Electric Vehicle Battery Charging Systems Research Articles

Design and Analysis of a Novel Wireless Electric Vehicle Battery Charging System Using Dual T‐Type Converter With High Efficiency and Bidirectional Capability

Design and Analysis of a Novel Wireless Electric Vehicle Battery Charging System Using Dual T‐Type Converter With High Efficiency and Bidirectional Capability

Interoperable square‐circular coupled coils for wireless electric vehicle battery charging system with different misalignments

AbstractA substantial interest in inductive power transfer (IPT) is due to its straight forwardness and dependability in charging electric vehicle (EV) batteries for researchers. The mutual inductance (MI) plays a critical role in the IPT system as it enables efficient power transfer. Therefore, it is imperative to examine the MI between the two coils that are connected through inductive coupling. This work investigates the MI and efficiency of connected coils in interoperable conditions. The transmitter coil is arranged in the shape of a square (TxS), whereas the reception coil is arranged in the shape of a circle (RxC). A concise and user‐friendly collection of design guidelines for S‐S compensated resonant inductive power transfer (SS‐RIPT) systems the design concepts efficiently mitigate the possibility of systematically and unambiguously setting the specifications for a given load profile. A 3.6‐kW setup has been constructed and validated by finite element analysis and experimental testing, following the design specifications. The availability of suitable testing equipment in the laboratory influenced the choice of a resonance frequency and output voltage for a 3.6 kW system.

Enhanced energy extraction from wind driven PMSG using digital twin model of battery charging system

The pressing need to meet sustainability and climate objectives has prompted a call for expanding the use of renewable energy sources, improving the intelligence and flexibility of electricity grids, and increasing the adoption of electric vehicles and other electricity-powered products. In light of their numerous benefits, widespread electrification and digital technologies can form the basis of energy and climate policy. This research presents an innovative biased transformer and digital twin battery model to support the wind energy based electric vehicle battery charging system. During periods of low and moderate wind, the biased transformer is utilized to increase the voltage for charging electric vehicles. A digital twin of the battery system creates a window into battery charging and aging levels by evaluating the data gathered based on internal resistance. Furthermore, the State of Charge estimation model and different internal resistance estimation algorithms are also exploited. A novel method for precise State of Charge (SOC) estimation in third-gen battery models is presented, integrating Collaborative Gradient Boosting and Adaptive Extended Kalman Filter (AEKF). This approach, implemented in MATLAB Simulink, combines machine learning and adaptive filtering, enhancing accuracy and adaptability for efficient battery management. The functionalities and resilience of both hardware and software of the proposed system are validated under field operation.

Intelligent Maintenance of Electric Vehicle Battery Charging Systems and Networks

Electric Vehicles (EVs) have become a trending topic in recent years due to the industry’s race for competitive pricing as well as environmental awareness. These concerns have led to increased research into the development of both affordable and environmentally friendly EV technology. This paper aims to review EV-related issues beginning with the component level, through the system level, based on intelligent maintenance aspects. The paper will also clarify the existing gaps in practical applications and highlight the potential opportunities related to the current issues in EVs for the EV industry moving forward. More specifically, we will briefly start with an overview of the fast-growing EV market, showing the urgent demand for Prognostics and Health Management (PHM) applications in the EV industry. At the component level, the issues of the major components such as the motor, battery, and charging system in EVs are elaborated, and the relevant PHM research of these components is surveyed to show the development in the era of EV expansion. Moreover, the impact of an increasing number of EVs at the system level such as power distribution systems and power grid are explored to uncover possible research in the future. The combination of existing PHM techniques and robust measurement or feature extraction methods can provide better solutions to address the motor, battery, or transformer issues at the component level. A comprehensive optimization and cybersecurity strategy will help to address the issues of the whole network at a system level. Four aspects of vision in the overall charging network – battery innovation, charging optimization, infrastructure evolution, and sustainability – that cover the demands of research in new battery materials, innovative charging techniques, new architectures of the charging network, and reliable waste treatment mechanisms are outlined. A conclusion is reached in this paper by summarizing the opportunities for future EV research and development.

A revolutionary Partial Resonant Inverter and doubler rectifier with MPPT based on Sliding Mode Controller for harvesting Solar photovoltaic sources

This article presents a novel solar photovoltaic energy harvesting system for charging the high voltage Electric Vehicle (E.V.) battery using a Partial Resonant Inverter (PRI) driven doubler rectifier circuit. The Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) uses a Sliding Mode Controller (SMC). The proposed system has been circuit modelled in the MATLAB SIMULINK environment and validated using an experimental prototype. The performance of the proposed system has been compared against existing electric vehicle battery charging systems, and it has been established that the proposed idea outperforms the existing systems in terms of power conversion efficiency, power quality, cost, and size.

P-V Based Off-Board Electric Vehicle Battery Charger

Research on renewable energy based Electric Vehicle battery charging system is booming in the automobile industry in recent years. The intermittent nature of the renewable energy sources leads to the grid connected renewable energy systems for Electric Vehicle battery charging applications. In this paper, a photovoltaic array-fed off-board battery charging system using a bidirectional interleaved DC-DC converter is proposed for light-weight electric vehicles. This off-board charging system is capable of operating in dual mode, thereby supplying power to the electric vehicles battery from the photovoltaic array in standstill conditions and driving the DC load by the electric-vehicle battery during running conditions. This dual mode operation is accomplished by the use of a three-phase bidirectional direct-current. The model of the proposed system is simulated in MATLAB/Simulink software.

The Role of the Electric Vehicle in Smart Homes: Assessment and Future Perspectives

The wide spreading of electric mobility is imposing the application of new technologies of hardware and software for supporting new operation paradigms, not only in the perspective of improving smart grids, but also each time more in the perspective of boosting the preponderance of smart homes. Concretely, nowadays it is clear that the emergent technologiesfor smart homes, targeting power quality and a more efficient power management, are also altering the conventional electrical power grids toward smart grids. In this panorama, by relating the strategic pillars of electric mobility and smart homes, this paper has as main objective the characterization of the role of the electric vehicle (EV) in smart homes, presenting a broad assessment based on the state of the art, as well as creating a link with upcoming advanced operations. From the smart home point of view, since it should be equipped to deal with the requirements of the EV, the assessment of both on-board and off-board EV battery charging systems are considered along the paper. Furthermore, the presence of technologies such as energy storage systems, renewable energy sources and dc electrical appliances in smart homes towards sustainability is also reflected in this paper, but framed from the point of view of an off-board EV battery charging system, since it is more convenient for enabling the interface of these mentioned technologies. Looking the paper as a whole, a relevant contribution is the discussion of future operations for the EV in smart homes, also envisioning the opportunity for ac, dc, or hybrid power grids. Illustrative and strategic results are shown, covering all these features with specific details, not only based on numerical simulations, but also based on experimental results, which were obtained with a proof-of-concept laboratory prototype.

Off‐board electric vehicle battery charger using PV array

During the recent decade, the automobile industry is booming with the evolution of electric vehicle (EV). Battery charging system plays a major role in the development of EVs. Charging of EV battery from the grid increases its load demand. This leads to propose a photovoltaic (PV) array-based off-board EV battery charging system in this study. Irrespective of solar irradiations, the EV battery is to be charged constantly which is achieved by employing a backup battery bank in addition to the PV array. Using the sepic converter and three-phase bidirectional DC–DC converter, the proposed system is capable of charging the EV battery during both sunshine hours and non-sunshine hours. During peak sunshine hours, the backup battery gets charged along with the EV battery and during non-sunshine hours, the backup battery supports the charging of EV battery. The proposed charging system is simulated using Simulink in the MATLAB software and an experimental prototype is fabricated and tested in the laboratory and the results are furnished in this study.

A Review of Integrated On-Board EV Battery Chargers: Advanced Topologies, Recent Developments and Optimal Selection of FSCW Slot/Pole Combination

Integrated on-board battery chargers (OBCs) have been recently introduced as an optimal/elegant solution to increase electric vehicle (EV) market penetration as well as minimize overall EV cost. Unlike conventional off-board and on-board battery chargers, integrated OBCs exploit the existing propulsion equipment for battery charging without extra bulky components and/or dedicated infrastructure. OBCs are broadly categorized into three-phase and single-phase types with unidirectional or bidirectional power flow. This paper starts with surveying the main topologies introduced in the recent literature employing either induction or permanent magnet motors to realize fully integrated slow (single-phase) and fast (three-phase) on-board EV battery charging systems, with emphasis on topologies that entail no or minimum hardware reconfiguration. Although, permanent magnet (PM) motors with conventional double-layer distributed winding layouts have been deployed in most commercial EV motors, the non-overlapped fractional slot concentrated winding (FSCW) has been the prevailing choice in the most recent permanent magnet motor designs due to its outstanding operational merits. Hence, a thorough investigation of the impact different FSCW stator winding designs have on machine performance under the charging process is presented in this paper. To this end, the induced magnet losses, which represent a challenging demerit of the FSCW, have been used to compare different topologies under both propulsion and charging operation modes. Based on the introduced comparative study, the optimal slot/pole combinations that correspond to the best compromise under both operational modes have been highlighted.

Half-Bridge Integrated Phase-Shifted Full-Bridge Converter With High Efficiency Using Center-Tapped Clamp Circuit for Battery Charging Systems in Electric Vehicles

In this article, a half-bridge (HB) integrated phase-shifted full-bridge (PSFB) converter with a new center-tapped clamp circuit is proposed to achieve high efficiency in electric vehicle battery charging systems. The proposed converter has the benefits of HB integrated PSFB converters, such as the extended zero-voltage-switching range and the reduced conduction loss on the primary side. In addition, by using a new center-tapped clamp circuit, which consists of two diodes and one capacitor, the proposed converter can solve the drawbacks of conventional PSFB converters, such as the substantial circulating current, the severe voltage stress and switching loss in the secondary full-bridge rectifier, and a large output inductor. With these improvements, the efficiency is fairly increased, and the volume of the output inductor is reduced. In order to validate the feasibility of the proposed converter, a 3.3-kW prototype was built and tested.

Simulation of DC DC Converter for Electric Vehicle Battery Charging System using Solar with MPPT

Electric Vehicles are very popular now a days because they have so many advantages over the conventional internal combustion vehicles. Electric Vehicles energized from the battery and this batteries can energized from either conventional or green energy approach. This paper discuss about the DC Converter for battery chagrining system for electrical vehicles using photovoltaic. For the maximum utilization of available radiation from sun, Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) algorithm is suggested to increase the PV system efficiency. Power Electronics Based regulator can be used to control the charging process for battery for electrical vehicle. Simulation of this proposed system is analyzed using the MATLAB/Simulink Simpower Systems.

Grid tied PV- Electric Vehicle Battery Charger using Bidirectional Converter

Research on renewable energy based Electric Vehicle battery charging system is booming in the automobile industry in the recent years. The intermittent nature of the renewable energy sources leads to the grid connected renewable energy systems for Electric vehicle battery charging applications. Hence, an Electric Vehicle battery charger using grid connected PV system is proposed in this paper. The proposed charger is capable of charging the EV battery continuously irrespective of solar irradiations using dc-dc converter and bidirectional ac-dc converter. Sepic converter is preferred for dc-dc converter and Line commutated converter is used as a bidirectional converter with the help of the proposed bidirectional configurator in the charging system. During sunshine hours, PV array power generated is used to charge the EV battery alone and during peak sunshine hours, apart from charging of EV battery, the excess PV array power is fed to the single phase utility grid. During low and non sunshine hours, the EV battery charging was supported by the utility grid through bidirectional ac-dc converter. The proposed electric vehicle battery charger is simulated in the MATLAB/Simulink software and the dynamic response of the system was studied and its results are furnished in this paper.

Investigation of a PV fed Improved Smart Home EV Battery Charging System using Multi Output Hybrid Converter

Power converters used in the existing smart home electric vehicle (EV) battery charging systems are capable of feeding only dc power. Whereas, this paper proposes the usage of hybrid converters in such systems as they are used for supplying power to both ac and dc loads simultaneously. Among various hybrid converter topologies, boost derived hybrid converter (BDHC) and quadratic boost derived hybrid converter (QBDHC) are analyzed in this paper. A photovoltaic (PV) array fed smart home system using BDHC and QBDHC is proposed to provide both dc power and ac power simultaneously and their performances were compared in this paper. The interfacing of multiple outputs is accomplished using time division multiplexing of power generated from PV array. In the proposed system, the hybrid converter is designed by replacing single switch of conventional boost converter by voltage source inverter (VSI). It has higher reliability in terms of power density and has inherent shoot-through protection during inverter operation. It is best suited for home applications which require support for both ac and dc loads. The system is designed, modeled and simulated using PSIM software and a laboratory prototype is developed and tested. Resemblance between the simulated and experimental results validates the efficaciousness of the proposed system.

Performance analysis of series/parallel and dual side LCC compensation topologies of inductive power transfer for EV battery charging system

In an inductive battery charging system, for better power transfer capability and attaining required power level, compensation is necessary. This paper analyzes series/parallel (S/P) and dual side inductorcapacitor- capacitor (LCC) compensation topologies for inductive power transfer of electric vehicle (EV) battery charging system. The design and modeling steps of inductive power transfer for electric vehicle battery charging system are presented. Besides, the equivalent electrical circuits are used to describe the circuit compensation topologies. The results convey that the efficiency of dual side LCC compensation is higher than that of S/P compensation at variable mutual inductance (misalignment).

Comprehensive Evaluation of Rectangular and Double-D Coil Geometry for 50 kW/85 kHz IPT System

In this paper, the influence of the inductive power transfer (IPT) coil geometry on the performance factors efficiency, power density, and stray field is studied for a public transport electric vehicle battery charging system. IPT coil geometries with rectangular winding and with double-D winding are compared based on the Pareto fronts obtained from a multi-objective optimization. In order to study the effect of the winding layout experimentally, two full-scale 50 kW/85 kHz hardware prototypes with the same outer coil dimensions ( $410\times 760\times 60$ mm3) and ferrite core structure are constructed. For both the prototypes, the measured dc–dc efficiency is approximately 95.5% at 50 kW with a 160 mm air gap and ideally positioned coils, which confirms the calculations. The positioning tolerance of the double-D prototype is inferior, because with coil misalignment the efficiency decays faster than for the rectangular winding prototype. Flux density measurements show that both the prototypes fulfill the ICNIRP 2010 standard at 800 mm lateral distance from the coil center. However, the measured magnetic stray field is a factor of two lower for the double-D prototype, which is a key advantage in high-power applications.

Wireless Charging System With a Non-conventional Compensation Topology for Electric Vehicles and Other Applications

The proposed paper presents a complete 500W, universal input, wireless electric vehicle battery charging system using a non- conventional compensation topology, LSPS. An algorithm to compensate Loosely Coupled Inductive Power Transfer (LCIPT) systems with such topology is explained. The design and implementation of each power converter, as well as the coils manufacturing process, is briefly covered. Experimental results are shown to validate the expected system behavior.

A High Frequency-Link Secondary-Side Phase-Shifted Full-Range Soft-Switching PWM DC–DC Converter With ZCS Active Rectifier for EV Battery Chargers

A new prototype of a secondary-side phase shift soft-switching PWM dc-dc converter suitable for electric vehicle battery charging systems is presented in this paper. Wide range soft-switching operations are achievable from full load to no load by effectively utilizing the parasitic inductances of the high frequency transformer in the proposed dc-dc converter. In addition, no circulating current occurs in both of the primary and secondary side full-bridge circuits; thereby, the related idling power can be minimized. As a result, high efficiency power conversion can be maintained owing to the full range soft-switching operation and wide range output power and voltage regulations. Its operating principle is presented on the basis of theoretical analysis and simulation results, and the design procedure of the circuit parameters of the proposed dc-dc converter is described. The essential performance and its effectiveness of the proposed dc-dc converter are originally demonstrated from a practical point of view in an experiment using a 1 kW-50 kHz laboratory prototype.