El-Sheikh Governorate Research Articles

Impact Evaluation of the Agricultural Television Program (Halaket Wasl) Presented to Rural People at Kafr El–Sheikh Governorate

Impact Evaluation of the Agricultural Television Program (Halaket Wasl) Presented to Rural People at Kafr El–Sheikh Governorate

Comparison of Genetic Parameters in Non-segregating and Segregating Populations of Sugar Beet in Egypt

This work aimed mainly at comparison among non-segregating (P1, P2 and F1) and segregating (F2, BC1 and BC2) generations using genetic parameters for four traits in the cross Eg27 x Fc723 cmsduring 2015 to 2018 in Ras-Sudr station, Desert Research Center (DRC), South Sinai and Private Farm in Kafr El Sheikh Governorate. According to combined analysis of variance, highly significant environments (E) for all studied traits and significant or highly significant genotype (G) and GxE interactions for most traits were observed during six generations. In respect to mean performances, Kafr El-Shiekh location was higher than Ras-Sudr location for most studied traits at six generations. Significant differences among six generation means were found for all studied traits in the two locations. The F2 generation was lower than the P1, P2, F1, BC1 and BC2 generations for most studied traits at the two locations. The cross (Eg27 x Fc723 cms) recorded positive and highly significant heterosis, heterobeltiosis and inbreeding depression for most studied traits under two locations. A high broad sense heritability and genetic advance as percent of mean (GAM%) estimates were observed for root diameter/plant at BC1, root weight/plant at BC2 and T.S.S.% at BC1 and BC2. Generally, the values of the all studied genetic parameters for all studied traits during segregating generations were higher than non-segregating generations. The principal component analysis of the relationship between the six generations revealed that the most appropriate generations for selecting these traits were BC1 and BC2 under the two locations. Backcrossing may be done for 2–5 cycles (BC2 – BC5) at Eg27 parent for improving sugar beet yield in Egypt.

CHARACTERIZATION OF CLASS 1 INTEGRONS AND SOME ANTI-MICROBIAL RESISTANCE GENES IN Salmonella SPECIES ISOLAT-ED FROM POULTRY IN EGYPT

Salmonella enterica includes serotypes that were implicated as a food borne pathogens crucially affecting public health and the economic organization. This study was directed to isolate and identify of Salmonella strains from 222 different species and ages of poultry (broiler, chick, ducks, pigeon, quails) from Kafr El Sheikh governorate. The Salmonella isolation rate was (4.5%) as (0.9%) from apparently healthy, (3.6%) from diseased birds. The outer membrane protein F gene was used as promising tool for detection of Genus Salmonella, after that four isolates were identified serologically as two Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis and two Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. The resistance pattern of positive Salmonella isolates showed multidrug resistance phenotypes and qnrS for quinolone resistant genes was recorded in one isolate while blaTEM for β-lactam resistant isolates, aacC for aminoglycosides were recorded in all four Salmonella isolates using PCR technique. Also, Class 1 integrons detected with a percentage of (100%) in examined isolates. Sequencing of the class 1 integrons cassettes showed genes encoding resistance specified to streptothricin acetyltransferase (sat) gene, aminoglycoside acetyltransferase (aac3-Id) and aminoglycoside adenyltransferase (aadA7). Class 1 integrons harbored gene encoding domains unfunction protein (duf) in one S. enterica serovar Typhimurium isolate. This study spotlights the significant role of the drug–resistance genes and Class 1 integrons in Salmonella as zoonotically important pathogens of public health importance.Key words: poultry; Salmonella; drug- resistance genes; integrons gene cassettes

MYCOLOGICAL EXAMINATION OF FISH FEED STUFF WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO MYCOTOXIN PRODUCTION

Mycotoxin contamination is considered as one of the most economic problems for livestock and feed industries. A total of thirty fish feedstuffs were collected for isolation and identification of fungi from fish farms in Kafr El Sheikh Governorate, Egypt. Five fungal genera were isolated from all examined feedstuffs. The most frequent isolated fungi was Aspergillus spp. (86.66%) followed by Penicillium spp. (23.33%), and Fusariam spp. (10%), Mucor spp. (6.66%) then Rhizopus spp. (3.33%). Aspergillus niger was the most prevailing genus (43.33%) followed by Aspergillus flavus ((30%), and Aspergillus fumigatus (6.66%), Aspergillus versicolor (3.33%) then Aspergillus terrus (3.33%). Aspergillus ochraceus was not found despite the presence of ochratoxin A (OTA) in low concentrations. Some mycotoxins were produced by more than one fungal species. Mycotoxins determination using HPLC revealed that 23.33% (7/30) of examined fish feed samples were positive, while 23 samples (76.66%) were mycotoxins free. In positive samples of mycotoxins, aflatoxins (AF) and OTA represented 23.33%, 10%, respectively. The estimated carcinogenic aflatoxins were AFB1, AFB2, AFG1 with a percentage of 23.33%, 13.34%, 6.67%, respectively, but AFG2 was not found. About 42.86% of the AFs producing fish feeds was higher than the permissible limit of aflatoxins (permissible limit is 20 ppb). The aflatoxigenic ability of the recovered nine A. flavus referred to 6 out of 9 (66.67%) were aflatoxin producers. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was carried out using the norsolonic acid reductase (nor), versicolorin A (ver-1) and O-methylsterigmatocystin (omtA) as aflatoxin producing genes of the isolated A. flavus strains. From the AF producing A. flavus, 50% was above the permissible limit. Therefore, the high contamination of fish feedstuffs with fungi, AFB1 andlow OTA in fish farms indicated potential risks to fish liveliness, derived products and the health of fish consumers. Key words: fish feedstuff; fungi; aflatoxins; ochratoxin A

Knowledge of farmers with some organic farming techniques in Kafr El Sheikh governorate

The main objective of this study was to identify the knowledge of the farmers in organic farming techniques.The most important results were that 77% of the respondents were low or medium. About 8% of respondents with knowledge of these characteristics and precautions were low and medium knowledge, and that about 2% of the respondents had no knowledge of the advantages and precautions of the use of compost, and that 1.5% of the respondents And about 33% of the respondents did not have any knowledge of the advantages and precautions of the use of compost, and that about 5% of the respondents who had knowledge of these advantages and precautions were low and the average knowledge, and that about 6% of the respondents And about 53% of the respondents had no knowledge of the advantages and precautions of the use of green manure, and that about 47% of the respondents who had knowledge of these advantages and precautions were low or medium And about 5% of the respondents had no knowledge of the advantages and precautions of the use of biological control. About 12% of the respondents who had knowledge of these characteristics and precautions were low and the average knowledge, and that about 58% of the respondents had no knowledge of the advantages and precautions of nutrient use The results indicate that the independent variables combined account for 19.5% of the variation in the knowledge of the farmers concerned with organic farming techniques based on the value of R2.

Farmers' Implementation of Integrated Control Methods of Weeds In Rice Yield at Kafr El-Sheikh Governorate

This research aimed to identify level of farmers implementation of integrated control of weeds in rice yield. The research was conducted in kafr el sheikh governorate considered one of the main governorates of rice yield. It was selected ralandomly three districts (Alreyad, El hamoul, Sidi salem). By the same criterion it was selected three villages from each district. they were (Almothales, El halafy, El handsaa) it was selected systemic random sample amounted to 10% from the farmers of the three villages. so the sample size amount to 208 respondents. The most important results were as follow : 85% of respondents. were low and medium level implementation of integrated control of weeds in rice yield. it was found 6 independent variables explain 33.4% of the variation in the degree implementation of integrated control of weeds in rice yield. Namely: Exposure to information sources degree. Average productivity. Education degree. years of experience in integrated control. Number of family members working in agricultural. Agricultural tenure. It shows that many reasons facing farmers to implementation integrated control of weeds in rice yield: Lack of guidance available on integrated control. High costs of pest control. Lack of efficiency of pesticides.Lack of specialized in the field of integrated control of weeds. Weed prevalence.

Evaluation of Egg Based Products Through Egyptian Regulation

The purpose of this study was to determine chemical, spoilage marker and microbiological quality of egg based products including (mayonnaise and salad dressing). Therefore, Ninety samples of mayonnaise and twenty-five samples of salad dressing were collected randomly from supermarkets and restaurants at local market in El-Behera, kafr El-sheikh and Alexandria Governorates. The obtained results revealed that mean value of pH and acid values in examined mayonnaise and salad dressing were 3.18±0.16 &4.76±0.13 and 6.23±2.03 &3.12±0.9, respectively. On the other hand, mean values of spoilage markers (TBA and TVN) in examined mayonnaise and salad dressing samples were 0.61±0.33 &0.44±0.11 malonaldehyde (mg/kg) and 11.49±7.34 &7.19±2.62 mg/100 g, respectively. Regarding to microbiological evaluation of both mayonnaise and salad dressing samples were determined and comparing with Egyptian regulation. In addition, Salmonella failed to be detected in all examined samples of mayonnasie and salad dressing. The results indicate that egg based products (mayonnaise and salads dressing) may contain pathogenic bacteria and thereby represent a risk to the consumers concerning foodborne diseases. Thus, it is essential to include the effective hygiene practices as an important safety measure in the production of mayonnaise- based salads.

Life cycle of Isospora vittati n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) infecting the bridled skink Trachylepis (Syn. Mabuya) vittata (Reptilia: Scincidae) in Egypt with checklist of Isospora spp. infecting the Egyptian reptilian fauna

Abstract The developmental stages of a new Isospora species, I. vittati, were described from the bridled skink Trachylepis vittata for the first time in Egypt. Fifty four skinks were collected in April and May 2019 from Baltim, Kafr El Sheikh Governorate, Egypt and examined for the presence of Coccidia. The prevalence recorded as 24.1% and it was higher in males than females. Oocysts were shed unsporulated, in early stages of sporulation and rarely sporulated. Events of sporulation and sporulation time were described. The sporulated oocysts, limited by bilayered wall, were spherical to subspherical measuring 21-25.6 x 19.2-23.4 μm. No micropyle, polar granule or oocyst residuum was noticed. The sporocysts were ovoid to ellipsoidal measuring 13.2-15 x 8.5-9.5 μm. Stieda, substieda bodies and sporocyst residuum were present. Experimental infection by sporulated oocysts was carried out and the developmental endogenous stages (merogony and gamogony) were followed up and described. The prepatent and patent periods were 6 and 4 days, respectively. Endogenous stages took place in the lamina propria and enterocytes of small intestine of the experimentally infected skinks. One generation merogony was occurred at 24-72 h p.i. The mature meronts measured 5.5- 18.8 x 5.4-17.3 μm and yielded up to 28 merozoites. Gamogony occurred at 84-96 h p.i. The mature microgamonts measured 11.1-12.6 x 8.4-11.2 μm and contained 16-40 small nuclei while the mature macrogamonts measured 15.2-18.2 x 14.8-16.4 μm and contained a large central nucleus and the two types of wall-forming bodies. Newly-formed zygotes or young oocysts were seen at 120 h p.i. measuring 16.8-20.2 x 14.2-17.8 μm. In addition, the checklist of Isospora spp. infecting the Egyptian reptiles, including the present species, was provided.

Aspergilli and aflatoxin B in finished feed for farmed Nile tilapia

In aquaculture, Aflatoxins are the most recorded between all mycotoxins. It seems to be particularly prone to deposition in several fish tissues representing a risk for human consumption. Aspergillus flavus is the major producer of aflatoxin that commonly contaminates food and feed all over the world. A total of 57 finished fish feed samples were collected from feed factories in Cairo, Dakahlia and Kafr El Sheikh governorates, Egypt. Twenty nine fungal isolates belonging to four species were recovered from the collected feedstock. A. flavus was the most frequently isolated species (29.82%) compared with the other fungal species which include: A. parasiticus (12.28%), F. oxysporum (7.01%) and F. sporotrichioides (1.75%).Mycotoxin profile was determined using high performance liquid chromatography, Aflatoxins were detected in the culture filtrate of only 4 isolates of A. flavus out of the 17 examined these four isolates were deposited under the strain codes: AUMC 13909, AUMC 13910, AUMC 13911 and AUMC 13917. A. flavus strain AUMC13917 can produce both aflatoxins B1 (1.016 µg /L) and B2 (0.314 µg /L). while, the remaining three isolates AUMC13909, AUMC 13910 & AUMC 13911 were able to produce only aflatoxin B1 (8.082 µg/L, 1.617 µg/L & 0.141µg/L, respectively). Naturally occurring aflatoxin B1 was also detected in 4 samples of fish feed and a single sample was contaminated with aflatoxin B2. Aflatoxin B1 was the prevalent mycotoxin within the collected feed samples, which is the most toxic aflatoxin chemotype. Yield of this aflatoxin differed between A. flavus strains and concentrations ranged from 0.106 to 11.546 mg/kg. The levels of aflatoxin detected in this study point to possible potential risks to fish health, performance and to aquaculture future investment.

Virulence Genes and Antibiotic Resistance Of Escherichia coli Isolates From Dead-In Shell Chicken Embryos

A study on isolated Escherichia coli from dead in shell chicken embryos was aimed to detect the incidence of three virulence genes and the antibiotic resistance pattern of isolated samples. Eighty dead in shell chicken embryos were obtained from three different Balady hatcheries in Kafr El Sheikh Governorate, Egypt were subjected to microbiological analysis for detection of Escherichia coli infection. The percentage of positive samples were 7.5%. According to sensitivity test Gentamycin was the most proper antibiotics with the highest efficiency against the isolated Escherichia coli in vitro. The isolates of Escherichia coli obtained by detective enriched and plating were screaned for PCR using pho-A gene as a general marker for Escherichia coli and the presence of 3 virulence-associated genes, including iss , tsh and eae A by direct PCR on the enrichment broth lysate, results revealed that all isolates had the pho A, tsh and iss virulence genes , meanwhile, eae A virulence gene was not detected in any isolate . It is concluded that the presence of iss and tsh genes increase the virulence of E. coli and the usage of antibacterial agent must be used under control and according to sensitivity test.

Rural women knowledge of the extension recommendations for the prevention of dairy cattle from some infectious diseases in Kafr El Sheikh Governorate

The aim of this study was to investigate the knowledge of rural women by the agricultural extension recommendations for the prevention of dairy cattle in some villages of Kafr El-Sheikh Governorate from some infectious diseases i.e., foot and mouth disease, lumpy skin disease, mastitis, and contagious abortion (brucellosis). Three villages i.e., Al Abasia (99 respondents), Kafr Magar (65 respondents), and Kom Al Hajana (50 respondents) from Kafr El-Sheikh governorate were selected based on the number of dairy cattle breeders to carry out the study. The personal questionnaire sheets were used to collect the field data. Different statistical methods were used to present the significantly differences between the mean scores of the respondents. Our results conclude that about 51 % of the total respondents have been characterized by a low level of total knowledge by the technical recommendation for the prevention of the dairy cattle from the foot and mouth disease. About 56 % of the total respondents have been characterized by a medium level of total knowledge by the technical recommendation for the prevention of the dairy cattle from the mastitis disease. About 44 % of the total respondents have been characterized by a medium level of total knowledge by the technical recommendation for the prevention of the dairy cattle from the lumpy skin disease. About 54 % of the total respondents have been characterized by a medium level of total knowledge by the technical recommendation for the prevention of the dairy cattle from the contagious abortion (brucellosis) disease.

Evolution of Crop Water Productivity in the Nile Delta over Three Decades (1985–2015)

Estimating crop water productivity (CWP) for spatially variable climatic conditions in Egypt is important for the redistribution of crop planting to optimize production per unit of water consumed. The current paper aims to estimate maximum CWP trends under conditions of the Northern Nile Delta over three decades to choose crops that exhibit a higher productivity per unit of water and positive trends in the CWP. The Kafr El Sheikh Governorate was selected to represent the Northern Nile Delta Region, and mean monthly weather data for the period of 1985 to 2015 were collected to calculate standardized reference evapotranspiration and crop water use for a wide array of crops grown in the region using the CROPWAT8.0 model. The CWP was then calculated by dividing crop yield by seasonal water consumption. The CWP data range from 0.69 to 13.79 kg·m−3 for winter field crops, 3.40 to 10.69 kg·m−3 for winter vegetables, 0.29 to 6.04 kg·m−3 for summer field crops, 2.38 to 7.65 kg·m−3 for summer vegetables, 1.00 to 5.38 kg·m−3 for nili season crops (short-season post summer), and 0.66 to 3.35 kg·m−3 for orchards. The crops with the highest CWP values (kg·m−3) over three decades in descending order are: sugar beet (13.79), potato (w2) (10.69), tomato (w) (10.58), eggplant (w) (10.05), potato (w1) (9.98), cucumber (w) (9.81), and cabbage (w) (9.59). There was an increase in CWP of 41% from the first to the second and 22% from the second to the third decade. The CWP increase is attributed to a small decrease in water consumption and to a considerable increase in crop yield. The yield increases are attributed mainly to the planting of higher yielding varieties and/or the application of better agronomic practices.

COMPARISON BETWEEN SOME PROPOLIS PHENOLIC COMPONENTS IN EGYPT

propolis samples of different regions in Egypt, added to commercial Chinese propolis were tested to determine their phenolic compounds present in each using HPLC analysis and through Ethanolic and water extract methods. The results obtained revealed presence 12 phenolic compounds in the tested samples on more distributed between them with different concentration and per cent. The ellagic acid recorded the highest percentage in the propolis Kfer- Elsheikh governorate (80%) followed by Qalubiasame collected from Kafer (60%), respectively. While with commercial Chinese it not recorded at all, and considers the very poor phenolic compounds, as well as it characterized by the presence a higher per cent of cinnamic acid. The water propolis extract of old bee wax combs reveals presence a little amount of twelve phenolic compounds, the highest of them was benzoic acid (60%).

Survey and Population Density of Thrips, Frankliniella Occidentalis (Pergande) Infesting Some Vegetables Plant Flowers

Field trial was conducted during two successive seasons on 2015 and 2016 in Qalubiya and Kafer El Sheikh Governorates. This study aims to survey of WFT Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) infesting flowers of some vegetables flowers, effect of population density of WFT F. occidentalis infesting flowers on some different vegetables and effect of some ecological factors on population density of WFT F. occidentalis infesting flowers of some different of vegetables. The survey showed that thrips F. occidentalis recorded on nine important flowers of vegetables. Eggplant flowers and pepper flowers were the most superior flowers vegetable in high infestation during two successive seasons 2016&2017 at the two locations. The general weekly mean number of the F. occidentaliswas higher abundant at Kafr El Sheikh Governorate than these recorded in Qalubiya Governorate throughout two successive seasons 2016 and 2017 at vegetable crops. Maximum, Minimum temperature and the relative humidity were showed insignificant negative effect during the two successive seasons 2016&2017 at vegetables crops.

Influence of The Different Onion Varieties on the Population Density of the Main Insect Pests Infesting Onion Crop in Kafr El-Shekh Region.

The current experiments were carried out in the Research Farm of the Agricultural Research Station in Sakha, Kafr El Sheikh Governorate, where three main onion varieties (Giza 6, Giza 20 and Giza Red) were cultivated, during 2013/14 and 2014/15 seasons, to study the influence of different onion varieties on the population density of the most important insect pests. The highest populations of all investigated insects were recorded on variety Giza 6 followed by Giza 20 and Giza Red during the two-successive season. This study showed that the highest average numbers of the onion thrips Thrips tabaci Lind. on Giza 6 were 316.6 ± 36.6 and 286.4± 34.1 nymphs during the first and second season, respectively. The highest average number of the onion aphid Aphis gossypii Glov was also recorded on Giza 6 and represented by 1124 ± 22.4 and 1061± 18.7 individuals, during the first and second season, respectively. The highest average numbers of the Onion maggot Dalia allairia Fonseca was also recorded on Giza 6 and represented by 37.7 ±7.6 and 41.3 ±8.5 during the first and secon season, respectively. The onion varieties showed significant differences in their attraction to T. tabaci and A. gossypii, but not for D.allairia. For the Integrated Pest Management strategy for onion crop, Giza 6 has to be excluded from the approach of crop breeders and farmers due to its higher susceptibility for infestation.

EFFECT OF NITROGEN AND PHOSPHOROUS FERTILIZATION ON SOME WHEAT CULTIVARS PRODUCTIVITY

Two field experiments were carried out at Sidi Salem Directorate, Kafr El–Sheikh Governorate, Egypt, during the two successive winter seasons of 2011/2012 and 2012/2013to study the effect of four nitrogen fertilization rates (0, 37.5, 75 and 112.5 kg N/fed) and three phosphorous fertilization rates (0, 15 and 30 kg P2O5/fed) on the growth characters, yield, its component and some chemical properties of three bread wheat cultivars (Gemmeiza 9, Sakha 93 and Giza 168).The experimental design was split split plot design in four replications. The obvious results of this investigation can be summarized as follows: All traits of wheat under study, i.e. No. of tillers/m2, No. of spike/m2, plant height, spike length, No. of kernels/spike, 1000-kernel weight, kernels weight/spike, straw yield/fed, grain yield/fed, biological yield/fed, harvest index, kernels nitrogen content (%) and grain protein yield/fed showed significantly increased by increasing nitrogen fertilizer rates, except kernels phosphorous content (%). Application of 112.5 kg N /fed significantly gave the maximum values of all traits. Increasing phosphorous fertilizer rates up to 30 Kg P2O5/fed significantly increased No. of tillers/m2, No. of spike/m2, plant height, spike length, straw yield/fed, grain yield/fed, biological yield/fed and kernels phosphorous content (%) in the two seasons. While, No. of kernels/spike, 1000-kernel weight, kernels weight/spike, harvest index, kernels nitrogen content % and grain protein yield/fed were not affected by increasing phosphorous fertilizer rates. The results showed that wheat cultivars were significantly differed in all traits studied under study in the both seasons, except biological yield kg/fed, kernels nitrogen content (%) and kernels phosphorous content (%). Gemmeiza 9 cultivar significantly surpassed Sakha 93 and Giza 168 cultivars in plant height, spike length, 1000-kernel weight, kernels weight/spike, grain yield/fed, harvest index and kernels protein yield/fed in the both seasons, while, Sakha 93 recorded the highest values of No. of kernels/spike. Morever, Giza 168 surpassed the other two cultivars in No. of tillers/m2, No. of spike/m2 and straw yield/fed. The first order interactions between (112.5 kg N/fed X 30 Kg P2O5/fed), (112.5 kg N/fed X Gemmeiza 9) and (30 Kg P2O5/fed X Gemmeiza 9) as well as the second order interaction between 112.5 kg N/fed X 30 Kg P2O5/fed X Gemmeiza 9 were significantly recorded the greatest grain yield/fed as compared with the others interactions in the both seasons. It could be summarized that sown wheat Gemmeiza 9 cultivar and fertilization by 30 Kg P2O5 + 112.5 kg N/fed maximized grain yield per unit area.

Egyptian Cotton and the Future of Cultivation: Case Study in Kafr El Sheikh Governorate

Egyptian Cotton and the Future of Cultivation: Case Study in Kafr El Sheikh Governorate

Isolation and Molecular Characterization of Some Bacteria Implicated in the Seasonal Summer Mortalities of Farm-raised Oreochromis niloticus at Kafr El-Sheikh and Dakahlia Governorates

In the last years, there were some bacterial outbreaks occurred during the summer season of farm-raised Oreochromis niloticus at Kafr El-Sheikh and Dakahlia Governorates resulting in high fish mortalities and severe economic losses in these farms. So, this study aimed to detect the causes of the summer fish mortalities in these governorates to facilitate the diagnosis methods of study pathogens. Thirty fish farms were surveyed (20 in Kafr El-Sheikh and 10 in Dakahlia). 150 examined diseased fish (five from each farm) were succumbed for bacteriological isolation and biochemical and molecular identification. LD50 experiments were done to detect the infectivity and pathogenicity of some strains of bacterial isolates. The obtained results cleared that O. niloticus summer mortalities were caused by mixed infections with different bacterial species. The isolated bacterial species were 9 types of bacteria; 7 gram negative bacteria; 78 (30.5%) Aeromonas hydrophila, 52 (20.3%) Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 40 (15.6%) Vibrio anguillarum, 20 (7.8%) Edwardsiella tarda, 12 (4.7%) Edwardsiella ictulari, 10 (3.9%) Pseudomonas fluorescens, 7 (2.7%) Flavobacterium columnare and 2 gram positive bacteria; 30 (11.7%) Streptococcus agalactia and 7 (2.8) Enterococcus feacalis which were the most prevalent bacteria affecting fish farms and implicated in the O. niloticus seasonal summer mortalities and LD50 experiments confirmed the pathogenicity of some isolated bacteria. From the obtained results, it could be concluded that, the main cause of summer fish mortalities in studied farms was 81.82% gram negative bacteria and 18.18% was gram positive bacteria.

Performance of certain herbicides under two sources of nitrogen fertilization on broomrape growth and cabbage crop.

Two experiments were conducted on cabbage at the wire – house in Weed Research Section, at Sakha Agricultural Research Station, Kafr - El-Sheikh Governorate during 2009/10 and 2010/11 seasons. The objective of the present study was to investigate, the efficacy of some herbicides on controlling broomrape as parasite weed under two sources of mineral nitrogen fertilization (ammonium sulfate and ammonium nitrate). The cabbage cultivar, Brunzwick, was used. Broomrape control treatments were Bendimethalin at 750 ga.i./fed., incorporation in soil, Glyphosate at 36 g/a.i/fed., Imazapic at 20 g/a.i/fed. twice, hand pulling twice, and weedy check. Results indicated that ammonium sulfate decreased number and weight of broomrape spikes/m², spikes length and number of capsules/spikes, during 2009/10 and 2010/11 seasons, but increased cabbage yield (7.3 and 6.4%), as compared with ammonium nitrate during both seasons. Results also showed that all broomrape control treatments exerted significant efficiency in controlling broomrape: Imazapic twice, gave the best broomrape control and the highest increase in cabbage yield and quality , followed by Glyphosate, and hand pulling, twice. Thus, the herbicides Imazapic and Glyphosate decreased number and weight of broomrape spikes/m2, spikes length and number of capsules/spike. Also, all tested herbicides gave the highest significant increase in the head quality characters in cabbage. The best treatments for increasing the number and weight of edible leaves were Glyphosate, Imazapic and hand pulling, twice; the highest head quality was obtained by Glyphosate and Imazapic; while the highest increase in head characteristics was observed by the hand pulling, twice, Glyphosate and imazapic treatments. Yield increases were estimated by 85.7, 73.1 and 62.1%, respectively in first season and by 65.4, 83.8 and 49.1%, in second one, respectively from Glyphosate, Imazapic and hand pulling, twice Glyphosate, Imazapic and hand pulling twice as compared with weedy check. Thus, these herbicides treatments can replace hand pulling for controlling broomrape weed in cabbage crop.

Performance of Some Hybrid Rice Combinations Under Different Irrigation Intervals and Sowing Dates

Two field experiments were conducted at the farm of Sakha Agricultural Research Station – Sakha, Kafr- El sheikh governorate, Egypt during 2014 and 2015 seasons to study the performance of some hybrid rice combinations to different dates of sowing and various irrigation intervals. Three hybrid rice combinations, namely; SK-2034H (H1), SK-2046H (H2) and SK-2151H (H3) were used under three dates of sowing (May, 1, May, 15 and May, 30) with three irrigation intervals i.e. every 4 days, every 8 days and every 12 days. A split-split plot design with four replications was used. The three dates of sowing were allocated in the main plots and the three irrigation intervals were devoted in sub-plots, while sub- sub were received the three varieties. The studied characters were light penetrations, leaf area index (LAI), chlorophyll content, crop growth rate, plant height, root depth, number of panicles /m2, 1000-grain weight, panicle length, number of spikelets / m2 *1000, spikelets-leaf area ratio, number of grains/ panicle, grain yield (t/ha) and straw yield (t/ha). The main results indicated that May first followed by May,15 caused an increase in all the previous characters except light penetration and plant height at maximum tillering and late booting. As for irrigation intervals, either irrigation every 4 days or every 8 days were the best for all the studied characters except light penetration and rood depth which reached to the maximum value under irrigation every 12 days. Results also revealed that the hybrid SK-2034 H (H1) surpassed the other two studied hybrids in most of the studied characters and produced the greatest grain yield moreover saved reasonable amount of irrigation water (984,3 m3/ha ) under 8 days intervals. So it can be concluded that cultivate the hybrid SK-2034 H (H1) hybrid through the first two weeks of May and irrigate it every 8 days intervals was the best combination to get higher yield and save of irrigation water without significant reduction in the yield.