Effluent Monitoring Research Articles

Detection of sulphur dioxide in stack plume by laser Raman radar

Laser Raman radar offers a promising approach to the remote sensing of atmospheric pollutants in stack plume. An analysis revealed that the combination of the second harmonic of a Nd:YAG laser, a synchronous single photoelectron counting (SSPC) scheme, and narrow passband interference filter employed for light source, signal processor, and separation of Raman-scattered light respectively gave the most sensitive system for stack effluent monitoring. Using a laser Raman radar constructed on the basis of the analysis, the concentration of SO2 in the plume emitted from a 150 m high stack of a power plant was measured at a distance of 228 m.

Interpretations of ultraviolet absorption in white wines

AbstractMethods are described for the general analysis of total ultraviolet (u.v.) absorbing constituents of white wines. An elution profile, which is characteristic of the particular wine, is obtained by continuous monitoring of effluent from a dextran gel column at 280 nm. Surprisingly, about half of the total u.v. absorbance in the Riesling wine examined was found to be due to non‐phenolic wine constituents, which are separately eluted in the gel column analysis. These are nucleotidic materials, to which little attention has previously been given in oenology.Data relating to the protein‐tannin fraction, and to nucleotidic and phenolic constituents, are directly obtained by recording the wine elution profiles at 265, 280 and 320 nm. The interpretation of the elution curves and the significance and general utility of this new analytical method are discussed.

Reaction of sodium hypochlorite with amines and amides: Automation of the method

The spectrophotometric NaOCl-amylose-KI method for analysis of free and N-acetylated hexosamines in monomeric and polymeric forms, amino acids, peptides, and proteins was automated, and the method's specificity was studied. Hexosamines react as in the manual assay. Significant differences in reactivity of amino acids led to a study of the effect of pH on the extent of the reaction. An automatic gradient titration method was devised to vary the pH of the primary reaction between 7.0 and 10.0. Results may be used to determine optimal reaction conditions for each amino acid and to differentiate amino acids; there are several reasons for differences in reactivity. The assay is especially useful for peptides, since amide N is generally more reactive than amine N. The method is suitable for continuous monitoring of column chromatographic effluents, as well as for analysis of individual samples as in the manual assay.

Photometric analysis of proteins and peptides at 191–194 mμ

The light absorption band of the peptide bond at 191–194 mμ has been used for quantitative measurement of purified peptides and proteins with the Beckman DBG spectrophotometer. In comparison to measurement of proteins at 280 mμ those conducted at 191–194 mμ are approximately 40–80 times more sensitive, depending on the protein. This is a significant advantage, especially in monitoring of effluents from chromatographic columns. Specific absorbance values of different proteins at 191–194 mμ vary less widely than those at 280 mμ and, therefore, in cases in which proteins cannot be analyzed in terms of nitrogen or protein weight, analysis by photometry at 191–194 mμ is subject to less uncertainty than that at 280 mμ. The average specific absorbance ( A 1cm 1%) for 5 proteins was 686 with the Beckman DBG spectrophotometer. With this instrument we have observed direct proportionality between absorbance and concentration up to an absorbance of about 0.7. All anions except fluoride interfere since they absorb near 190 mμ. Therefore, the only electrolytes which can be used in appreciable concentration are those containing fluoride as anion.

Automated multiple enzyme analysis systems

The design, development, and application of two automated multiple enzyme analysis systems are reported. Inherent advantages and disadvantages are discussed. The level of sophistication reached by the slaved sampler mode and the programmed valve mode is indicated by their capacity to handle the sequential analysis of preparations containing at least twelve enzymes, including: acid phosphatase, N-acetyl-β- d-glucosaminidase, arylsulfatase, 5′-phosphodiesterases I and IV, α- d-mannosidase, α- l-fucosidase, α- d-glucosidase, β- d-glucosidase, α- d-galactosidase, β- d-galactosidase, and β- d-glucuronidase. Numerous applications of the slaved sampler mode and the PMCV mode are to be found in the continuous flow monitoring of column chromatography effluents and zonal centrifugation. The determination of selected enzyme kinetic parameters and the analysis of various enzyme sources for activity are also amenable to multiple automated enzyme analysis.

Scintillation counter for continuous monitoring of radioactivity in solutions

A scintillation counter, suitable for the measurement of radioactivity in solutions irrespective of the nature of the solvent, is described. The instrument has been developed specifically for the continuous monitoring of effluents from chromatographic columns. Beads of a lithium-cerium glass, insoluble in all solvents except hydrofluoric acid, in a shallow flow-cell act as scintillator; the photons are detected with a pair of photomultipliers with coincidence circuit in conjunction with a ratemeter. The efficiency of counting14C and 35S in solution is better than 20%; for32P the efficiency is about 90%, for36Cl 63%, but for3H it is only 0.3%, depending on photomultiplier and discriminator voltages and temperature selected.

The continuous polarographic determination of small amounts of nitroglycerine in plant effluent.

A fully automatic polarographic method is described for the continuous monitoring of nitroglycerine plant effluent, for which an arbitrary maximum level of 100 p.p.m. of nitroglycerine has been set.Conventional polarographic principles are involved, but the polarograph used has been specially designed, and incorporates some novel features that make it admirably suitable for this and similar work.Constructional details are given of the polarograph, and of an alarm system that operates when the permitted level of nitroglycerine in the effluent is exceeded.

雨水中自然放射能の排水モニタに及ぼす影響

雨水中自然放射能の排水モニタに及ぼす影響

Separation and determination of opiates and diluents in illicit narcotic mixtures

A semi-automated method for the separation and determination of opiates in illicit narcotic preparations is described. The procedure involves resolution of the mixtures on SE-Sephadex ion-exchanger, continuous ultraviolet monitoring of the column effluent and colorimetric assay of lactose and mannitol. Peak elution volumes ( V e ) for compounds of forensic importance are presented. The differences in V e 's for the most commonly encountered opiates and diluents are great enough to permit identification and determination with ease. Examples of analyses of contraband preparations are also discussed.

Continuous monitoring of ion-exchange column effluents with square-wave polarography

Continuous monitoring of ion-exchange column effluents with square-wave polarography

Identification and estimation of LAS in waters and effluents

AbstractThe detergent industry of the United States has replaced alkylbenzene sulfonate (ABS) derived from tetrapropylene by linear alkylate sulfonate (LAS) in its formulations in an effort to eliminate waste surfactants from the nation's pollution load. The effectiveness of this move will be assessed by the monitoring of sewage treatment plant effluents and receiving waters by numerous agencies during the next several years. Most of the analytical methods available respond to a whole range of surfactants and are not specific for LAS. This deficiency can be avoided by use of the desulfonation‐gas chromatography technique, which gives unequivocal proof of the presence or absence of LAS and is readily applicable at the range of interest in the neighborhood of one part per million. Examples are given of examination of various samples for presence and semiquantitative estimation of LAS. A simple procedure is described for prepurification and separation of anionic surfactants from other components of the sample.

Radiation Monitoring-An Instrumentation System for Control of Radiation Hazards

The requirements for radiation monitoring from an integrated instrumentation system aspect are developed with emphasis on the detection and control of radiation hazards. General treatment is given to the problems and equipment involved in operational or process monitoring, site monitoring, effluent monitoring and area or personnel monitoring. The types of radiation that are encountered in a nuclear plant and the units of measurement that are used are discussed. A review of the types of monitoring equipment that are presently available to make plant and personnel measurements and their sensitivity and reliability as related to meeting accepted standards for plant personnel and general public protection is given. A typical radiation monitoring system and the basis for the design are described. A brief summary of the status of development of solid state monitors is included.

Measurement of argon-41 concentration in effluent gas.

A gaseous effluent monitoring system using a G-M tube as a detector was constructed and calibrated to determine the concentration of Argon-41 in the effluent gas from Washington State University's 100 KW research reactor building. The system consists of a G-M tube detector located directly in the effluent stream, a rate meter, a high voltage supply and a strip chart recorder. A 2 by 2- in. NaI crystal and gamma ray spectrometer were used to calibrate the system. Results of calibrations at different concentrations of Argon-41 indicated a linear relationship between the concentrations of Argon-41 and the response of the G-M detector. This detector indicates 2.9 x 10/sup 8/ counts per min for each c/ml. of Argon-41 concentration. This system provides over ten counts per min above background (background ontrol migra- 87 counts per min) at the maximum concentration of 4 x 10/sup -8/ c/ml. specified in Section 20.106 and Appendix B of 10CFR20 for unrestricted release of Argon-41 in gaseous effluents.

A simple colorimeter using the 254 m μ line of mercury for continuous monitoring of chromatographic effluents

A simple colorimeter using the 254 m μ line of mercury for continuous monitoring of chromatographic effluents

Radiation monitors and instruments

This is a report on the papers presented at the International Atomic Energy Agency Conference on Nuclear Electronics in the field of radiation monitors and instruments which was held at Belgrade in May, 1961. The report deals particularly with contamination monitors, survey (dose-rate) meters and instruments for monitoring gaseous and liquid effluent for radioactive contamination. Among the new techniques mentioned are the following: selective ?-monitoring for portable instruments; the use of semiconductor devices as radiation detectors; impactors for sorting particulate contamination according to the size of the particles; alarm systems taking account of normal natural background variations, so that more rapid variations automatically operate on alarm; the use of ?erenkov detectors in liquid effluent monitoring; the monitoring of surface contamination on fuel elements; the use of coincidence scintillation-counter systems for determining the direction of ?-radiation, for source location; and the remote indication of radiation monitors using telephone lines. The report gives details of a number of new instruments, including a new type of personal radiation monitor, and a new type of instrument for detecting accidental reactor excursions, as well as several new types of plutonium monitors. Reference is made in all cases to the original papers, which will shortly be available in the Proceedings of the Belgrade Conference, which will be published by the International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna.

Some trends and recent health physics instrumentation developments at Hanford.

The radiological instrument development work of the Hanford Laboratories is reviewed with emphasis on particular classes of instruments to demonstrate the present thinking and the trends. In general, two groups of instrumentation are considered: The first is survey and monitoring instruments and the second is special purpose instruments. Photographs and descriptions are included. The survey and monitoring instruments include transistorized scintillation hand and shoe counters, an analyzing stack effluent radioisotope monitor, alpha -air monitors, transistorized scintillation portable survey instruments, and trends in environmental monitoring systems. The special purpose instruments are those which are used in biology and medicine programs other than instrumentation. These include an all automatic data gathering and radio telemetering system for meteorological and radiological purposes, an instrument for rapidly determining the number of zinc sulfide particles on a filter for meteoro logical experimentation, a solar radiation integrator for automatically averaging the output signal from a pyrheliometer, and instruments for delineating the radioactivity in various types of experimental animals. (auth)

A simple arrangement, using a standard Geiger-Müller tube, for the continuous monitoring of radioactive effluents from a chromatography column

A simple arrangement, using a standard Geiger-Müller tube, for the continuous monitoring of radioactive effluents from a chromatography column

Polarographic Cell for Continuous Monitoring of Ion Exchange Effluents

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPolarographic Cell for Continuous Monitoring of Ion Exchange EffluentsCharles K. MannCite this: Anal. Chem. 1957, 29, 9, 1385–1386Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1957Publication History Published online19 March 2003Published inissue 1 September 1957https://doi.org/10.1021/ac60129a604RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views16Altmetric-Citations25LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (231 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts