El Porvenir Research Articles

La rehabilitación forestal y su papel en la conservación avifaunística en El Porvenir, Hidalgo, México

Introduction: Conserving terrestrial ecosystems in good condition is a global challenge. In Mexico, forest rehabilitation is a widely used practice to achieve this task. Objective: To analyze the effect of forest rehabilitation on avifauna parameters (richness, abundance and diversity) and vegetation structure. Materials and methods: The study was conducted in El Porvenir, Hidalgo, Mexico, in areas under forest rehabilitation with Pinus greggii Engelm. ex Parl. aged 5(R5), 12(R12) and 14(R14) years, and in a Pinus cembroides Zucc. forest as a reference site (RS). Sampling was done using a systematic grid design. Avifauna presence was monitored under two schemes: fixed-radius point counts and capture by constant-effort mist-netting. The tree structure was characterized by the point-centered quarter method. Differences between conditions were tested with a permutational multivariate analysis of variance (PERMANOVA). Results and discussion: The RS had the highest bird richness (34) and showed significant differences (P = 0.0003) with rehabilitation conditions. The distribution of abundance in R5 and R14 was fitted to a geometric model, R12 to a logarithmic model and RS to a log-normal one, exhibiting significant differences among them (P = 0.033). Bird diversity presented differences between conditions (P = 0.005); the maximum similarity was between R14 and RS. The older the forest rehabilitation age, the more the vegetation structure and bird parameters increased. Conclusion: The areas under forest rehabilitation function as reservoirs for the maintenance and conservation of avifauna in disturbed environments.

Geology in scientific cultural societies in Spain under the reign of Isabel II. Francisco de Luxán professor at the Sociedad de Instrucción Pública and at El Porvenir society (1840-1848)

The institutional characteristics of the Spanish scientific cultural societies during the reign of Isabel II, especially those with a progressive orientation, are presented below. The Public Instruction Society and the El Porvenir Society where Francisco de Luxán, a Spanish scientist, soldier and politician of the Progressive Party, was a Geology professor between 1840 and 1848.

Carmen Martín Gaite, el juego de la vida y la literatura by José Jurado Morales

Reviewed by: Carmen Martín Gaite, el juego de la vida y la literatura by José Jurado Morales Joan L. Brown Jurado Morales, José. Carmen Martín Gaite, el juego de la vida y la literatura. Visor, 2018. Pp. 256. ISBN 978-8-49895-196-7. José Jurado Morales, Catedrático de Literatura Española at the University of Cádiz, Spain, is a leading expert on canonical Spanish writer Carmen Martín Gaite (1925–2000). Among his books are one definitive volume on her short stories and another on her novels. Carmen Martín Gaite, el juego de la vida y la literatura presents nearly two decades of original scholarship on Martín Gaite's literature. As with his earlier books, this collection demonstrates Jurado Morales's talent for synthesizing her work. New and compelling ideas are rooted in a profound knowledge of Martín Gaite's life and literature and enhanced by a sweeping command of international scholarship and literary theory. A bonus for the reader is Jurado Morales's direct and engaging style. Although the term "page-turner" is not usually applied to volumes of literary criticism, it is an appropriate descriptor for this one. The book opens with a preliminary chapter entitled "Carmen Martín Gaite: de la vida a la literatura." This introduction previews the volume's contents; it also reveals Jurado Morales's personal introduction to the author, when he first read her 1958 novel Entre visillos as a university student—a discovery that will resonate with many readers. Six thematic divisions organize the book's fourteen chapters. Fittingly, the first section is entitled "El fundamento autobiográfico." The opening chapter, "Tentativas autobiográficas," supplies a portrait of the woman who "vivió para escribir y escribió para sentir que vivía" (12). The next chapter, "Experiencia vital y escritura poética," traces the autobiographical content of Martín Gaite's poetry over time, and the third chapter, "Viaje a El cuarto de atrás," offers a succinct overview of her celebrated autobiographical novel from 1978. Section 2, "Amistad y literatura: Ignacio Aldecoa," features two essays on the relationship between Martín Gaite and Aldecoa. "A modo de homenaje: Esperando el porvenir" is an incisive review of Martín Gaite's 1994 memoir of the generation of mid-century, and "Los pasos encontrados de Martín Gaite e Ignacio Aldecoa" is a revelatory exploration of Aldecoa's impact on Martín Gaite. Generational connections are further developed in section 3, "Etapas de aprendizaje: cuentos del medio siglo," whose two chapters focus on the author's short stories. In "'Un día de libertad,' primer cuento de Martín Gaite," Jurado Morales finds characteristics in her first short story that will typify all of her future work, and "Algo más que cuentos de mujeres" demonstrates how Martín Gaite's stories contain some of her most transcendent social criticism. Part 4, entitled "El arte de pensar," presents four chapters related to narrative. "La entrada en el castillo: una poética del lector" defines Martín Gaite's relationship with her readers and with writing itself. In "Vivir el tiempo," time and temporality are analyzed across the author's fiction and nonfiction. The third essay in this section, "Sobre Los usos amorosos del dieciocho en España," elucidates the affinities between Martín Gaite's historical scholarship on the eighteenth century and her creative writing, demonstrating how both fields are informed by identical concerns. The final essay in this group, "La narrativa de Martín Gaite o la esencia misma del ensayo," also makes new connections across genres, showing how Martín Gaite's novels enact conceptions of literature and narration that are rooted in conventions of the essay. The last phase of Martín Gaite's career is the subject of Section Five, "Las novelas de supervivencia." In "De vida y literatura existencial: Lo raro es vivir" Jurado Morales traces the existential aspects of this 1996 novel, and in "Mundo interior y sociedad posmoderna: Los parentescos" he explores reflections of postmodern Spain in Martín Gaite's last, unfinished novel, published in 2001. The volume closes with part 6, "Texto sobre texto." This section contains...

Prevalencia de trastornos mentales en relación con la prevalencia de enfermedades médicas crónicas en mayores de 18 años, departamento de Francisco Morazán y Olancho, año 2016

En Honduras no existen muchos estudios que analicen de manera global los trastornos mentales relacionados con los padecimientos de enfermedades médicas crónicas que afectan a los adultos. Se planteó analizar la relación entre prevalencia de trastornos mentales y la prevalencia de enfermedades médicas crónicas no transmisibles en adultos, a fin de conocer o no la presencia de estos trastornos y padecimientos. Se estudiaron 300 encuestados del área rural de los municipios de Cedros y El Porvenir, del departamento de Francisco Morazán, al mismo tiempo se estudiaron 300 adultos hombres y mujeres del departamento de Olancho y que residen en la cabecera departamental que es Juticalpa, zona urbana y rural; ambos estudios realizados en el 2016 a través de la Escala SRQ: Sirve para hacer un tamizaje de posibles trastornos mentales en adultos y la Encuesta OMS para detectar síntomas de enfermedades crónicas no trasmisibles (elaboración propia). Esta investigación empleó un enfoque cuantitativo, con un alcance correlacional, de corte transversal y un diseño no experimental. En el Departamento de Francisco Morazán área rural, la prevalencia de probables trastornos mentales en la población con enfermedades médicas crónicas fue de 42.7%, siendo los de mayor prevalencia: la depresión con 38.6%, la ansiedad 29.2% y el estrés postraumático con un 11.7%. Igualmente se encontró que un 55.7 % de las personas mayores de 18 años de Olancho presentan sintomatología de probable existencia de un trastorno mental siendo los de mayor prevalencia: drogas con un 31,1%, la depresión 30.7%, y la ansiedad con un 26%. En ambos departamentos las personas de 51 años en adelante presentaron los mayores porcentajes de padecer posibles trastornos mentales y enfermedades crónicas. Conclusión: a través de este estudio se puede observar la importancia de conocer manifestaciones psicológicas y emocionales que pueden presentar las personas encuestadas que refieren con padecimientos crónicos y la necesidad de implementar estrategias de prevención, ya que debido a la coexistencia de ambas condiciones deben ser consideradas en la planificación de los servicios de atención primaria de salud dados los altos costos y la duración de los tratamientos que requieren estos pacientes.

Stable isotope and fluid inclusion study of sediment-hosted stratiform copper deposits from the Neuquén Basin, Argentina

The Los Chihuidos and El Porvenir deposits of the Neuquen Basin are examples of sediment-hosted stratiform Cu deposits generated by interaction of hydrocarbons and formation water with host red beds and metal-charged basinal brines. During early diagenesis of red beds precipitated hematite, kaolinite at 60 °C from meteoric water followed by calcite 1 (δ13C − 8 to − 3.3‰) and barite (δ34S + 4.1‰) with increasing temperature (75–85 °C) from an evolved surface fluid (δ18Ofluids + 0.9 to + 2.7‰). During the Tertiary Andean orogeny, hydrocarbons and formation water migrated and reacted with the red beds resulting in bleaching of the sandstone. Smectite (fluid δ18O − 2.2‰ and δD − 73.7‰), chlorite-smectite mixed-layer minerals (fluid δ18O − 6.9‰ and δD − 84‰), pyrite (δ34S + 10.2‰), and calcite 2 (δ13C − 12.9 to − 6.8‰) formed as by-product of the redox reactions. Calcite 2 formed from low-salinity fluids (0.4 to 5.9 wt% NaCl equiv.) at slightly higher temperatures (125–145 °C) at El Porvenir and at Los Chihuidos deposit (80–105 °C). During subsequent uplift, metal-charged basinal brines flowed into the bleached sandstone and precipitated chalcopyrite-bornite (δ34S + 12.3‰) followed by chalcocite-spionkopite (δ34S − 64 to + 4.1‰). Calcites 3a (δ13C − 19 to − 10.1‰) and 3b (δ13C − 31.4 to − 9.5‰) that accompanied Fe-Cu and Cu sulfides, respectively, formed from saline fluids (up to 21.3 wt% NaCl equiv.) at temperatures of 159–70 °C. The δ18O values (+ 5.6 to + 11.4‰) of fluids in equilibrium with calcite 3a are similar to oilfield and basinal brines. Fluids in equilibrium with calcite 3 in Los Chihuidos and calcite 3b in El Porvenir show much lighter δ18O values (− 7.3 to − 4.6‰ and − 0.6 to + 2.3‰, respectively), which suggests the involvement of methane as the main reductant and possibly meteoric water interaction.

Estudio exploratorio sobre el desarrollo de las habilidades del pensamiento Geométrico Espacial en estudiantes de la Educación Preuniversitaria

Developing spatial geometric thinking in students of Pre-University education in Cuba, as one of the components of mathematical thinking, is an imperative in the teaching-learning process of the mathematics subject at this level educational. The majority of students who promoted to twelfth grade and even those who are studying higher education, not infrequently, present difficulties in demonstrating that they possess some development skills related to spatial geometric thinking. In this work, from the critical analysis of research of different authors on the subject, as well as the use of methods such as: analytical - synthetic, inductive - deductive , survey, analysis of frequency, goodness of fit for a docimas population as tests of statistical significance; was an exploratory study of the current situation of the development of the spatial geometric thinking skills in students and teachers of the subject mathematics of the urban pre-University Institute "Martyrs of el Porvenir" of the municipality of 10 October in the province of Havana. These results allowed to make several reflections which showed inconsistencies in these students and their teachers in the aforementioned level of education in the national education system in the Republic of Cuba.

Partos y precipitación anual previa en tres ranchos ganaderos del Altiplano Potosino-Zacatecano

Functional relations between calving percentage (y) and total previous year’s rainfall (TPYR, x) were estimated using data from three private cattle ranches in the Potosino-Zacatecano highlands. TPYR data were obtained from the two official weather stations nearest to each ranch and with the same climate type. Using these relations, the calving percentage that occurred in 2015 (a year not included in the estimation of these relations) was predicted and statistically collated for the Laguna Seca (LS), San Jose (SJ) and El Porvenir (EP) ranches. Estimated correlations between calving percentage and rainfall were positive and significant for each ranch. Simple linear regression models were: y=26.2800 + 0.0629 (x) for LS; y=30.2438 + 0.0973 (x) for SJ; and y=23.6172 + 0.0808 (x) for EP. The variation in the calving percentage explained by TPYR was 59.2 % for LS, 62.0 % for SJ and 84.9 % for EP. Calving percentages recorded during 2015 for EP and LS (72.2 and 64.0 %, respectively) were greater than the 95 % confidence intervals, due to various recent improvements in herd reproduction; on the other hand, the calving percentage recorded during 2015 for SJ did fall within this range.

Registro notable de Ateles hybridus en un fragmento de bosque húmedo del municipio de Barrancabermeja, Santander, Colombia

Los registros fueron obtenidos en agosto de 2015, durante la caracterización del componente faunístico para el Estudio de Impacto ambiental del proyecto GALA1 realizado por el Grupo Consultor Ingeniería Strycon S.A.S. para la empresa Ecopetrol S.A. en el marco de los estudios ambientales para sus proyectos exploratorios. El sitio de los registros correspondió a un fragmento de bosque abierto de tierra firme, en cercanías al Río Sogamoso, ubicado en la finca La Carolina, vereda El Porvenir del municipio de Barrancabermeja, a 14 km hacia el norte del casco urbano de la ciudad de Barrancabermeja.

Hábitat popular y mercado laboral: El desarrollo urbano desigual de la ciudad de El Alto (Bolivia)

El Alto is generally described as a homogeneous area of poverty with a population of Aymara origin. There is only preliminary information, with little systematized empirical evidence, about the unequal (and combined) urban development of the city. Hence the relevance of this research, which is intended to explore the incorporation of rural migrants into two neighborhoods of the city: “El Porvenir I”, located in the peripheral area of the city, and “16 de Julio”, located in the downtown area of El Alto. This research analyzes the period from the adoption of neoliberalism (1985) to 2012. In the first place, this research examines the access to the city in relation to the quality of dwellings and the provision of public domiciliary services. In second place, the incorporation into the labor market is analyzed in order to address the issues regarding the unequal urban development in the outskirts of El Alto. Part of the information was collected through semi-structured interviews with key actors and inhabitants of the city. Other information was collected through the implementation of a survey (non-probabilistic strategic sampling) that interviewed 100 households located in the case study neighborhoods.

Prensa y partido en el republicanismo progresista: El Porvenir (1882-1885)

El artículo propone un análisis conjunto de los aspectos discursivos, formales y económicos de un periódico político arquetípico de la Restauración. <em>El Porvenir</em> fue el órgano de Manuel Ruiz Zorrilla y del Partido Republicano Progresista. Se trata, por ello, de un periódico de partido y de oposición antimonárquica en una época en la que se impone la prensa independiente y de negocio. Constituye, por otra parte, un caso excepcional por haberse conservado su documentación financiera en el archivo privado de Ruiz Zorrilla. Estas fuentes inéditas convierten a <em>El Porvenir</em> en una herramienta para conocer en profundidad el sector periodístico desde el punto de vista económico, así como la relación de estos aspectos con los fines políticos que un periódico de sus características se proponía.

The Grandchildren of Solano López: Frontier and Nation in Paraguay, 1904–1936

Bridget Chesterton's study of how rural soldier-agriculturalists helped shape twentieth-century Paraguayan nationalism is a welcome addition to the historical literature on this understudied country. Chesterton posits that the desire to defend Paraguayan territory and to honor the nation led rural agriculturalists to fight in the Chaco War (1932–1935) and that, due to this shared experience, the rural classes transformed the memory of Francisco Solano López from the liberal elite's interpretation of a selfish tyrant who led the country into the unwinnable War of the Triple Alliance (1864–1870) to a vision of a hero who saved the nation from oblivion from foreigners seeking to destroy it. Chesterton builds her argument by creatively using an assortment of sources, including visual images, songs, poetry, theater, literature, letters, articles, and reports. Particularly noteworthy are the exceptional images from the time period (a postcard, postage stamps, historical maps, cartoons, and photographs) that illustrate her argument and make for enjoyable reading.After an introductory background chapter, Chesterton dedicates the following four chapters to explaining the Paraguayan elite's idea of nationalism and the Chaco frontier. Given that Paraguay does not have a central archive for the period, Chesterton has done an admirable job tracking down sources in order to document how the liberal elite justified Paraguay's claims to the Chaco region prior to the war. A potential weakness is the near omission of the perspective of the Chaco Indians. Much of chapter 4 studies how early twentieth-century scientists, naturalists, and anthropologists viewed the native peoples of the Chaco, but it fails to explore the Indians' views of Paraguay, Paraguayans, and other outsiders. Chesterton references the military explorer Juan Belaieff's claim that the Indians of the Chaco liked Paraguayans more than Argentines and Bolivians, but she goes no further. Similarly, in chapter 5 Chesterton discusses the missionaries working among the Indians of the Chaco but again does not address the topic from Indians' perspective. Chesterton's work could also have benefited from an analysis of the rural agriculturalists' perspective on the Chaco prior to the war, as she did for the elite perspective. That said, Chesterton's contribution to the cultural history of nonindigenous Paraguay is significant.The following two chapters focus on Paraguay's rural soldier-agriculturalists and are the most original. In chapter 6, Chesterton draws out the voices of Paraguay's “subaltern” class (p. 113), for whom there are few sources, by creatively using songs and poetry published in Ocara poty cue-mí, a small literary magazine whose authors and audience were Paraguay's soldier-agriculturalists. It would be interesting to explore how these ideas fit with the oral histories that veterans of the Chaco War recounted to Chesterton. Chapter 7 explains how the Chaco War veterans' disenchantment with Liberal Party rule led to the revolution that brought the Febrerista Party to power and transformed Paraguayan nationalism by enshrining Francisco Solano López and Chaco War soldiers as brave defenders of Paraguay and its unique culture and values. While Chesterton makes a convincing argument that the Chaco War shaped Paraguayan nationalism and helped glorify the memory of Francisco Solano López, I am not fully convinced that such sentiment can solely be attributed to the rural agriculturalists of Paraguay. Rural agriculturalists made up the majority of those who fought in the Chaco, but a number of elites likely served as members of the officer corps. To what degree did they and other elites influence ideas of Paraguayan nationalism? Were Paraguay's rural agriculturalists encouraged or manipulated to embrace this form of nationalism? As Chesterton describes, prior to the war Lopista elites such as Juan Emiliano O'Leary held strikingly similar ideas about Paraguayan nationalism and the heroic actions of Francisco Solano López to those that prevailed after the Chaco War. I also wonder about the degree to which rural classes had such nationalist ideas prior to the war. Chesterton describes a full-page cartoon glorifying Solano López printed in El Porvenir, a newspaper of Paraguay's rural classes, three decades before the war.Chesterton makes a valuable contribution to our understanding of contemporary Paraguay by showing that post–Chaco War nationalism resulted in the prevailing view that the uniqueness of Paraguayan culture needed to be preserved and protected. As the author reveals, such national pride led to the promotion of Guaraní language, music, and the arts. Future studies will hopefully provide in-depth exploration of how Paraguayans reconciled the continued existence in the Chaco of both Anglican missionaries and Mennonites with such nationalist sentiment. Chesterton has written a strong book that is of great value to historians of Paraguay. With her innovative and convincing readings of a diversity of primary sources, she has helped us better understand Paraguayan nationalism.

Evolución de la actividad económica del municipio de El Porvenir, Atlántida

El Porvenir es un municipio ubicado en el departamento de Atlántida, Honduras. Desde su origen sus actividades económicas han estado ligadas a la agricultura sobre todo de pequeñas fincas bananeras; con el tiempo se ha desarrollado un crecimiento económico y social que ha permitido diversificar sus actividades económicas y productivas. Actualmente el principal rubro económico del municipio sigue siendo la agricultura en especial la relacionada con cultivos de exportación (piña, banano, cítricos, palma africana).Se identifican otras actividades como la ganadería, la apicultura, silvicultura y pesca cuya producción está orientada en su mayoría al consumo interno. Otra de las actividades económicas con mucho potencial en la zona es el turismo sobre todo porque el municipio cuenta con extensas zonas de playa y áreas protegidas como el Parque Nacional Pico Bonito y el refugio de Vida Silvestre Cuero y Salado. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/pdac.v7i0.688 Revista Población y Desarrollo: Argonautas y Caminantes, Vol. 7, No. 7, 2011 pp.17-23

Moments of Revolutionary Transformation in the Novels of José María Arguedas

Moments of Revolutionary Transformation1 in the Novels of José María Arguedas Irina Alexandra Feldman Fue leyendo a Mariátegui y después a Lenin que encontré un orden permanente en las cosas; la teoría socialista no sólo dio un cauce a todo el porvenir sino a lo que había en mí de energía, le dio un destino y lo cargó aún más de fuerza por el mismo hecho de encauzarlo. ¿Hasta dónde entendí el socialismo? No lo sé bien. Pero no mató en mí lo mágico. (Arguedas, “No soy un aculturado” 258) Thus spoke José María Arguedas in his discourse “No soy un aculturado” (258). It is one of the few instances when he self-identifies as a socialist. William Rowe locates Arguedas in the Peruvian socialist tradition of thought and action, referring to it as “la tradición de Mariátegui, de Vallejo, de Arguedas, de Flores Galindo” (75). Considered within the Latin American socialist and Marixst tradition, Arguedas emerges as a visionary figure that tends a conceptual bridge between the first Latin American Marxists and the Leftist thought developed in the Andes at the beginning of the 21st century. Firstly [End Page 302] it is necessary to introduce our reflections with a disclaimer, and at the same time with a revisionist claim. As the critic Bruno Bosteels sharply indicates, “Today, the least we can say about Marxism is that, if it were not for the use of attenuating prefixes such as ‘post’ or ‘neo,’ its mere mention has become an unmistakable sign of obsolescence . . . almost nobody really seems to be referring to Marxism anymore as a vital doctrine of political or historical intervention” (3). The Marxist vocabulary, for many, becomes either a swear word or a naïve theory whose failure is made evident by the dissolution of the Soviet Union and its history of human rights abuse. Bosteels, nonetheless, explains for the case of Latin America that this perception is largely due to a lack of inter-generational dialogue, as the newer generations do not know anything about the participants of the struggles for liberation of the 1960s and 1970s. “The reasons for amnesia in Latin America are complex,” Bosteels tells us: the neoliberal catastrophe and the violence of the dictatorships are two dominant reasons for this forgetfulness (5). What is more, although the concept of class struggle, for instance, seems worn out, and other concepts such as hegemony or antagonism are more current in a present theoretical dialogue, it is important to see the continuity and genealogy between these concepts that seem so new, and the Marxian concept of antagonism that still informs them. To speak of Arguedas as a Marxist thinker is to counter this forgetfulness. Significantly, as Estelle Tarica acutely showed in her recent presentation, the figure of Arguedas has acquired a renewed dimension in Peru after the decades of Shining Path violence. The intellectuals of the Peruvian left of the 2000s have mined Arguedas’ thought for readings that would “save” socialism from the contamination by violence and the deaths of 80,000 people that occurred, at least partially, under the banner of socialist struggle. In Tarica’s words, “Arguedas representa la posibilidad de encontrar una visión de la nación que no sea ni la del oficialismo ni la del Sendero, o sea, una posición que anhela la revolución pero sin dogmas, y que representaría una necesidad especialmente aguda por parte de la izquierda no-militante del Perú” (“Arguedas después de la violencia” 7). Borrowing the term from the theorization of the revolutionary process presented by the Bolivian theorist and current Vice President Álvaro García Linera, I would say that Arguedas represents the possibility of “momentos de transformación revolucionaria,” like the one lived by Bolivia in the twenty-first century. This term is key here, since Linera’s analysis is concerned with profound, revolutionary change that the Bolivian state has experienced in its juridical, institutional and economic dimensions [End Page 303] and capacities. The term does not only emphasize the violent struggle, but different methods and spheres used in the process of “medir las...

Determinación de Periodos Fisiológicos en la Maduración y Calidad del Aceite de Piñón Blanco (Jatropha curcas L.)

The objective of this work was to determine the optimum time for fruit harvest and the quality parameters of physic nuts (Jatropha curcas L) suitable for the production of biodiesel. This work was developed in the experimental station El Porvenir of Instituto Nacional de Innovacion Agraria in Peru. The physical characteristics of the fruits and seeds and the chemical characteristics of the oil were evaluated. The fruits used were selected at the beginning of fruiting. The R2 maturation status lasted 29 ±1.8 hours, the state R3 12 ± 1.6 hours, the state R4 27 ± 1.7 hours and finally R5 24 ± 1.0 hours. Chemical analysis showed that the seeds of physic nuts contain 51.5% fat at the physiological state R4 while the highest acidity was found in the R6 with 1.3 mg KOH/g oil. The fruit of physic nuts can be harvested during the physiological states R3, R4 and R5 to have high oil content and low acidity.

Claves racialistas y reformistas en la invención de un nacionalismo continental. El porvenir de la América latina (1911), de Manuel Ugarte

In this work, we analize the rethorics of contemporary diagnostic on Latin-american societies in Manuel Ugarte’s essay, El porvenir de la America latina. Thus, we focus on its belonging to the evolutionary scientific paradigm, and the adoption of a racialist perspective on regards to the contemporany social aspects that the author intends to study. It is also possible to observe, in this rethorics, other aspects that are in tension with this paradigm, such as equality ideas, related to the author’s socialism. Those contradictions reveal the debates. from the end of XIXth century and XXth century, in wich the Latin-american space had to be conceived in reference to its modernization’s processes, as well as to the recent American hegemony, after the 1898 Spanish defeat against the USA.

Percepciones, imaginarios y actividades económicas de la mujer: un abordaje psicosocial desde la perspectiva de género

<p>Este artículo se fundamenta en los resultados de la investigación del semillero Construyendo Conocimiento con Visión de Equidad, cuyo tema central fue el papel de la mujer y las relaciones de género al interior de la familia. Se intentó dar respuesta a los siguientes interrogantes: ¿Cómo afectan los factores psicosociales en el desarrollo integral de la mujer? ¿Cómo incide el aspecto económico en la manera de pensar de las mujeres?</p><p>Esta investigación se realizó con 17 madres gestantes y lactantes, entre los 19 y 40 años de edad, integrantes de uno de los Grupos Familia, Infancia y Mujer (FAMI), del Instituto Colombiano de Bienestar Familiar (ICBF), barrio El Porvenir, municipio de Santander de Quilichao. Nueve (9) participaron en el segundo periodo del año 2008 y ocho (8) durante el segundo periodo de 2009. La metodología utilizada como proceso de indagación fue cualitativa a través de reuniones comunitarias, talleres, entrevistas y la observación participante.</p><p>Entre los resultados más significativos se encuentra que se logró una descripción de los imaginarios, percepciones y prácticas con relación a las relaciones de género al interior de la familia. El análisis nos muestra cómo el significado y el rol de ser mujer aún se conserva de manera tradicional con algunos cambios en el rol del hombre. Entre los factores psicosociales incidentes en el desarrollo integral de la mujer se identifican el crecimiento personal, las relaciones interpersonales e intrafamiliares y el sentido de vida.</p><p>El sentido de vida de las madres del Grupo Familia, Infancia y Mujer (FAMI), está relacionado con su familia, con sus hijos, sus motivaciones personales y el vínculo con Dios. Entre sus<br />sueños y proyectos de vida se destacan el terminar sus estudios de bachillerato, realizar una carrera profesional, tener trabajo para ayudar a su familia y tener una vivienda propia.</p>

Blending Traditional and Western Medicine: Medicinal plant use among patients at Clinica Anticona in El Porvenir, Peru

Medicinal plants have been used in Peru for millennia for a variety of uses, but, over the last century, modern technology has deterred the increased growth of this valuable knowledge. The present study attempts to look at a clinic in El Porvenir, on the north coast of Peru to discover what kind of medicines are preferred and the factors determining choices made. Previous studies have shown that medicinal plants still play an important role in treatment. However, the results of our study demonstrate that pharmaceutical medicine plays a larger role when compared to the use of medicinal plants. Thus, while many patients feel pharmaceutical medicine is faster and more effective, there are still a large number of plants that are commonly used by patients. As a result, there is evidence that more research in this area should be done in order to learn what factors determine medical choices and what factors might lead to an increase the use of medicinal plants.

The hydrogeochemistry of a heavily used aquifer in the Mexican wine-producing Guadalupe Valley, Baja California

The Guadalupe Valley aquifer is the only water source for one of the most important wine industries in Mexico, and also the main public water supply for the nearby city of Ensenada. This groundwater is monitored for major ion, N-NO3, P-PO4, Fe, As, Se, Mo, Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn and Sb concentrations, as well as TDS, pH, dissolved oxygen and temperature. High concentrations of N-NO3 (26 mg l−1), Se (70 μg l−1), Mo (18 μg l−1) and Cu (4.3 μg l−1) suggest that groundwater is being polluted by the use of fertilizers only in the western section of the aquifer, known as El Porvenir graben. Unlike the sites located near the main recharge area to the East of the aquifer, the water in El Porvenir graben has low tritium concentrations (<1.9 TU), indicating a pre-modern age, and thus longer water residence time. No significant variations in water quality (generally <10%) were detected throughout 2001–2002 in the aquifer, suggesting that reduced rainfall and recharge during this dry period did not significantly affect water quality. However, the wells nearest to the main recharge area in the Eastern aquifer show a slight but constant increase in TDS with time, probably as a result of the high (∼200 L S−1) uninterrupted extraction of water at this specific recharge site. Relatively high As concentrations for the aquifer (10.5 μg l−1) are only found near the northern limit of the basin associated with a geological fault.

Catastrophic precipitation‐triggered lahar at Casita volcano, Nicaragua: occurrence, bulking and transformation

AbstractA catastrophic lahar began on 30 October 1998, as hurricane precipitation triggered a small flank collapse of Casita volcano, a complex and probably dormant stratovolcano. The initial rockslide‐debris avalanche evolved on the flank to yield a watery debris flood with a sediment concentration less than 60 per cent by volume at the base of the volcano. Within 2·5 km, however, the watery flow entrained (bulked) enough sediment to transform entirely to a debris flow. The debris flow, 6 km downstream and 1·2 km wide and 3 to 6 m deep, killed 2500 people, nearly the entire populations of the communities of El Porvenir and Rolando Rodriguez. These ‘new towns’ were developed in a prehistoric lahar pathway: at least three flows of similar size since 8330 14C years bp are documented by stratigraphy in the same 30‐degree sector. Travel time between perception of the flow and destruction of the towns was only 2·5–3·0 minutes. The evolution of the flow wave occurred with hydraulic continuity and without pause or any extraordinary addition of water.The precipitation trigger of the Casita lahar emphasizes the need, in volcano hazard assessments, for including the potential for non‐eruption‐related collapse lahars with the more predictable potential of their syneruption analogues. The flow behaviour emphasizes that volcano collapses can yield not only volcanic debris avalanches with restricted runouts, but also mobile lahars that enlarge by bulking as they flow. Volumes and hence inundation areas of collapse‐runout lahars can increase greatly beyond their sources: the volume of the Casita lahar bulked to at least 2·6 times the contributing volume of the flank collapse and 4·2 times that of the debris flood. At least 78 per cent of the debris flow matrix (sediment &lt; −1·0Φ; 2 mm) was entrained during flow. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.

Decadence, Women Writers, and Literary History in Emilia Pardo Bazan's Late Criticism

Countess Emilia Pardo Bazan (1851-1921), Spanish explicator of French naturalism and the Russian novel, frequently observes in her literary criticism the dangers of romanticism, with its concomitant lyricism and individualism. Lamenting its prejudicial influence on society, she describes the decadent period as the ultimate manifestation of romanticism. Pardo Bazan's twentieth-century critical work on French literature, which touches on the issue of decadentism, has been called calm, 'judicious, and tranquil-this writing apparently provoked no controversies (Pattison 98). Nevertheless, the Countess' late criticism features a new focus on women in literary history, as well as an ambitious reworking of her earlier ideas about decadentism. To illustrate this transition, I examine Pardo Bazan's posthumously published university lectures, El lirismo en la poesia francesa (1923); her 1916 lecture at the Residencia de Estudiantes, El porvenir de la literatura despues de la guerra; and her column in ABC (1918-1921), Un poco de critica. We notice a distinct revalorization of lyricism, individualism, decadentism, and femininity, if we compare this criticism with her three-volume study La literaturafrancesa moderna (El romanticismo, La transici6n, and El naturalismo, 1910-1914).1 In this