El-Rahawy Drain Research Articles

Biophysical, histological, and bioaccumulation properties of Tilapia muscle affected by water pollution with heavy elements and microbes at the El-Rahawy drain in Egypt

The leakage of sewage and agricultural drains has led to the contamination of freshwater branches with toxic heavy elements. This raises concerns about their toxic effects on aquatic ecosystems, especially on fish. Tilapia is regarded as an important protein source in Egypt and many other countries. The biophysical, nutritional, and histological aspects of water pollution in the El-Rahawy and Al-Qatta locations of the Nile on Nilotic tilapia muscle were evaluated by assessing the level of contamination of Nilotic tilapia fish. The current study showed that water of the Rosetta branch water was polluted with a very high level at El-Rahawy Drain discharge (RD) location, and with a high level at Al-Qatta (Q) location, while El-Rahawy (R) location was polluted with a lower level. The study traced the pollution effects on Tilapia (Nilotic) muscles in the previous locations. Bioaccumulation factor (BAF) showed a high value of all heavy metals in Tilapia muscle at the Q and R locations. Contrary to what was expected, discharge (RD) location contamination caused BAF increment of heavy metals in Tilapia muscles at upstream R location. All these results were compared with measured dielectric parameters of Tilapia muscle samples in the frequency range (0.02–1000) kHz. There was an increase in conductivity (σac), dielectric constant (ε′), dielectric loss (ε″), penetration depth (dp), and dissipated power (PD) values of Tilapia muscle, with increasing pollution level. The values of permittivity at low and high frequencies (ε′s & ε′∞) for Tilapia muscle decreased by increasing pollution. Finally, the variation of these parameters, based on that proportionality relationship, can be considered as a physical indicator for fish contamination affected by their environment pollution, although these parameters need further studies in a controlled (qualitatively and quantitatively) polluted media.

Impact of Irrigation with Wastewater on Accumulation of Heavy Metals in Phaseolus vulgaris L. and Its Remediation

This study investigates the effects of Spirulina platensis, Chlorella vulgaris, leaves powder of Salix alba, and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid treatments on the biochemical and yield traits of Phaseolus plants grown under wastewater irrigation. In addition, to assess the uptake and accumulation of heavy metals into the edible plant part. Water samples were obtained from each irrigation source (fresh tap water and untreated wastewater collected from El-Rahawy drain, Giza, Egypt); the plants were treated with our treatments (3 g per kg soil) at the beginning of the experiment (mixed fully into the soil). The results observed that the irrigation of Phaseolus plants with wastewater markedly stimulated the free proline contents, total phenols, superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, lipid peroxidation, and abscisic acid throughout the two growth stages. Indole acetic acid, gibberellic acid, yield parameters, total soluble carbohydrate, and protein in seeds were significantly reduced. The concentrations of nickel (Ni), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and cobalt (Co) in Phaseolus seeds were significantly increased beyond recommended limits set by international organizations. However, our treatments significantly reduced the contents of Ni, Cd, Pb, and Co in seeds; free proline; total phenols; superoxide dismutase; catalase; peroxidase; polyphenol oxidase; lipid peroxidation; and abscisic acid in Phaseolus plants. Moreover, indole acetic acid, gibberellic acid, all yield traits, and seed components were enhanced. This study concluded that Spirulina platensis and salix leaves powder being economically and environmentally friendly can be considered an efficient strategy to mitigate the harmful effects of wastewater on plants.

Potential carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health risks of heavy metals ingestion from consumption of the crayfish, Procambarus clarkii in El-Rahawy Drain and El-Kanater in the River Nile, Egypt

Potential carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health risks of heavy metals ingestion from consumption of the crayfish, Procambarus clarkii in El-Rahawy Drain and El-Kanater in the River Nile, Egypt

Biochemical, Histopathological, and Genetic Impacts of River Nile Pollutants on the Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

Water pollution is one of the most principal environmental and public health problems in the River Nile. In the present study, aims were directed to evaluate the biochemical, histopathological, and genetic effects of El- Rahawy Drain pollutants on the Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Hence, during the summer of 2018 and winter 2019, fish samples were collected from two locations (upstream and downstream) of El-Rahawy drain in the River Nile at the Rosetta Branch. Biochemical studies (Total Protein, Albumin, Globulin, A/G, total lipids, Cholesterol, AST, and ALT) were carried out for the specimens and important results were revealed. Compared with the fish caught from the upstream, a deterioration was detected in the health status of the downstream- fish; displaying more extreme histopathological and molecular variations. Using SSR (simple sequence repeats) to detect the molecular effects of water pollutants on O. niloticus, molecular markers indicated genetic differences in fish samples from the same sex in the different studied locations. Consequently, to prevent disease outbreaks and aquatic ecosystem disturbances, the Rosetta Branch is recommended to have an intensive water-quality monitoring program, and wastewater treatment as well.

Water quality mathematical modelling for drainage water in rural communities

The research's main objective is to study water quality management techniques using different scenarios by applying three mathematical models. The study focuses on the Rosetta Branch-River Nile, which is considered the supreme contaminated Branch of river Nile. The study is composed of three main parts. First: Water quality modeling using WASP 6 was adopted to simulate the water quality status. This model was calibrated and used to simulate different scenarios presenting an alternative solution for the water quality problem in Rosetta Branch. They also optimized water quality indicators using the genetic algorithm to determine the optimum techniques essential to eliminating the Rosetta branch's water quality problem. Second: Mathematical Modeling Using the SOBEK model, measure the environmental effect of wastewater discharges on the water quality of the Rosetta branch, taking into account seasonal variations. Third: statistical analyses to research the association between discharge and concentration of ammonia using simple regression equations. The study is focused on theoretical and applied scientific Methodology. It concluded that increased discharge in the Branch does not significantly affect water quality in the Branch. However, the treatment processes appear to have a large and significant impact on the water quality instead of increasing discharge solution. There is an inverse relationship between the discharge in Rosetta Branch and ammonia concentrations. All relationships have a correlation coefficient of, on average of about 0.7. The paramount water quality challenging in the Branch is cumulative of ammonia and Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) overhead guidelines. Moreover, improving water quality for point source effluents, particularly at El Rahawy drain, improves the Rosetta branch's water quality.

Bioaugmentation and advanced oxidation process for organic and inorganic pollutants removal and pathogenic bacteria inactivation,s for El-Rahawy Drain, Egypt

River Nile (Rossita Branch) receives massive quantities of untreated or inadquite municipal wastewater, industrial and agricultural wastewater through El-Rahawy drain. Consequently, the objective of the present study was to design a system depending on biological treatment followed by Fenton reaction for treatment of El-Rahawy drain wastewater. The physicochemical and bacteriological parameters were estimated for El Rahawy drain wastewater and treated effluent of the drainage wastewater. The samples were collected after 24h and after the fourth day of the treatment. The bioaugmented bacterial consortium that used to enhance the biological treatment was nonpathogenic and eco-friendly, and the inoculated dose was 10 gm/m3/day. The removal efficiency of TDS reached 58.9% and 68.6 % by biological treatment after 24 h and 4 days. While the removal % of TDS reached 75.9% after 24 h of Fenton treatment, and this efficiency removal declined to 66.6% on the fourth day of the treatment. The removal efficiency of COD reached 33.3 and 56.8% after 24 h and 4 days of the biological treatment. Whereas the removal % of COD reached to 80% after 24 h, and this removal % declined to 78.8% after 4 days of Fenton treatment. The physicochemical and bacteriological parameters were declined by the treatment time increase. It was found that, the bioaugmented bacterial strains are able to grow well and produce more biodegeding enzymes after 24 h. Moreover, the biological treatment followed by the Fenton reaction is the most suitable solution for El-Rahawy drain treatment

Quantitative Detection of Human Adenovirus and Human Rotavirus Group A in Wastewater and El-Rahawy Drainage Canal Influencing River Nile in the North of Giza, Egypt.

Environmental monitoring is critical in a developing country like Egypt where there is an insufficient framework for recording and tracking outbreaks. In this study, the prevalence of human adenovirus (HAdV), rotavirus group A (RVA) was determined in urban sewage, activated sludge, drainage water, drainage sediment, Nile water, and Nile sediment, using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) analysis. HAdV was detected in 50% of urban sewage with viral concentrations ranging from 103 to 107 genome copies/liter (GC/L), 33% of activated sludge with viral concentrations ranging from 103 to 107 GC/kilogram (GC/kg), 95% of drainage water with viral concentrations ranging from 103 to 107 GC/L, 75% of drainage sediment with viral concentrations ranging from 103 to 107 GC/L, 50% of Nile water with viral concentrations ranging from 103 to 107 GC/L, and 45% of Nile sediment with viral concentrations ranging from 103 to 107 GC/kg. RVA was detected in 50% of urban sewage with viral concentrations ranging from 103 to 107 GC/L, 75% of activated sludge with viral concentrations ranging from 103 to 107 GC/L, 58% of drainage water with viral concentrations ranging from 103 to 107 GC/L, 50% of drainage sediment with viral concentrations ranging from 103 to 107 GC/L, and 45% of Nile water with viral concentrations ranging from 103 to 107 GC/kg. In conclusion, Abu-Rawash WWTP acts as a source of HAdV and RVA, releasing them into El-Rahawy drain then to the River Nile Rosetta branch.

Impact of the water quality of El-Rahawy Drain on some g enetic and histopathological aspects of Oreochromis niloticus

The present study aims to evaluate the water quality of two locations in Rosetta Branch of River Nile and its histopathological and genetic adverse effects on Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Water and fish samples were collected from up and downstream of El-Rahawy Drain discharge point (location I and II, respectively) during the summer and winter seasons. The water quality, liver histopathology and DNA alteration of fish was examined. ISSR-PCR technique was used to assess the genetic variation of fish samples from these locations. The water quality parameters ( BOD, COD,……)were increased at location II compared with location I in addition to depletion in dissolved oxygen. Moreover, the fish samples collected from location II showed severe histological and molecular alterations than those collected from location I. It is recommended that the government must increase the awareness of people around the River Nile, and improve the environmental management to reduce the risks of polluted water and consuming the fish exposed to this water on human health.

Impact of heavy metals on Oreochromis niloticus fish and using Electrophoresis as Bio-indicator for environmental pollution of Rosetta branch, River Nile, Egypt

In the present work, samples of water and fish were collected seasonally from the river Nile at El- Qanater El- Khyria as non-polluted site and from downstream of El-Rahawy drain (El-Qatta) as a polluted drain during the year 2016. The concentration of metals (Fe, Zn, Cu, Pb, Mn and Cd) in water and their accumulations in fish muscles were measured. Electrophoresis pattern of Oreochromis niloticus including: protein pattern, calcium pattern and β -esterase were detected. There were increases in heavy metals concentrations and their accumulations in muscles of O. niloticus inhabiting the water of El-Qatta station. In the present study, results revealed increased concentrations of studied metals in water and fish samples mainly during the winter season. Accumulations of the heavy metals were in the following order: Fe> Zn> Mn> Pb> Cu> Cd. The values of Fe, Cu, Pb, Mn, Zn and Cd were higher than the permissible limits in water, while Fe, Pb and Zn exceeded the permissible limits in fish muscles, especially those of El-Qatta station. Results of electrophoretic protein pattern showed similarities in arrangement of the bands in liver and muscles tissues in fishes taken from both locations (A and B), with a difference arrived to 45.4% in the liver and 48.1% in the muscle. While, electrophoretic calcium pattern showed a significant difference arrived to 66.1% in the liver and 61.6% in the muscle, the electrophoretic β -esterase showed a significant difference arrived to 74.5% in the liver and 70.0% in the muscle. The bioaccumulation factor in winter was higher than that in summer. The Hazard Index (HI) and Hazard Quotient (HQ) values were below the acceptable limits (HQ and HI < 1), which indicate that the metals in O. niloticus at El- Qanater El-Khyria (0.4873), do not have any human health risk concern, while Hazard Indices (HI) for the analyzed heavy metals were higher than the acceptable limit (HI<1) at El-Qatta station (1.5869), though, the metals cumulative risk impacts gave an alarming sign particularly at high fish consumption rates.

Histological and Histochemical Studies on the Liver of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromisniloticus) at Different localities of Delta Barrage, Egypt

The aquatic environment is particularly suffered from the various contaminants due to industry, urbanization and agriculture activities. The present study was carried out to study histological structural of liver in the freshwater fish, Oreochromisniloticus, which collected from different localities and exposed to different pollutants. Histological, histochemical, and Immunohistochemical alterations were examined in liver .Samples from El-Riah El-Menoufy and downstream of El-Rahawy area, indicated that, the Last one is more suffered from many histopathological changes than those collected from El-Qanater El-Khyria.As well as, a decrease in carbohydrates distribution, an elevation of different types of fiber and a strong caspase-3 expression are detected. The histopathological damages were related to the discharge of water loaded with sewage in El-Riah El-Menoufy and El-Rahawy drain, which consequently may affect fish and human health. The present study also investigated the concentrations of some heavy metals in river water (iron, copper, zinc and cadmium) and their effects on Nile Tilapia obtained from the same investigate sites. Accordingly, there is a necessity to treat the sewage effluents before discharging to the Rosetta branch.

MONITORING WATER INTAKES OF EL-GEDIA AND EDFINA DRINKING WATER PLANTS AS A RESULT OF ROSETTA BRANCH POLLUTION CASE STUDY EDKU-ROSETTA

River Nile is the most important and principal source of fresh water for Egyptians. Rosetta branch supplies fresh water for the governorates of Western Delta (Giza, Qaliubia, Menofia, Kafr El-Sheikh, Beheira and Alexandria). Rosetta branch receives organic, in-organic pollution and heavy metals through the discharge of municipal sewage and industrial effluents in Elrahawy drain water which is pumped to Rosetta branch. The aim of this work is to investigate pollution loads in Rosetta branch in the path (212-230km); a CaseStudy (Edku-Rosetta) with special reference to chemical parameters. Water samples were collected monthly during the period from June 2015 to May 2016. Samples from water intakes from Edfina and El-Gedia water drinking plant were collected. Results showed that COD and ammonia recorded 22.0-38.0 ppm and 2.5-4.0 ppm respectively. Also, total nitrogen varied from 5.1-7.1 ppm. The results were out of the permissible levels according to the Egyptian Ministry of Health and the International Standards. It can be concluded that Rosetta branch suffers from pollution loads that should be investigated periodically and controlled.

Environmental monitoring of Aichi virus and human bocavirus in samples from wastewater treatment plant, drain, and River Nile in Egypt.

Wastewater plays a major role in water pollution causing transmission of several viral pathogens, including Aichi virus (AiV) and human bocavirus (HBoV), associated with gastrointestinal illness in humans. In this study, we investigated the presence of AiV and HBoV in aquatic, sludge, sediment matrices collected from Abu-Rawash wastewater treatment plant (WWTP), El-Rahawy drain, Rosetta branch of the River Nile in Egypt by conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR). AiV RNA was detected in 16.6% (2/12), 8.3% (1/12), 8.3% (1/12), 22% (16/72), 12.5% (3/24), 4% (1/24), and 0/24 (0%) of untreated raw sewage, treated sewage, sewage sludge, drainage water, drain sediment, river water, and river sediment, respectively. On the other hand, HBoV DNA was detected in 41.6% (5/12), 25% (3/12), 16.6% (2/12), 48.6% (35/72), 29% (7/24), 3/24 (12.5%), 4% (1/24) of untreated raw sewage, treated raw sewage, sewage sludge, drainage water, drain sediment, river water, and river sediment, respectively. This study provides data on the presence of these viruses in various types of water samples that are valuable to environmental risk assessment. In addition, the current study demonstrates the importance of environmental monitoring as an additional tool to investigate the epidemiology of AiV and HBoV circulating in a given community.

ENVIRONMENTAL RISKS ASSESSMENT FOR SOILS AND PLANTS IRRIGATED FROM El-MARIOUTEYA AND EL-RAHAWY DRAIN

The objective of this study was to evaluate the environmental risks of water, soils, and plants from the El-Mariouteya Canal and El-Rahawy drain. To achieve this aim, pH and electrical conductivity EC in water and soils, as well as sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) in water; some micro elements and heavy metals were estimated in water; soils and plants. In addition to calculation of contamination factor (CF), degree of contamination (Cd), modified degree of contamination (mCd); pollution load index (PLI) and bio-accumulation factor of elements in plants. The obtained results indicated that the values of pH and (SAR) in the water were different from season to another season. (EC) values were very high and unsuitable for irrigation in summer season; while they were suitable for irrigation in winter season according to FAO. Regard to soil pH values tend to be normal, slightly and moderately alkaline and (EC) was ranged between non-saline to highly saline soils. However, boron, cadmium, cobalt, chromium, nickel and lead were within the safe limits. The total content of cadmium exceeded the safe limits in both seasons, but other elements were within the safe limits. The lowest concentration of iron, boron, cobalt and chromium was found in Wheat yield. Manganese and nickel were found in the fruits of Eggplant, zinc and copper were found in Cabbage. While the highest concentrations of iron, manganese, copper, cobalt, chromium and nickel were found in Okra. Zinc was found in Spinach and boron was found in Watercress. BCF indicates that the most plants have more than 1 and showed high concentrations of heavy metals. The values of (CF) were low for both zinc, boron and lead for all sites and medium for copper and cobalt at all sites and low to medium with both iron, manganese, chromium and nickel indicating that this contamination is related to human activities. Modified contamination degree (mCd) is moderate to high in some sites. The (PLI) is generally high (> 1) in all sites; exception one site. The (PLI) was low (<1) in some sites in winter season.

Environmental monitoring of astrovirus and norovirus in the Rosetta branch of the River Nile and the El-Rahawy drain, Egypt

AbstractSewage discharge is considered to be the primary source of viral contamination in aquatic environments. This study was conducted to evaluate the impact of El-Rahawy wastewater on the water quality of the Rosetta branch of the River Nile (Rosetta River Nile) through detection of astrovirus (AstV) and norovirus (NoV) in the water and sediments of both sites. For this purpose, we collected 72 wastewater and 12 sediment samples from El-Rahawy drain, and 12 river water and 12 sediment samples from Rosetta River Nile before and after mixing with El-Rahawy wastewater between April 2017 and March 2018. AstVs and NoVs were identified in wastewater (40.2% versus 25%), El-Rahawy sediment (41.6% versus 20.8%), river water after mixing with wastewater (25% versus 16.6%), river water before mixing with wastewater (8.3% versus 0%), river sediment after mixing with wastewater (16.6% versus 8.3%), and no viruses were found in river sediments before mixing with wastewater. AstV genogroup B and NoV genogroup GI were the most frequently detected genotypes in the analyzed samples, with a peak incidence in the winter months. Increasing detection rates of both viruses in El-Rahawy drain samples and river water taken from the Rosetta branch after receiving El-Rahawy wastewater reflect the impact of this drain on the water quality of this stretch of the River Nile.

PHYSICO-CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES IN OREOCHROMIS NILOTICUS FROM ROSETTA BRANCH OF THE RIVER NILE

The River Nile is the essence of life in Egypt, but during the last decades its water quality has been changed by several factors, as a result of anthropogenic activities. The western branch of the River Nile is Rosetta Branch receives different types of pollution. The main origins of most pollutants are El-Rahawy drain and industrial activities in Kafr El-Zayat city. Water samples were analysed for physico-chemical parameters and blood samples for biochemical parameters of the Nile Tilapia; Oreochromis niloticus , to investigate the responses of fish towards these different types of pollution. Samples were collected from three sites from Rosetta branch of the River Nile during summer 2014 and winter 2015. S2 and S3 recorded an increase in water electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), biological oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD), while dissolved oxygen (DO) and pH have been depleted. Nitrite, nitrates and ammonia levels also showed an elevation, especially in winter. Moreover, fundamental biochemical parameters such as; glucose, total protein, total lipid, albumin, cholesterol, triglycerides, kidney functions and liver functions in blood serum of O. niloticus recorded remarkable alterations, indicating stressful conditions, caused by the profound pollutants and poor water quality of water at these sites.

Assessment of Toxicity Induced by Different Domestic and Industrial Wastes in Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

The River Nile represents the principle freshwater resource. It represents the major source for the potable water which is susceptible to be polluted by different metals. Heavy metals are the most common pollutants in aquatic environment. The present study aimed to evaluate the adverse effect of heavy metals on in liver and kidney tissues of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) that were collected from El-Kanater El-Khayria and two discharge points (El-Rahawy drain and Kafr El-Zayat industrial area) at Rosetta branch, River Nile, Egypt. During the present study, it was found that concentration of Lead (Pb), Cadmium (Cd), Iron (Fe) and Zinc (Zn) elevated significantly (P<0.05) in livers of fishes living in Rahawy and Kafr El-Zayat with respect to liver of fishes living in water of kanater. No differences observed significantly in concentration of Nickle (Ni), Chromium (Cr), Cobalt (Co) and Copper (Cu). On the other hand, it was noticed that concentration of Pb, Cd, Ni, Fe and Zn increased significantly (P<0.05) in kidney of fishes living in Rahawy and Kafr El-Zayat with respect to kidney of fishes living in water of kanater. There were no significant differences in concentration of Co and Cu. Bioaccumulation of the various heavy metals in liver and kidney tissues of fishes caused different mutagenicity in the native protein and isoenzymes detected electrophoretically. These alterations were represented qualitatively by hiding of the normal bands or appearance of abnormal bands with different relative mobilities and quantities. Moreover, these abnormalities might occur quantitatively by changing quantities of the qualitatively normal bands. The study concluded that presence of the heavy metals with higher concentration could be toxic and affect fishers and other aquatic organisms and this is worrisome in view of the health implications for the population that need fish resources to cover the food requirements.

A DECISION SUPPORT TOOL TO REDUCE POLLUTION ALONG ROSETTA BRANCH

The main objective of this paper is to study the variation of some water quality variables along Rosetta Branch, to study the impact of drains discharging their wastes directly on the water quality of the branch and to define the optimum scenario requires overcoming the serious problem of the pollution in the branch. Water samples were collected from the branch as well as from the outfall of the drains during January 2011, August 2011, January 2016, August 2016, and March 2017 and analyzed for physicochemical parameters according the standard procedures. The Results indicated that, there is a degradation in water quality along the area located downstream El-Rahawy drain. This was reflected by low dissolved oxygen concentration that reaches to 0.07 mg/l. As well as, the BOD value was also recorded high values of 110 mg/l. These values were found 18 times higher than the allowable limits of law 48/year 1982 and its ministerial decree. It is worth to mention that, the area along Rosetta Branch comply with the permissible limits of the value of NH3 recommended by law 48 year 1982, except the area located downstream El-Rahawy and Sabal drains. Different scenarios are applied using Duflow model. The study concluded that, the water quality along Rosetta Branch has been significantly impacted with the drains especially El-Rahawy and Sabal, which consider the worst drains. The best scenario is the treatment of El-Rahawy drain with biological biofilm activated with aerator that improves the water quality along Rosetta Branch based on applying Duflow model.

IMPACT OF HEAVY METALS POLLUTION ON HISTOPATHOLOGICAL ALTERATIONS IN KIDNEY AND LIVER OF NILE TILAPIA (OREOCHROMIS NILOTICUS( INHABITING EL-RAHAWY DRAIN

This study was performed to evaluate agricultural and industrial wastes water with respect to the potentially some toxic metals on histopathological alterations in kidney and liver of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) from El-Rahawy drain at different seasons. Samples of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) were collected seasonally (12 fish / season) from each site. Fish total length and total weight were from 13.5 to 26.1 cm and from 50 to 315 g, respectively The present results indicated that, the heavy metals due to pollution, increased in tissue of fish caught from the drain. The distribution of heavy metals (Iron , Manganese , zinc , lead and copper) concentrations in water were estimated during four successive seasons were found to be , Fe (0.680 , 0.626 , 0.380 , 0.395 mg /L ) , Mn (0.214 , 0.173 , 0.112 , 0.214 mg /L) , Zn (0.138 , 0.120 , 0.107 , 0.108 ) , Pb ( 0.041 , 0.054 , 0.050 , 0.049 mg /L ) and Cu (0.006 , 0.010 , 0.009 , 0.007 mg /L ), respectively. It was found that, the heavy metals were accumulated in the studied fish muscle by various levels. The concen tration of the tested metals in fish muscle of (edible parts) followed a sequence of Fe > Zn > Mn>Cu> Pb. Also, the results showed that, elevation in studied heavy metals concentrations caused histological alterations in collected fish. These alterations including: hemorhage, degeneration, hemosiderin and oedema in hematopiotic tissue, also observed necrosis in renal tubule and glomerulus of the kidney while showed marked histopathological changes in the liver of studied fish revealed hemolysis and hemosiderin in blood vessel. It was concluded that, agricultural, industrial and domestic wastes histopathological alterations were observed in the kidney and liver of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) collected from El-Rahawy drain.

MAPPING OF QUALITY INDEX AND POLLUTION RISK ALONG ROSETTA BRANCH USING GIS TECHNIQUES

Water quality of Rosetta Branch may be changed by several factors in the last decades as a result of anthropogenic activities. So, it’s important to study water class along Rosetta Branch. This research focused on assessment surface water quality along Rosetta Branch using Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment Water Quality Index (CCME-WQI) supported by Egyptian guidelines of law 48/1982 decision 92/2013. Rosetta Branch received most pollutants from two hot spots namely: El-Rahawy drain and industrial activities in Kafr El-Zayat city. The water quality of eight sites-the main surface water resource for Delta Barrage, Edfina Barrage, Rahway, Sable, Tharir, Zawieyt El-bahr, Tala drains outfall and outlet of Rosetta Branch on Mediterranean Sea were investigated. The Geographic Information System (GIS) was used for mapping the WQI variations in different sites. The results of the index average for different sites location at each site showed that the water quality in the studied sites ranked as marginal or fair. This is attributed to the fact of the concentrations of heavy metals, ammonia and organic matter increase in sites that are more affected by drainage water from different drains in the study area. Great efforts are needed and wastewater must be treated before draining it into the River Nile water

Improve Water Quality at the El-Rahawy Drain and the Rosetta Branch, Egypt

The El-Rahawy drain, is the major source of pollution along the Rosetta branch, receives primary treated wastewater from the Abu-Rawash Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP). The main purpose of this research was to manage water quality at the Rosetta branch by improving effluent water quality at the Abu-Rawash WWTP. This research involved attempting to determine the optimal dose of aluminum chloride (AlCl3) to reach an acceptable treatment at the Abu-Rawash WWTP. A dose of 2.0 mg of AlCl3 for each liter of wastewater was selected. Another approach involves discharging flow from Al-Buhairi Water Canal to the El-Rahawy drain in order to increase the dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration and reduce pollutant concentrations at the El-Rahawy drain. Applying these approaches will significantly improve water quality at the El-Rahawy drain. The river pollutant (RP) modeling was also used to study the effect of improving water quality at the El-Rahawy drain on the Rosetta branch water quality. The RP modeling showed that applying the proposed solutions will significantly improve water quality at the Rosetta branch.