Research, Vol. 138, No. 2Skilled forelimb movements and unit activity in motor cortex and caudate nucleus in ratsNeuroscience, Vol. 2, No. 1Selective adaptation of “command neurons” in the human motor systemNeuropsychologia, Vol. 15, No. 1Determination of antidromic excitation by the collision test: Problems of interpretationBrain Research, Vol. 112, No. 2Timing of the responses in the motor cortex of monkeys to an unexpected disturbance of finger positionBrain Research, Vol. 103, No. 2Relationship of neuronal discharges in the precentral gyrus of monkeys to the performance of arm movementsBrain Research, Vol. 98, No. 1Precentral unit activity following torque pulse injections into elbow movementsBrain Research, Vol. 94, No. 2Reexamination of the force relationship of cortical cell discharge patterns with conditioned wrist movementsBrain Research, Vol. 83, No. 2Functions of extrapyramidal systems in motor control II. cortical and subcortical pathwaysPharmacology & Therapeutics. Part B: General and Systematic Pharmacology, Vol. 1, No. 4Brain mechanisms in motor controlLife Sciences, Vol. 15, No. 8Addressing the spinal cordBrain Research, Vol. 78, No. 1Plasticity of cortical firing patterns after load changesBrain Research, Vol. 73, No. 3Introductory lecture to session III some examples of programmed limb movementsBrain Research, Vol. 71, No. 2-3Pyramidal tract discharge in relation to movement performance in monkeys with partial anaesthesia of the moving handBrain Research, Vol. 71, No. 2-3Cortical load compensation during voluntary elbow movementsBrain Research, Vol. 71, No. 2-3Electrophysiological correlates of discrete forelimb movements in ratsElectroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, Vol. 36Electrophysiology of the frontal granular cortex. II. Patterns of spontaneous discharges of impulses of neurons in the cortex through states of sleep and wakefulness in the monkeyBrain Research, Vol. 63Receptive fields in the visual cortex of the opossumBrain Research, Vol. 63Visual receptive fields of frontal eye field neuronsBrain Research, Vol. 61Firing rate of individual motor units in voluntary contraction of abductor digiti minimi muscle in manExperimental Neurology, Vol. 40, No. 3An analog computer study of fast, isolated movementsKybernetik, Vol. 12, No. 2Functions of the mammalian cerebral cortex in movementProgress in Neurobiology, Vol. 1Cortical motor potentials accompanying volitionally controlled single motor unit discharges in human finger musclesBrain Research, Vol. 47, No. 1Relating motor cortex spike trains to measures of motor performanceBrain Research, Vol. 40, No. 1Operant conditioning of isolated activity in specific muscles and precentral cellsBrain Research, Vol. 40, No. 1Relationship of the discharges of cortical neurones to movement in free-to-move monkeysBrain Research, Vol. 40, No. 1On the significance of various command signals during voluntary controlBrain Research, Vol. 40, No. 1Task-related discharge of neurons in motor cortex and effects of dentate coolingBrain Research, Vol. 40, No. 1Cerebellar output: Properties, synthesis and usesBrain Research, Vol. 40, No. 1Extrapyramidal monosynaptic and disynaptic control of mammalian alpha-motoneuronsBrain Research, Vol. 40, No. 1Inhibition of afferent transmission in cuneate nucleus during voluntary movement in the catBrain Research, Vol. 40, No. 1Delayed alternation performance and unit activity of the caudate head and medial orbitofrontal gyrus in the monkeyBrain Research, Vol. 38, No. 2Unilateral pyramidotomy in monkeys: Effect on force and speed of a conditioned precision gripBrain Research, Vol. 36, No. 1Movement-related macropotentials in cat cortexElectroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, Vol. 32, No. 1Analysis of patterns of natural activity of neurones in the precentral gyrus of conscious monkeysBrain Research, Vol. 34, No. 1The effects of prolonged cortical stimulation on the natural activity of neurones in the precentral gyrus of conscious monkeysBrain Research, Vol. 34, No. 1The meaning for motoneurones of the temporal pattern of natural activity in pyramidal tract neurones of conscious monkeysBrain Research, Vol. 34, No. 1Dorsal column contributions to motor behaviorExperimental Neurology, Vol. 33, No. 1Amplitude et variabilité des réflexes monosynaptiques avant un mouvement volontairePhysiology & Behavior, Vol. 7, No. 4A grip strength testing device for monkeysBrain Research, Vol. 24, No. 3Dynamic visual acuity as an index of eye movement controlVision Research, Vol. 10, No. 12Activity of single cells in the osmoreceptor-supraoptic nuclear complex in the hypothalamus of the waking rhesus monkeyBrain Research, Vol. 23, No. 1A stepper motor controlled microdrive for recording from unanesthetized animalsPhysiology & Behavior, Vol. 5, No. 6Photoelectric measurement of horizontal eye movements in monkeysVision Research, Vol. 10, No. 5A quantitative measure of cortical organization of upper limb torque generationCross-cuing mechanisms and ipsilateral eye-hand control in split-brain monkeysExperimental Neurology, Vol. 23, No. 1A technique for recording activity of subcortical neurons in moving animalsElectroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, Vol. 24, No. 1 More from this issue > Volume 31Issue 1January 1968Pages 14-27 https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.1968.31.1.14PubMed4966614History Published online 1 January 1968 Published in print 1 January 1968 Metrics

Full Text
Published version (Free)

Talk to us

Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have

Schedule a call