Electrical Conductivity Of Poly Research Articles

Effect of 1 wt% Dimethyl Sulfoxide on the Electrical and Photovoltaic Parameters of Schottky Diodes and Organic Solar Cells Based on PEDOT:PSS

Herein, the electrical conductivity of poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene)–poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) polymer is improved by adding dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and electrical characterization of the obtained Schottky diode and organic solar cell (OSC) devices are performed from I–V measurements under the light and dark conditions. The scanning electron microscope images of the poly(3‐hexylthiophene):[6,6]‐phenylC61‐butyric acid methylester active layer and PEDOT:PSS layer are obtained. The series resistance (Rs), barrier height (Фb), and ideality factor (n) parameters are obtained from different techniques as a function of light and dark conditions. Furthermore, photovoltaic parameters are calculated for n‐Si/PEDOT:PSS/Au device without DMSO doping and with DMSO doping as a parameter of the light condition and the interface state densities of these devices are obtained for light and dark conditions. DMSO organic solvent improves the short‐circuit current density (Isc), power convert efficiency (or η), open circuit‐voltage (Voc), shunt resistance (Rsh), and series resistance (Rs) values of OSCs. In summary, DMSO solvent rearranges the conductive of PEDOT:PSS, decreases the work function of this conductive polymer (≈5 eV), decreases energy loss in the charge transportation, and increases photovoltaic parameters of Schottky barrier diode and OSC devices.

Investigations on Impact of YSZ Nanoparticles on Morphology & Electrical conductivity of PEDOT: PSS

Conductive polymer nanocomposites, which combine the flexibility and conductivity of polymers with the unique properties of nanofillers, have generated interest in various fields such as energy storage, sensors, coatings, and corrosion protection. This study discusses the effect of Yttria-stabilized zirconium nanoparticles (YSZ NPs) on the morphology and electrical conductivity of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene): poly(4-styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT: PSS). Thin films of PEDOT: PSS and PEDOT: PSS: YSZ were fabricated using spin coating technique. FTIR and XRD characterizations confirmed the interaction between YSZ nanoparticles and the PEDOT: PSS matrix, leading to changes in chemical morphology and film crystallinity. The investigation of the current-voltage (I-V) relationship showed improved electrical conductivity in PEDOT: PSS films with the addition of YSZ nanoparticles, with respective conductivities of 0.028×10−6 S cm−1 and 0.0885×10−4 S cm−1 for pristine and YSZ-containing films. Additionally, the sensing properties of the PEDOT: PSS: YSZ film in detecting organic vapours were studied. These findings suggest that these conducting polymer nanocomposite thin films could potentially be used as electrolyte components in battery cells, supercapacitors, and fuel cells, as well as serve as sensors for certain organic vapours.

Synthesis, spectroscopy, band gap energy and electrical conductivity of poly(dopamine–co–aniline) copolymer

Copolymerization is used to improve the solubility and processability of polymers and copolymers includes the individual properties of homopolymer. In this study, the poly(dopamine-co-aniline) (poly(DA-co-ANI) copolymer was synthesized and the UV–vis. absorption, optical band gap energy, fluorescence, FT-IR, SEM-EDS, MALDI-TOF-MS, XRD and electrical conductivity have been investigated. The obtained results for the poly(DA-co-ANI) copolymer were compared with the PDA and PANI homopolymers. It was observed that the poly(DA-co-ANI copolymer is soluble easily in NMP and DMF solvents. The optical band gap energy of the poly(DA-co-ANI) copolymer film were calculated. as 1.00 eV with favorable indirect transition. The poly(DA-co-ANI) copolymer showed the FL emission maximum bands at 390 and 533 nm wavelengths. It was observed from the SEM images that the poly(DA-co-ANI) has 0–1500 nm crystalline rectangular particles prepared in acidic media and 0–600 nm amorphous particles prepared in basic media. The electrical conductivity of the poly(DA-co-ANI) was 1.35 × 10−6 S/cm. In the MALDI-TOF-MS measurements, the number-average molecular weight of the copolymer was found as 2628 Da with a distribution up to 5500 Da. The poly(DA-co-ANI) copolymer, soluble in NMP and DMF solvents and with a low optical band gap energy can be utilized as optical, fluorescent, and semi-conductive material in biomedical applications.

PBO fiber grafted rGO aerogel/BN/PBO composites with highly improved electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness and through-plane thermal conductivity

With the advancement of electronic devices, the generation of heat and electromagnetic (EM) waves has increased. Therefore, it is essential to properly manage these heat and EM waves, while ensuring the flame retardancy and mechanical properties of the materials used in these devices. In this study, to compensate for the low thermal and electrical conductivity of Poly(p-phenylene-2,6-benzobisoxazole) (PBO), which was used as the matrix, reduced graphene oxide aerogel (rGOA) with high electrical conductivity and electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness (EMI SE) performance and boron nitride (BN) with high thermal conductivity were selected as fillers (rGOA/BN). To significantly improve the compatibility of the filler with the matrix, PBO fiber was grafted onto the rGOA/BN filler. The fabricated composites exhibited high electrical conductivity of 21.1 S/cm and thermal conductivity of 4.81 W/m∙K, and the EMI SE and tensile strength were improved to up to 78.42 dB and 201.8 MPa, respectively.

Synergistic effect of carbon nanotube on improving thermal stability, flame retardancy, and electrical conductivity of poly(butylene succinate)/piperazine pyrophosphate composites

Synergistic effect of carbon nanotube on improving thermal stability, flame retardancy, and electrical conductivity of poly(butylene succinate)/piperazine pyrophosphate composites

Effects of doping nickel oxide in dilelectric property and electrical conductivity of poly (O-toluidine)

Effects of doping nickel oxide in dilelectric property and electrical conductivity of poly (O-toluidine)

Recent Progress on Poly(3,4‐Ethylenedioxythiophene):Poly(Styrenesulfonate) Bioelectrodes

Sensing bioelectrical signals is of great significance to understand human disease. Reliable bioelectronic interface is the guarantee of high‐quality bioelectrical signals. The unique electrochemical property and the mixed ionic and electrical conductivity of poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) make it an ideal material for the skin/tissue–electronic interface. However, pristine PEDOT:PSS‐based devices cannot meet the requirements for practical use. Toward this end, herein, the development of PEDOT:PSS‐based electrodes and their most recent advances in sensing bioelectrical signals are summarized. First, the generation mechanism of bioelectrical signals is introduced in detail. Then, according to the characteristics of bioelectrical signals, the requirements of bioelectrodes are discussed. Next, representative achievements for improving conductivity, stretchability, and stability of PEDOT:PSS are introduced. Bioelectrical signals such as electromyogram (EMG), electrocardiogram (ECG), electrooculogram (EOG), and electroencephalogram (EEG) are successfully recorded by these PEDOT:PSS‐based electrodes. Finally, a brief summary is provided, and the opportunities and challenges are also discussed.

Improving the ductility, toughness, and electrical conductivity of poly(lactic acid) by forming poly(lactic acid)/thermoplastic polyester elastomer blend and blend‐based nanocomposites

AbstractIn this study, poly(lactic acid) (PLA)/thermoplastic polyester elastomer (TPEE) (70/30) blend and blend‐based nanocomposites with carbon nanotube (CNT) as a nanofiller were fabricated by conventional melt mixing. Scanning electron microscopy results showed that the blend had a biphasic morphology, and CNTs were selectively distributed in the dispersed TPEE domains in the composites. The presence of CNTs induced the agglomeration and shape modification of TPEE domains, consequently influencing the examined properties. Differential scanning calorimetry results revealed that the crystallizability of PLA was improved after blending with TPEE, and further CNT incorporation increased the crystallization temperature of TPEE during cooling. The elongation at break (EB) and notched impact strength (IS) of PLA were evidently improved in the blend and composites. In particular, the EB and IS in the composites increased by up to 290% and 43%, respectively. The electrical resistivity of neat components and the blend decreased by up to eight orders of magnitude after 3 phr CNT loading due to double percolation in TPEE domains and dispersed CNTs. A percolation threshold at ca. 1 phr CNT loading for electrical conductivity was determined. Rheological property analysis suggested the formation of a pseudo‐network structure, which was attributed to the CNTs increasing the viscosity of the TPEE domains in the composites.

Structure formation and conductive properties of epoxy/in situ polymerized methacrylate polymer/silver filler composites

The structure formation and electrical conductivity of poly[diglycidyl ethers of bisphenol-F (DGEBF)]/poly[dicyclopentenyloxyethyl methacrylate (DPOMA)]/silver (Ag) filler composites were investigated. DGEBF/40 wt% DPOMA blends showed low viscosity and formed co-continuous phase structures at the micrometer scale via in situ radical polymerization of DPOMA followed by anionic polymerization of DGEBF. Scanning electron microscopy and nano-infrared spectroscopy revealed that the Ag fillers, surface-treated with myristic acid, were selectively localized in the methacrylate polymer-rich phases. Consequently, the Ag fillers were present in the self-assembled narrow area, which formed a conductive channel. The DGEBF/DPOMA/Ag composites thus achieved electrical conductivity with a reduction of the 30% Ag fillers, compared to the DGEBF/Ag composites. The mechanism for the selective placement of the Ag fillers was clarified in terms of the affinity among the epoxy-rich phase, the DPOMA polymer-rich phase, and the surface-treated Ag fillers by measurement of their Hansen solubility parameters (HSPs).

Effect of graphene nanoplatelet addition on the electrical conductivity of poly(hydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate) biocomposites

Poly(hydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) is one of the most promising biodegradable polymers used in many applications due to its biodegradability and non-toxicity. However, the usage of PHBV in electronic, biomedical, and biosensor applications has been limited due to its poor electrical properties. This study shows a simple method of producing and enhancing the electrical conductivity of PHBV-based biocomposites by adding graphene nanoplatelet (GNP) as a conductive filler. The biocomposite films were prepared using the solvent casting method, consist of five GNP loading (0-5 wt. %). The prepared PHBV/GNP biocomposites show enhanced electrical conductivity compared to neat PHBV. PHBV/GNP biocomposite with 5 wt. % filler loading exhibits the highest electrical conductivity at 3.83 × 10−3 S/cm. Higher crystalline regions in the PHBV/GNP biocomposites have facilitated the transfer of electrons between PHBV, resulting in the formation of conductive biocomposites, as evident from X-ray diffraction (XRD) characterization.

Effects of Counter Anions on AC and DC Electrical Conductivity in Poly(Dimethylsiloxane) Crosslinked by Metal-Ligand Coordination.

There is an urgent need for the development of elastic dielectric materials for flexible organic field effect transistors (OFETs). In this work, detailed analysis of the AC and DC electrical conductivity of a series of flexible poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) polymers crosslinked by metal-ligand coordination in comparison to neat PDMS was performed for the first time by means of broadband dielectric spectroscopy. The ligand was 2,2-bipyridine-4,4-dicarboxylic amide, and Ni2+, Mn2+, and Zn2+ were introduced for Cl−, Br−, and I− salts. Introduction of metal salt and creation of coordination bonds resulted in higher permittivity values increasing in an order: neat PDMS < Ni2+ < Mn2+ < Zn2+; accompanied by conductivity values of the materials increasing in an order: neat PDMS < Cl− < I− < Br−. Conductivity relaxation time plot as a function of temperature, showed Vogel-Fulcher–Tammann dependance for the Br− salts and Arrhenius type for the Cl− and I− salts. Performed study revealed that double-edged challenge can be obtained, i.e., dielectric materials with elevated value of dielectric permittivity without deterioration too much the non-conductive nature of the polymer. This opens up new perspectives for the production of flexible dielectrics suitable for gate insulators in OFETs. Among the synthesized organometallic materials, those with chlorides salts are the most promising for such applications.

Simultaneous increases in electrical conductivity and work function of ionic liquid treated PEDOT:PSS: In-depth investigation and thermoelectric application

The electrical conductivity of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(4-styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) should be at least comparable to that of transparent conductive oxide electrode for the practical implementation in the electronics industry. In this report, a clever post-treatment method for enhancing both electrical property and work function of the PEDOT:PSS film is studied for application in electronics requiring high work-function organic conducting materials. An ionic liquid that has strong electron-withdrawing group, bis(trifluoromethane)sulfonamide (TFSI), was applied to the PEDOT:PSS film during post-treatment. TFSI molecules were distributed throughout the resulting PEDOT:PSS film, which allowed the film to increase its electrical conductivity and work function, as confirmed by photoemission spectroscopy. The enhancement of the work function after TFSI treatment led to low hole injection barriers at various organic semiconductor/PEDOT:PSS interfaces. Moreover, the TFSI treatment was also found to be effective in changing the electronic properties of a composite of carbon nanotubes and PEDOT:PSS (denoted as MWPE). Finally, the effects of TFSI treatment on the thermoelectronic performance of the PEDOT:PSS and MWPE films were discussed, suggesting potential applicability of TFSI-treated PEDOT:PSS in organic thermoelectrics without inorganic fillers.

Electrical conductivity of poly(methyl methacrylate) nanocomposites containing interconnected carbon nanohybrid network based on Pickering emulsion strategy

ABSTRACT The formation of three-dimensional (3D) interconnected carbon network throughout insulative polymer matrix is advantageous to elaborating electrically conductive nanocomposites. Herein, oil-in-water (O/W) Pickering emulsion stabilized by carbon nanohybrids assembled with reduced graphene oxide (RGO) and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) was utilized as a template to achieve core-shell structured poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) microsphere. The effect of synthesis time on the amphiphilicity of carbon nanohybrid stabilizer is studied. Investigations on the as-prepared Pickering emulsion and the electrical conductivity of the derived carbon nanohybrid composites were directed with respect to the concentration and formulation of carbon nanohybrid stabilizer, respectively. Considering a balance between electrical and mechanical properties, 0.74 wt% of carbon nanohybrid stabilizer was used to form O/W Pickering emulsion, which was responsible for the electrical conductivity of 4 × 10−8 S m−1 for the resulting RGO/CNTs/PMMA nanocomposites. The processing-structure-property relationship of carbon nanocomposites based on O/W Pickering emulsion strategy is further demonstrated in scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observation and thermo-mechanical analysis. The processing and functional synergies between GO and CNTs are identified to efficiently construct interconnected electrically conductive pathway in polymer matrix.

Effects of Cationic Species in Salts on the Electrical Conductivity of Doped PEDOT:PSS Films

The electrical conductivity of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) films with four salts that have various cations but the same bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)amide (TFSI) anion was studied. We found that doping salts of small-sized cations led to better conductivity because of the improved crystalline order and p-doped level of PEDOT, as revealed by the grazing-incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering (GIWAXS) and UV-vis spectrum. This phenomenon can be rationalized with the fact that small-sized cations with stronger Coulombic interactions can lead to high doping and rearrangement of PEDOT:PSS. These findings will help to develop recipes based on the PEDOT:PSS/salt composite toward the applications for printed flexible electronics.

Electrical conductivity of poly(vinyl alcohol)/carbon nanotube multilayer thin films: Influence of sodium polystyrene sulfonate mediated carbon nanotube dispersion

AbstractThis investigation was aimed to enhance the dispersibility of multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) using sodium polystyrene sulfonate (Na‐PSS) polyelectrolyte. Subsequently, electrically conducting, multi‐layer thin films are prepared utilizing layer by layer assembly method with poly(vinyl alcohol) as a host matrix. The highest extent of MWCNT dispersion was observed in MWCNT:Na‐PSS ratio of 1:9 (wt/wt), which was estimated from UV‐Vis spectroscopic analysis. Zeta potential measurements of Na‐PSS modified MWCNT dispersion showed large negative potentials ranging from −52 to −64 mV in the most stable pH range of 4 to 10, suggesting the colloidal stability is due to the long‐range repulsive nature of electrostatic interactions from negatively charged sulfonate groups. Complementary molecular dynamics simulations showed that adsorption of Na‐PSS imparts a large negative potential to the carbon nanotube surface, which increases with an increase in Na‐PSS concentration. The multi‐layer thin film of (1:9) MWCNT:Na‐PSS exhibited a DC electrical conductivity of 2.96 × 102 S/m.

Mechanical Properties and Electrical Conductivity of Poly(methyl methacrylate)/Multi-walled Carbon Nanotubes Composites

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) remain one of the most efficient reinforcing material for enhanced mechanical and electrical properties. In this study, the effects of multi-walled CNTs (MWCNTs) fillers on mechanical, structural, and electrical properties of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA)/MWCNTs composites were studied. The PMMA/MWCNTs composites, containing varying MWCNTs concentration of 0.1, 0.3, and 0.5 wt%, were prepared by a solution casting method. The mechanical properties of the composites such as tensile strength, elongation, Young modulus, tear resistance, fracture energy, impact strength, and hardness were investigated. Results showed that the mechanical properties of the composites were enhanced significantly. At 0.5 wt% MWCNTs, the tensile strength, elongation, tear strength, hardness, fracture energy and impact strength increased by 397%, 567%, 89%, 27%, 12%, and 36%, respectively, while the Young modulus decreased by 26% compared to pure PMMA polymer sample. Both the dc electrical conductivity and the activation energy increased with increased concentration of MWCNTs. From the electrical conductivity measurements, the percolation threshold was found to equal ~ 0.55 wt% MWCNTs. Based on the Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy analysis, enhancement of mechanical and electrical properties is attributed to the formation of covalent bonds between polymer strands and MWCNTs. Moreover, a mechanism was proposed to describe the influence of MWCNTs on electrical and mechanical properties of PMMA/MWCNTs composites.

Synthesis and Effect of TIO2 on Electrical Conductivity of Poly (2, 5-Dimethoxyaniline)/ TIO2 Thin Film

TiO2 has been synthesized using Titanium isopropoxide as precursor solution. Different amount of Titanium isopropoxide of 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1 mol concentration used to synthesis TiO2 . Different mol concentration solution has been blend with Camphor sulfonic acid protonated Poly (2, 5-dimethoxyaniline) and cast as thin film by dip coating. The optical and XRD analyses were carried out for the dip coated TiO2 thin films. The DC electrical conductivity was measured for the dip coated Camphor sulfonic acid protonated Poly (2, 5-dimethoxyaniline) /TiO2 blend thin films. The Titanium isopropoxide of 0.6 mol concentration shows better UV-Vis absorption and crystalline nature. Camphor sulfonic acid protonated Poly (2, 5-dimethoxyaniline) /TiO2 blend thin film of 0.6 mol concentration shows higher DC electrical conductivity when compared to other mol concentration.

Thermal and Electrical Transport Properties of o-Substituted Polyanilines Encapsulated with CuO Nanoparticles

Fabrication of substituted polyaniline nanocomposites with CuO results in hybrid materials with enhanced synergistic properties. Hence poly(2-chloroaniline)-composite-CuO, poly(2-chloroaniline)-composite-CuO/SDS, poly(2-methoxyaniline)-composite-CuO/SDS and poly(2-methylaniline)-composite-CuO/SDS nanocomposites were prepared chemically by in situ oxidative polymerization method. Characterization by a number of techniques such as FTIR, NMR and UV-visible spectroscopic methods, XRD and TEM are presented. The substituted polymers exhibited an appreciable interaction with the CuO (5 wt.%) nano fillers. Integral Procedural Decomposition Temperature (IPDT) and Oxidative Index(OI) calculations were done to establish the stability to heat. Thermal stability of the materials follows the trend p2ClAni-CuO-SDS &gt; p2ClAni-CuO&gt; p2MeAni-CuO-SDS&gt; p2OMeAni-CuO-SDS. The electrical conductivities of poly(2-chloroaniline)-composite-CuO and poly(2-chloroaniline)-composite-CuO/SDS measured are 1.46 × 10-7 and 1.59 × 10-7 S cm-1, respectively and the presence of anionic surfactant does not change the electrical conductivity behaviour. The poly(2-methoxyaniline)/CuO-SDS and poly(2-methylaniline)/CuO-SDS exhibit an electrical conductivity of 1.68 × 10-6 and 1.24 × 10-6 S cm-1 respectively. The dielectric constant decreased with increase in frequency in the low frequency region due to electrical relaxation process. At low frequency there was a strong frequency dispersion of permittivity and above 2.5 Hz a frequency independent behavior was noted

Conducting polymers X: Dielectric constant, conduction mechanism and correlation between theoretical parameters and electrical conductivity of poly (N,N′-bis-sulphinyl p-phenylenediamine-2,6-diaminipyridine) and poly (N,N′-bis-sulphinyl p-phenylenediamine-3,5-diamine-1,2,4-trizole)

Poly (N,N′-bis-sulphinyl p-phenylenediamine-2,6-diaminipyridine) (PBSPDP) and poly (N,N′-bis-sulphinyl p-phenylenediamine-3,5-diamine-1,2,4-trizole) (PBSPDT) were synthesized by Micheal addition polymerization method using thionyl chloride and characterized by the FTIR and 1H NMR techniques. The number average molecular weight (Ṁn) of BSPDP and BSPDT were calculated using 1H NMR data and are found to be ∼3984 and 2156 g/mole, respectively. DC and AC electrical conductivities were measured at different temperatures confirming the semiconductor behaviors due to the delocalization of electrons of N, S and O atoms. The dielectric constants of the two polymers were investigated and the σAC was found 5.8 × 10−5 Ω−1 m−1 for PBSPDP and 9.62 × 10−5 Ω−1 m−1 for PBSPDT at 90 °C and applied frequency about 3 MHz. A theoretical study was used to calculate LUMO and HOMO energies. The high negative charges in the nitrogen atoms as well as the low activation energies of PBSPDT than PBSPDP were attributed the increased values of electrical conductivities. The impedance analyses suggested that the equivalent circuit of the both PBSPDP and PBSPDT can be presented by parallel RC model. The conduction mechanism for the electrical conductivity of the prepared polymers was found to be overlapping large polaron tunneling (OLPT). These polymers may be promising for applications such as electrochemical sensors with attractive features such as ease of synthesis, high sensitivity and fast response time.

Comparison of Properties of PVA Nanocomposites Containing Reduced Graphene Oxide and Functionalized Graphene.

The thermal properties, morphologies, oxygen barrier properties, and electrical conductivities of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) hybrid films containing different nanofillers were compared. For the fabrication of the PVA hybrid films, we used reduced graphene oxide (RGO) synthesized from graphite or functionalized hexadecylamine-graphene sheets (HDA-GS) obtained from HDA and GS as a reinforcing filler. The properties of the PVA hybrid films fabricated by intercalating PVA and the fillers for different filler contents ranging from 3 to 10% w/w were then compared. The dispersions of the graphene fillers in the matrix polymers were examined using wide-angle X-ray diffraction and field emission scanning electron microscopy, and the changes in their thermal properties were observed using differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis. Moreover, we measured the oxygen permeability and electrical conductivity of the films to investigate their industrial applications. In addition, all the physical properties of the PVA composites obtained using the two nanofillers were compared.