Electrical Control Research Articles

Research on two-stage optimization control method for energy storage systems based on multi service attribute utility evaluation

ABSTRACT With the high proportion of new energy access and the increasing demand for load electricity, efficient and reasonable control of battery energy storage systems (BESS) in the power grid is the key to promoting new energy consumption, improving the quality and economy of power supply in the power grid. To solve the optimization control problem of BESS under multiple power service objectives, a two-stage optimization control method for BESS based on multi-service attribute utility evaluation has been proposed in this paper. Firstly, based on various power service demands and grid operation constraints, a multi-objective optimized scheduling model for BESS has been established; Then, to solve the complex coupling problem between multiple optimization objectives of BESS, a two-stage optimization structure has been designed that the changes of various service indicators under different optimization objectives have been recognized in the first stage, and the entropy weight method was used to weight each optimization objective in the second stage objectively; Finally, in the IEEE 33-bus simulation example, compared with the suboptimal result under each single-objective method, the relative error of the power line losses, the maximum voltage deviation, the curtailment of new energy and the economics of power grid of this algorithm has been reduced at least 2.31, 1.11, 2.90, and 1.05 times, respectively. Meanwhile, the performances of active power reserve and reactive power reserve are better than most single-objective optimizations.

Electrical control of two-dimensional electron-hole fluids in the quantum Hall regime

Electrical control of two-dimensional electron-hole fluids in the quantum Hall regime

Electric control of optically-induced magnetization dynamics in a van der Waals ferromagnetic semiconductor

Electric control of magnetization dynamics in two-dimensional (2D) magnetic materials is an essential step for the development of novel spintronic nanodevices. Electrostatic gating has been shown to greatly affect the static magnetic properties of some van der Waals magnets, but the control over their magnetization dynamics is still largely unexplored. Here we show that the optically-induced magnetization dynamics in the van der Waals ferromagnet Cr2Ge2Te6 can be effectively controlled by electrostatic gates, with a one order of magnitude change in the precession amplitude and over 10% change in the internal effective field. In contrast to the purely thermally-induced mechanisms previously reported for 2D magnets, we find that coherent opto-magnetic phenomena play a major role in the excitation of magnetization dynamics in Cr2Ge2Te6. Our work sets the first steps towards electric control over the magnetization dynamics in 2D ferromagnetic semiconductors, demonstrating their potential for applications in ultrafast opto-magnonic devices.

Разработка интеллектуальной системы с нечеткой стабилизацией управления в условиях неопределенности входных воздействий

Abstract. The problems of complex control systems functioning under conditions of input influences uncertainty are discussed. Existing approaches to solving these problems, based on the use of fuzzy control methods, adaptive control and intelligent algorithms, are described. The synthesis of an intelligent system with fuzzy stabilization control under conditions of input influences uncertainty is carried out to increase the efficiency of the object’s functioning. The use of fuzzy control makes it possible to take into account the input influences uncertainty and stabilize control based on a production model of knowledge representation, which makes the system more flexible and resistant to change. Optimal defuzzification method dynamic selection for the purpose of fuzzy stabilization control ensures the effective functioning of each specific system. An example is considered that implements an intelligent system with fuzzy stabilization of electric current control for an electroplating process with uncertainty about its duration, part area, temperature and acidity of the electrolyte. To confirm the effectiveness of the developed intelligent system, a computational experiment is carried out on the example of controlling the electroplating process of applying nickel coating in a Watts electrolyte using fuzzy inference by the Mamdani algorithm with the triangular norm and the Zadeh conorm. The results show that using an intelligent system with fuzzy stabilization control leads to a more accurate result (in terms of coating thickness) compared to using the most common defuzzification methods (centroid; bisector; smallest, middle and largest of maximum) on your own.

Electrostatic Gating of Spin Dynamics of a Quasi-2D Kagome Magnet.

Electrostatic gating has emerged as a powerful technique for tailoring the magnetic properties of two-dimensional (2D) magnets, offering exciting prospects including enhancement of magnetic anisotropy, boosting Curie temperature, and strengthening exchange coupling effects. Here, we focus on electrical control of the ferromagnetic resonance of the quasi-2D Kagome magnet Cu(1,3-bdc). By harnessing an electrostatic field through ionic liquid gating, significant shifts are observed in the ferromagnetic resonance field in both out-of-plane and in-plane measurements. Moreover, the effective magnetization and gyromagnetic ratios display voltage-dependent variations. A closer examination reveals that the voltage-induced changes can modulate magnetocrystalline anisotropy by several hundred gauss, while the impact on orbital magnetization remains relatively subtle. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal varying d-orbital hybridizations at different voltages. This research unveils intricate physics within the Kagome lattice magnet and further underscores the potential of electrostatic manipulation in steering magnetism with promising implications for the development of spintronic devices.

Preface

With great and successful prestigious history of ICETAC, 2023 4th International Conference on Electrical Technology and Automatic Control (ICETAC 2023) was held in Chongqing, China during 24th–26th, November 2023 via virtual form. It was sponsored by School of Electrical Engineering, Chongqing University and organized by National Key Laboratory of Power Transmission and Transformation Equipment Technology.ICETAC 2023 is a great academic platform and is of great significance for disseminating cutting-edge information in disciplines and industry, promoting the transformation of scientific and technological achievements, and condensing academic achievements in the industry at this event.The Conference consisted of three plenary keynote speeches (addressed by Associate Professor Vandana Sharma from CHRIST University, India, Professor Xiaofang Yuan from Hunan University, China, and Associate Professor Qiushi Cui from Chongqing University, China, respectively), several oral and poster presentations, in which a wide range of topics were covered and the most recent significant results were presented. They discussed such topics as Unlocking the Potentials of AI in the domain of Automatic Control, Collaborative Operation Optimization of Processing Equipment and AGVs for Green Discrete Manufacturing, New Power System Modeling, Simulation and Testing Technology, etc. Besides, the attending scholars and experts exchanged deeply on the latest research achievements and advanced experience in the industry development and shared their unique insights into development trends and research directions of the industry.Some selected works presented at the Conference are published in this conference proceedings edition of Journal of Physics: Conference Series., which shows readers the latest research results and application cases of electrical and automatic control technology. We firmly believe that by reading these papers, readers will deepen their understanding of these fields and appreciate their enormous significance and potential impact on contemporary society.We wish to acknowledge all the participants, and the support of our sponsors. We would also like to take this opportunity to thank the members of Technical Program Committee and Organizing Committee, as well as the expert reviewers. What’s more, we hope that the conference series ICETAC shall continue to the next many sessions and deliver its purpose as the arena for presenting and exchanging the ideas of research in the fields of electrical and automatic control technology and anything related.The Committee of ICETAC 2023List of Committee Member is available in this pdf.

Ultralow Electric Current-Assisted Magnetization Switching due to Thermally Engineered Magnetic Anisotropy.

Control of magnetic anisotropy in thin films with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy is of paramount importance for the development of spintronics with ultralow-energy consumption and high density. Traditional magnetoelectric heterostructures utilized the synergistic effect of piezoelectricity and magnetostriction to realize the electric field control of magnetic anisotropy, resulting in additional fabrication and modulation processes and a complicated device architecture. Here, we have systematically investigated the electric current tuning of the magnetic properties of the metallic NiCo2O4 film with intrinsic perpendicular magnetic anisotropy. Ferrimagnetic-to-paramagnetic phase transition has been induced through Joule heating, resulting in a rapid decrease of both magnetic coercivity and moment. An ultralow current density of 2.5 × 104 A/cm2, which is 2 to 3 orders magnitude lower than that of conventional spin transfer torque devices, has been verified to be effective for the control of the magnetic anisotropy of NiCo2O4. Successful triggering of magnetic switching has been realized through the application of a current pulse. These findings provide new perspectives toward the electric control of magnetic anisotropy and design of spintronics with an ultralow driving current density.

Design and verification of the electric control box of the low energy x-ray telescope onboard the Insight-HXMT

Design and verification of the electric control box of the low energy x-ray telescope onboard the Insight-HXMT

Electrical Load Control Using PIR Sensor for IoT-based Electrical Power Saving

Wasteful use of electrical energy, apart from the use of electrical loads, is also caused by wasteful and uncontrolled use of electrical loads. Electrical energy that is not used as needed causes electricity waste. This research aims to use the IoT system for electrical automation and monitoring the amount of electricity in a room. In this way, saving electricity and monitoring the amount of electricity can be done easily through the IoT system at anytime and anywhere. The method used in this research is an experimental method, namely designing equipment according to the planned system and preparing a program according to the desired tool working system. The research object is the electrical load in three rooms consisting of three load groups, each load group is represented by a PIR sensor light, namely the equipment used is the PZEM sensor, PIR sensor, RTC, ESP 32, Triac, Optocoupler, and other supporting equipment. The results of the research show that the equipment has worked well and has been tested well, electricity savings are shown through the monitor on the Android cellphone using the Blynk application which was previously installed. Every time there is a person in the room, the PIR sensor always detects the object and activates the electrical load and vice versa. Apart from that, the cellphone monitor screen also displays from time to time the amount of electricity used by the load, including the electrical energy used and the electrical energy savings that can be done.

Pembuatan Konsep Alat Preparasi Material Cangkang Kapsul Lunak Menggunakan Metode Pahl & Beitz

Softgel capsule is a capsule with soft shell texture and is used for fluid or semi-solid medicine substance. Research about softgel capsule in Politeknik Negeri Bandung uses a preparation device to mix the soft capsule shell ingredients. In its operation, this machine has several problems: ineffective method of loading and unloading of materials, unsuitable power for the mixing motor and heating element, and the control system still needs to be improved. Based on these problems, it is neccesary to reverse engineer the preparation device to get better design results so that the device can be operated more effectively. This study consists of three stages: planning, concept generation, and concept evaluation. At the planning stage, data is collected and compiled using the Quality Function Deployment (QFD) method to support the creation of requirement lists. In concept generation stage a design concept was created using the Pahl & Beitz method which was then evaluated using the Pugh weighting method until the final concept was obtained. There are three subfunctions: (1) lifting mechanism, (2) control system, and (3) unloading mechanism. The results of this study are a design concept with rack & pinion lifting mechanism, electrical control system, and sliding valve unloading mechanism.

Optimal operating conditions for an electric ECS in ground parking status

The Electric Environmental Control System (EECS), which uses an electric compressor to draw in outside air instead of the engine bleed, is under consideration. In this study, the case of EECS operating in a grounded parking status is discussed. The pressure ratios for the electric compressor and the air cycle machine compressor are set as variable parameters. A thermodynamic analysis is performed to clarify the operating conditions of the system, taking dehumidification into account. The coefficient of performance is obtained, and it is found that the maximum value is obtained under the condition where the pressure ratio of the electric compressor is the smallest.

Graphene Magnetoresistance Control by Photoferroelectric Substrate.

Ultralow dimensionality of 2D layers magnifies their sensitivity to adjacent charges enabling even postprocessing electric control of multifunctional structures. However, functionalizing 2D layers remains an important challenge for on-demand device-property exploitation. Here we report that an electrical and even fully optical way to control and write modifications to the magnetoresistive response of CVD-deposited graphene is achievable through the electrostatics of the photoferroelectric substrate. For electrical control, the ferroelectric polarization switch modifies graphene magnetoresistance by 67% due to a Fermi level shift with related modification in charge mobility. A similar function is also attained entirely by bandgap light due to the substrate photovoltaic effect. Moreover, an all-optical way to imprint and recover graphene magnetoresistance by light is reported as well as magnetic control of graphene transconductance. These findings extend photoferroelectric control in 2D structures to magnetic dimensions and advance wireless operation for sensors and field-effect transistors.

A real-time energy flow management of a grid-connected renewable energy sources-based EV charging station

ABSTRACT As the sales of electric vehicles (EVs) increase in India, there will be an increase in the number of charging stations in the future. Meanwhile, the demand for extra power from the grid and intermittent power from renewable energy presents significant challenges for charging infrastructure. This paper presents a real-time energy flow management strategy (EFMS) designed for an EV charging station (EVCS) that utilises power from renewable energy sources (RES), an energy storage battery unit (ESBU), and the grid. The primary objective is to increase the utilisation of renewable energy and minimise the quantity of electricity bought during the peak period of the grid by implementing direct electric vehicle load control. EVCS has been designed to charge up to 80 EVs using five DC chargers. The EFMS aims to enhance the scheduling of EV charging by considering grid time-of-use (ToU) pricing and efficient usage of ESBU in terms of battery degradation effect and maximising the use of RES. A multi-objective optimisation algorithm has been developed for EV scheduling. The baseline uncoordinated charge method is contrasted with the proposed approach. The EFMS effectiveness is tested in MATLAB, and the subsequent analysis and results are drawn and discussed.

Effective electrical manipulation of a topological antiferromagnet by orbital torques

The electrical control of the non-trivial topology in Weyl antiferromagnets is of great interest for the development of next-generation spintronic devices. Recent studies suggest that the spin Hall effect can switch the topological antiferromagnetic order. However, the switching efficiency remains relatively low. Here, we demonstrate the effective manipulation of antiferromagnetic order in the Weyl semimetal Mn3Sn using orbital torques originating from either metal Mn or oxide CuOx. Although Mn3Sn can convert orbital current to spin current on its own, we find that inserting a heavy metal layer, such as Pt, of appropriate thickness can effectively reduce the critical switching current density by one order of magnitude. In addition, we show that the memristor-like switching behaviour of Mn3Sn can mimic the potentiation and depression processes of a synapse with high linearity—which may be beneficial for constructing accurate artificial neural networks. Our work paves a way for manipulating the topological antiferromagnetic order and may inspire more high-performance antiferromagnetic functional devices.

2D Multiferroics in As‐Substituted Bilayer α‐In2Se3 with Enhanced Magnetic Moments for Next‐Generation Nonvolatile Memory Device

AbstractSearching for multiferroic materials with ferromagnetic (FM) and ferroelectric (FE) properties holds promise for ultra‐high‐density and low‐energy‐consumption memory device applications, but 2D materials with both properties are rare. Herein, a general strategy to achieve nonvolatile electric field control of magnetism in the bilayer (BL) α‐In2Se3 by hole doping is proposed. By first‐principles calculations, it is demonstrated that hole doping can induce robust ferromagnetism in the bilayer α‐In2Se3 due to its unique flat Mexican‐hat‐shape valence band structure. Such band edges cause van Hove singularities (VHS), and proper hole doping can lead to time‐reversal symmetry breaking. The bilayer α‐In2Se3 exhibits ferromagnetism and ferroelectricity within a wide range of doping concentrations, resulting in an unexpected multiferroic phase. Furthermore, when the electrical polarization of α‐In2Se3 flips from downward to upward, it becomes non‐magnetic (NM) from ferromagnetic states in the As‐substituted bilayer α‐In2Se3, which can work as a nonvolatile magnetic storage unit. Remarkably, the As‐substituted bilayer α‐In2Se3 exhibits an enhanced magnetic moment of 1.2 μB per AsSe due to substantial charge transfer across the interface. Notably, the mechanism of electrically controlled magnetism is elucidated as the coupling among the Mexican‐hat‐like dispersion, ferromagnetism, and ferroelectricity. The findings offer a promising strategy for electrical writing and the magnetic reading memory device.

Application of Disturbance Observer-Based Fast Terminal Sliding Mode Control for Asynchronous Motors in Remote Electrical Conductivity Control of Fertigation Systems

In addressing the control of asynchronous motors in the remote conductivity of fertigation machines, this study proposes a joint control strategy based on the Fast Terminal Sliding Mode Control-Disturbance Observer (FTSMC-DO) system for asynchronous motors. The goal is to enhance the dynamic performance and disturbance resistance of asynchronous motors, particularly under low-speed operating conditions. The approach involves refining the two-degree-of-freedom internal model controller using fractional-order functions to explicitly separate the controller’s robustness and tracking capabilities. To mitigate the motor’s sensitivity to external disturbances during variable speed operations, a load disturbance observer is introduced, employing hyperbolic tangent and Fal functions for real-time monitoring and compensation, seamlessly integrated into the sliding mode controller. To address issues related to low-speed chattering typically associated with sliding mode controllers, this study introduces a revised non-singular fast terminal sliding mode surface. Additionally, guided by fuzzy control principles, the study enables real-time selection of sliding mode approaching law parameters. Experimental results from the asynchronous motor control platform demonstrate that FTSMC-DO control significantly reduces adjustment time and speed fluctuations during operation, minimizing the impact of load disturbances on the system. The system exhibits robust disturbance rejection, improved robustness, and enhanced control capability. Furthermore, field tests validate the effectiveness of the FTSMC-DO system in regulating remote electrical conductivity (EC) levels. The control time is observed to be less than 120 s, overshoot less than 16.1%, and EC regulation within 0.2 mS·cm−1 over a pipeline distance of 120 m. The FTSMC-DO control consistently achieves the desired EC levels with minimal fluctuation and overshoot, outperforming traditional PID and SMC methods. This high level of precision is crucial for ensuring optimal nutrient delivery and efficient water usage in agricultural irrigation systems, highlighting the system’s potential as a valuable tool in modern, sustainable farming practices.

Spin-Selective Memtransistors with Magnetized Graphene.

Spin-polarized bands in pristine and proximity-induced magnetic materials are promising building blocks for future devices. Conceptually new memory, logic, and neuromorphic devices are conceived based on atomically thin magnetic materials and the manipulation of their spin-polarized bands via electrical and optical methods. A critical remaining issue is the direct probe and the optimized use of the magnetic coupling effect in van der Waals heterostructures, which requires further delicate design of atomically thin magnetic materials and devices. Here, a spin-selective memtransistor with magnetized single-layered graphene on a reactive antiferromagnetic material, CrI3, is reported. The spin-dependent hybridization between graphene and CrI3 atomic layers enables the spin-selective bandgap opening in the single-layered graphene and the electric field control of magnetization in a specific CrI3 layer. The microscopic working principle is clarified by the first-principles calculations and theoretical analysis of the transport data. Reliable memtransistor operations (i.e., memory and logic device-combined operations), as well as a spin-selective probe of Landau levels in the magnetized graphene, are achieved by using the subtle manipulation of the magnetic proximity effect via electrical means.

Active mid-infrared ring resonators

High-quality optical ring resonators can confine light in a small volume and store it for millions of roundtrips. They have enabled the dramatic size reduction from laboratory scale to chip level of optical filters, modulators, frequency converters, and frequency comb generators in the visible and the near-infrared. The mid-infrared spectral region (3−12 μm), as important as it is for molecular gas sensing and spectroscopy, lags behind in development of integrated photonic components. Here we demonstrate the integration of mid-infrared ring resonators and directional couplers, incorporating a quantum cascade active region in the waveguide core. It enables electrical control of the resonant frequency, its quality factor, the coupling regime and the coupling coefficient. We show that one device, depending on its operating point, can act as a tunable filter, a nonlinear frequency converter, or a frequency comb generator. These concepts extend to the integration of multiple active resonators and waveguides in arbitrary configurations, thus allowing the implementation of purpose-specific mid-infrared active photonic integrated circuits for spectroscopy, communication, and microwave generation.

Long-lived valley states in bilayer graphene quantum dots

Bilayer graphene is a promising platform for electrically controllable qubits in a two-dimensional material. Of particular interest is the ability to encode quantum information in the valley degree of freedom, a two-fold orbital degeneracy that arises from the symmetry of the hexagonal crystal structure. The use of valleys could be advantageous, as known spin- and orbital-mixing mechanisms are unlikely to be at work for valleys, promising more robust qubits. The Berry curvature associated with valley states allows for electrical control of their energies, suggesting routes for coherent qubit manipulation. However, the relaxation time of valley states—which ultimately limits these qubits’ coherence properties and therefore their suitability as practical qubits—is not yet known. Here we measure the characteristic relaxation times of these spin and valley states in gate-defined bilayer graphene quantum dot devices. Different valley states can be distinguished from each other with a fidelity of over 99%. The relaxation time between valley triplets and singlets exceeds 500 ms and is more than one order of magnitude longer than for spin states. This work facilitates future measurements on valley-qubit coherence, demonstrating bilayer graphene as a practical platform hosting electrically controlled, long-lived valley qubits.

Electrical Load Frequency Control Using AI Techniques for EV Connected Power Systems

Electrical Load Frequency Control Using AI Techniques for EV Connected Power Systems