Electrical Board Research Articles

Application of Machine Learning Methods to Predict the Quality of Electric Circuit Boards of a Production Line

For the data challenge of the 2022 European PHM conference, data from a production line of electric circuit boards is provided to assess the quality of the produced components. The solution presented in this paper was elaborated to fulfill the data challenge objectives of predicting defects found in an automatic inspection at the end of the production line, predicting the result of a following human inspection and predicting the result of the repair of the defect components. Machine learning methods are used to accomplish the different prediction tasks. In order to build a reliable machine learning model, the steps of data preparation, feature engineering and model selection are performed. Finally, different models are chosen and implemented for the different sub-tasks. The prediction of defects in the automatic inspection is modeled with a multi-layer perceptron neural network, the prediction of human inspection is modeled using a random forest algorithm. For the prediction of human repair, a decision tree is implemented.

Application of Machine Learning Methods to Predict the Quality of Electric Circuit Boards of a Production Line

For the data challenge of the 2022 European PHM conference, data from a production line of electric circuit boards is provided to assess the quality of the produced components. The solution presented in this paper was elaborated to fulfill the data challenge objectives of predicting defects found in an automatic inspection at the end of the production line, predicting the result of a following human inspection and predicting the result of the repair of the defect components. Machine learning methods are used to accomplish the different prediction tasks. In order to build a reliable machine learning model, the steps of data preparation, feature engineering and model selection are performed. Finally, different models are chosen and implemented for the different sub-tasks. The prediction of defects in the automatic inspection is modeled with a multi-layer perceptron neural network, the prediction of human inspection is modeled using a random forest algorithm. For the prediction of human repair, a decision tree is implemented.

A compact, low-cost, and binary sensing (BiSense) platform for noise-free and self-validated impedimetric detection of COVID-19 infected patients

Electrochemical immuno-biosensors are one of the most promising approaches for accurate, rapid, and quantitative detection of protein biomarkers. The two-working electrode strip is employed for creating a self-supporting system, as a tool for self-validating the acquired results for added reliability. However, the realization of multiplex electrochemical point-of-care testing (ME-POCT) requires advancement in portable, rapid reading, easy-to-use, and low-cost multichannel potentiostat readers. The combined multiplex biosensor strips and multichannel readers allow for suppressing the possible complex matrix effect or ultra-sensitive detection of different protein biomarkers. Herein, a handheld binary-sensing (BiSense) bi-potentiostat was developed to perform electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS)-based signal acquisition from a custom-designed dual-working-electrode immuno-biosensor. BiSense employs a commercially available microcontroller and out-of-shelf components, offering the cheapest yet accurate and reliable time-domain impedance analyzer. A specific electrical board design was developed and customized for impedance signal analysis of SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid (N)-protein biosensor in spiked samples and alpha variant clinical nasopharyngeal (NP) swab samples. BiSense showed limit-of-detection (LoD) down to 56 fg/mL for working electrode 1 (WE1) and 68 fg/mL for WE2 and reported with a dynamic detection range of 1 pg/mL to 10 ng/mL for detection of N-protein in spiked samples. The dual biosensing of N-protein in this work was used as a self-validation of the biosensor. The low-cost (∼USD$40) BiSense bi-potentiostat combined with the immuno-biosensors successfully detected COVID-19 infected patients in less than 10 min, with the BiSense reading period shorter than 1.5 min, demonstrating its potential for the realization of ME-POCTs for rapid and hand-held diagnosis of infections.

Mechanical Design of Self-Reconfiguring 4D-Printed OrigamiSats: A New Concept for Solar Sailing

In this article, a self-reconfiguring OrigamiSat concept is presented. The reconfiguration of the proposed OrigamiSat is triggered by combining the effect of 4D material (i.e. origami’s edges) and changes in the local surface optical properties (i.e., origami’s facets) to harness the solar radiation pressure acceleration. The proposed OrigamiSat uses the principle of solar sailing to enhance the effect of the Sun radiation to generate momentum on the Aluminised Kapton (Al-Kapton) origami surface by transitioning from mirror-like to diffusely reflecting optical properties of each individual facet. Numerical simulations have demonstrated that local changes in the optical properties can trigger reconfiguration. A minimum of 1-m edge size facet is required for a thick-origami to generate enough forces from the Sun radiation. The thick-origami pattern is 3D-printed directly on a thin Al-Kapton film (the solar sail substrate which is highly reflective). An elastic filament (thermoplastic polyurethane TPU) showed best performance when printing directly on the Al-Kapton and the Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene with carbon fiber reinforcement (ABS/cc) is added to augment the origami mechanical properties. The 4D material (shape memory polymer) is integrated only at specific edges to achieve self-deployment by applying heat. Two different folding mechanisms were studied: 1) the cartilage-like, where the hinge is made combining the TPU and the 4D material which make the mounts or valleys fully stretchable, and 2) the mechanical hinge, where simple hinges are made solely of ABS/cc. Numerical simulations have demonstrated that the cartilage-like hinge is the most suitable design for light-weight reconfigurable OrigamiSat when using the solar radiation pressure acceleration. We have used build-in electric board to heat up the 4D material and trigger the folding. We envisage embedding the heat wire within the 4D hinge in the future.

Smart energy meter based on hall effect current sensing techniques with IoT modules

The existing approach of an electrical board representative manually reading the energy metre and issuing invoices to the owner has been shown to be inefficient and prone to human mistakes and possibly misconduct. Indian energy users are also afflicted by a lack of current information and understanding. Using the IC ACS71020, this study presents a customized IoT-based Advanced Smart Energy Meter infrastructure with remote and local logging and monitoring of electrical parameters. The meter also has provisions for connections to both web and cellular internet using ESP8266 and GSMsim800a. The elimination of human interaction and the rapid updating of information makes the consumer’s life easier and more efficient. Data is also shown on an OLED screen and stored on an SD Card / Flash Memory, allowing access to a local server.

Analysis of mechanical properties of DCH and PCFS used in electrical insulation boards

The main objective of this study is to identify the suitability of Dehydrated Coconut Husk (DCH) and Particle Coconut Fibre Sheet (PBCS) for manufacturing the electrical insulation boards. The samples are collected and tested in two different approaches using Universal Testing Machine (UTM). The results show that the PBCS yield better results terms of tensile strength, impact strength, and flexural strength with values of 26.34 Mpa, 31.9 Mpa, and 44.9 Mpa, respectively. It is also evident that the PBCS based natural fibres having good mechanical properties and it is best suitable for making electrical insulation boards.

A Framework for Coordinated Self-Assembly of Networked Microgrids Using Consensus Algorithms

With the rapidly increasing deployment of distributed energy resources (DERs), electric power systems across the world are moving towards more distributed designs and operations. While not every distributed device will be part of a microgrid, microgrids do offer solutions for scalability and interoperability, and for coordination with centralized utility control systems. The challenge is that the microgrids will be heterogenous with respect to ownership, operational objectives, resource mix, and control systems. Due to these variations within the population of microgrids, there will be significant challenges with coordinating their operations to achieve global objectives using existing centralized controls and optimizations. This paper presents a framework for the coordination of heterogeneous groups of microgrids using consensus algorithms. The framework enables the active engagement of utility and non-utility microgrids using a distributed architecture to support end-use loads during the loss of the bulk power system. Results from laboratory testing and preliminary implementations, as well as details of an ongoing operational deployment at the Electric Power Board of Chattanooga are presented in this paper.

Editorial

It is a great honor and privilege to be elected as the new president of the IEEE Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation Society (DEIS) for 2022. It is also my great pleasure to serve the IEEE DEIS community. As many DEIS members will know, I have served DEIS for a number of years as an elected DEIS AdCom member-at-large, DEIS secretary, DEIS vice-president technical, and, latterly, DEIS vice-president administration. Of course, I'm taking on the mantle of president from a long line of excellent presidents over the years, many of whom I have worked closely with, the most recent being Paul Gaberson from 2020 to 2021. I want to thank Paul personally for his valuable support over the past two years. I know Paul has put much effort into serving the DEIS community and DEIS AdCom and has steered and directed the Society very successfully through recent challenging times. DEIS AdCom has also appointed two new vice-presidents, Professor Davide Fabiani from the University of Bologna, Italy, as vice-president administration and Professor Akiko Kumada from the University of Tokyo, Japan. Davide has previously been serving as vice-president technical and Akiko as an elected AdCom member-at-large. I look forward to working in partnership with Davide and Akiko, who both bring a wealth of experience and expertise to their DEIS roles. Along with the other valuable and capable members of AdCom, we hope to lead and serve the entire DEIS community. On another note, we want to welcome Dr. Antonios Tzimas as our newly appointed editor in chief of IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine for 2022. Antonios was serving as deputy editor in chief under Dr. Peter Morshuis. Peter has done a fantastic job as editor in chief over the past year and has successfully repositioned the Magazine and the IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine Editorial Board into a suitable structure and mode of operation to ensure its future sustainability.

Design of a Force Measuring Unit for Robotic Applications

The paper deals with design process of a force measuring unit, which is capable to mount onto a robot or to integrate into a measuring device. The main element is a beam type load cell equipped with strain gauges in Wheatstone bridge configuration. In order to measure the force only in one direction a linear guide rail is used to lock the degrees of freedom. The unit will have a microcontroller board to process and transfer the data to a personal computer. Furthermore, the system will be capable to intervene processes thanks to the digital inputs and outputs of the electric board. The paper introduces the 3D model of the device, and its components.

ТЕХНОЛОГИЯ УЛЬТРАЗВУКОВОГО ФОРМИРОВАНИЯ НЕПАЯНЫХ СОЕДИНЕНИЙ ЭЛЕКТРИЧЕСКИХ ПЛАТ С КОНТРОЛЕМ УСИЛИЯ ЗАПРЕССОВКИ

The paper discusses the issues of technology for the formation of non-soldered connections of electrical boards using ultrasonic vibrations. A developed and patented device for the formation of ultrasonic longitudinal torsional vibrations is described, which makes it possible to significantly reduce the pressing force, modify the properties of the surface layers of parts and control the pressing force of contact pins

A Survey on Microtransformers

The miniaturization of magnetic devices is a subject of enduring interest, since inductors and transformers of very small dimensions are constantly being required for integration into microchips and electrical circuit boards. The main objective of this survey is to supply a compilation of the published research on microtransformers, and to work as a support material, helping in the choice of the most appropriate technology and device configuration for a particular application. The text describes the historical development of microtransformers, the structures in which these devices might be assembled, the various proposed geometries, the fabrication processes, and the type of core used. A brief discussion of equivalent circuit modeling is presented. The current state of the technology in relation to commercial devices is then examined, pointing out some unsolved problems that warrant further studies.

IoT Based Smart Energy Meter

We can see a person standing in front of our house from electricity board, whose duty is to read the energy meter and handover the bills to the owner of that house every two months. This is nothing but meter reading. According to that reading we have to pay the bills. The main drawback of this system is that person has to go area by area and he has to read the meter of every house and handover the bills. Many times errors like extra bill amount, or notification from electric board even though the bills are paid are common errors. To overcome this drawback we have come up with an idea which will eliminate the third party between the consumer and service provider, even the errors will be overcome. The idea of smart energy meter using IOT and Arduino has been introduced. In this method we are using Arduino because it is energy efficient i.e. it consume less power, it is fastest and has two UARTS. In this paper, energy meter which is already installed at our houses are no t replaced, but a small modification on the already installed meters can change the existing meters into smart meters.

Research on Electric Control Device of Hybrid Energy in Household Air Conditioning

Hvac energy consumption is the construction of large energy consumption, in order to realize building energy conservation to reduce the energy consumption of hvac operation, through the research by a thin film solar battery, connecting wires, charge and discharge controller, the electric control board outdoor, indoor machine electric control box, electronic circuit control board, switch and battery of household air conditioning hybrid energy electrical control devices, When it is sunny, the direct current generated by the solar cell group is directly supplied to the indoor unit. When it is cloudy, it is switched to the power supply to the indoor unit, forming a hybrid power supply mode for complementary use, which can effectively reduce the electric energy consumed by the operation of HVAC and realize energy saving in the operation of HVAC.

Automatic Fire Extinguishing Agent Using Microcapsule for Early Fires

According to fire statistics analysis of the nation's fire department between 2015–2019, the most common cause of fire was electrical fire. As reported, 47,135 fires were caused by electricity, 22,852 were caused by mechanical causes, and 871 were caused by gas leakages. In this study, the fire adaptability of microcapsulated fire extinguishing agents was tested against small space electrical fires, such as electrical distribution boards. The tests showed that the fire extinguishing agent inside the capsule was released after initial fire contact and the fire of n-heptane was extinguished within 4.48 seconds (on average). Therefore, the KFI small space B-level fire extinguishing test by the Korea Institute of Fire and Industry met the criteria that the fire was extinguished and did not reoccur within 90 s after the end of the preliminary combustion. In addition, this fire extinguisher (agent) dramatically improved the volume of existing cylinder-type fire extinguishers for small spaces. However, there are no national fire safety codes (NFSCs) for this agent. Therefore, it is necessary to enact fire safety standards for this agent for smooth-field applications.

Development of a Compact Electrical Impedance Measurement Circuit for Protein Detection Two-electrode Impedance Micro-sensor

Development of compact and low-cost electronic circuits in the biosensor field is an essential demand. Especially, the design of noise reduction sections plays an important role in the measurement of small biosensing signals. This study develops an electrical impedance measurement circuit board to apply in the protein pre-concentration and detection microfluidic chips with integrated two-electrode impedance micro-sensor. A lock-in amplifier is applied in the circuit board to measure the impedance profile in the frequency range 10–200 kHz. An investigation on several ratios of signal to noise (SNRs) is conducted to indicate the ability of the proposed design in eliminating noise signals. Subsequently, a total impedance and series capacitance-based analysis approach from the recorded impedance data is demonstrated to be suitable for this protein chip in the frequencies range from 10 to 200 kHz. The obtained results enable a potential method in point-of-care diagnostic applications.

Experimental analysis of micronized plastic particle movement on electrodynamic screens

ABSTRACT The electrical curtain board (ECB) is constituted of parallel linear electrodes deposited on a dielectric layer plate and supplied by a poly-phase electrical voltage. This paper reports a study of the movement of Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) µm-size particles on such an ECB. The experimental setup comprised three ECB plates of different inter-electrodes spacing, and a homemade electric supply. Obtained results show that it is possible to move the quasi-totality of the particles on the ECB if adequate values are given to the voltage, the frequency and the inter-electrodes spacing.

Optimal Design, Re-engineering and Testing of a 50:5A Current Transformer for Medium Voltage Industrial Requirements

The current transformer is one of the types of instrument transformer which is designed in such a manner so as to produce a current in its secondary circuit which in turn proportional to the current flowing through it’s primary circuit. It is one of the components that needs to be installed inside the electrical panel board in order to measure the current flow through each phase of the three phase system inside the panel. Usually these electrical panel boards were designed by electrical based industries. One of such industries which was in need of a 50:5 ratio current transformer had handed over the current transformer design and manufacturing as an industrial work to the authors. In this paper the authors deal with the optimal design and re-engineering and testing of the current transformer that is used in the measurement of current.

Quality Control Methods for Advanced Metering Infrastructure Data

While urban-scale building energy modeling is becoming increasingly common, it currently lacks standards, guidelines, or empirical validation against measured data. Empirical validation necessary to enable best practices is becoming increasingly tractable. The growing prevalence of advanced metering infrastructure has led to significant data regarding the energy consumption within individual buildings, but is something utilities and countries are still struggling to analyze and use wisely. In partnership with the Electric Power Board of Chattanooga, Tennessee, a crude OpenStudio/EnergyPlus model of over 178,000 buildings has been created and used to compare simulated energy against actual, 15-min, whole-building electrical consumption of each building. In this study, classifying building type is treated as a use case for quantifying performance associated with smart meter data. This article attempts to provide guidance for working with advanced metering infrastructure for buildings related to: quality control, pathological data classifications, statistical metrics on performance, a methodology for classifying building types, and assess accuracy. Advanced metering infrastructure was used to collect whole-building electricity consumption for 178,333 buildings, define equations for common data issues (missing values, zeros, and spiking), propose a new method for assigning building type, and empirically validate gaps between real buildings and existing prototypes using industry-standard accuracy metrics.

Integration and development of learning management features into the Colums platform

Due to the increasing use of computerized information systems in higher and further education for both administrative (Human Resources, Finance, Student Records) and instructional (Teaching, Learning, and Research) purposes, the challenge of systems integration has emerged like Virtual Learning Environments, electronic resource discovery tools, etc. COLUMS is a comprehensive and deeply integrated software product for large, medium, and small educational institutions that automates data stream and can be thought of as an Organization Wide Computing Package. The concept of COLUMS is to interconnect Students, Teachers, Parents and Management in effective manner. To meet all the requirements of the customer, the system needs to be upgraded and merged with the E-learning system. In terms of administration and remote learning, the new system provides all requirements of the university. The use of this technology is to enable people to learn anytime and anywhere, and not only depend only on attend of the student to the university to learn and take the courses. Given the shortcomings of the COLUMS, this project introduces new capabilities and services to address these issues. such as selecting the course to study online, with easy and fast way to enroll to the course, each course will contain number of lessons which contain the scientific material, as well as add some extra feature to the course like announcement, drop box, homework, document and chat room. For the future work, add a more feature of alerting the users by sending phone SMS when the any change happen in the course. Moreover, white board technology (virtual Class) so the teacher can use the electric white board to describe the content of his subject online and the student can see the lesson as stream video. Finally, make the accessing of this system not only though browsing by the computer but also use the smart phone and tablet.

Critical Solution to Power Grid Problems Using Smart Grid –A Case Study on Karnataka Power Transmission Control Limited (KPTCL)

Karnataka Power Transmission Corporation Limited (KPTCL) is a power distribution and transportation company in Karnataka state established in the year of 1999 under the company act 1956. Now it is one of the big government sector company owned by government of Karnataka with 1000 cores of share capital. Karnataka Electric Board (KEB) is the parent body of KPTCL, until 2002 KEB did all the functions such as distribution and transmission of electric power throughout the state. After that it was divided in to distribution and Transmission Company called KPTCL and power generating company known as Karnataka Power Corporation Limited (KPCL). The ultimate goal of KPTCL is to provide uninterrupted power supply to all customers in state of Karnataka with minimum distribution and transmission cost and lowest unit price. KPTCL purchases power from KPCL for fixed rate under the Karnataka regulation act. KPCL contains several power generation projects which include different types such as hydraulic power, thermal power, wind power, etc. KPTCL also purchases power from power stations such as National Thermal Power Corporation (NTPC) and Atomic power stations like Kalpakkam and Kaiga which is owned by central government. Power generation is not a big deal for any state government but real challenge is to transmission of uninterrupted power and distribution of power to different parts of the state using power grid. So there should be proper data analysis in the entire grid and all transmission station throughout the state in order to identify the loop holes, actual capacity, requirement, request from consumers, and also to identify any damages. The ultimate solution for all this is introduction of smart grid concept in power grid. In this paper I reviewed about operational and technical structure of the KPTCL and factors to be considered while performing data analytics in power grid and adoption of smart grid concept over traditional grid using SCADA technology to perform data analytics and finally listed out some improvements in overall functioning of KPTCL after implementation of smart grid.