Efficient Wound Healing Research Articles

Smart wound dressings based on carbon doped copper nanoparticles for selective bacterial detection and eradication for efficient wound healing application

Bacterial infections are considered a major threat worldwide due to the fast emergence of antimicrobial resistance. Real-time monitoring and on time treatment of pathogens is a scientific as well as a practical challenge. The aim of the current research was the development of electrospun wound dressings with potent biocompatible, angiogenic, and antimicrobial action. Antibacterial electrospun polyurethane fibres containing carbon doped copper nanoparticles (C/Cu NPs) were fabricated by electrospinning method and characterized by microscopic and spectroscopic measurements such as scanning electron microscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction analysis and contact angle measurements. Antibacterial activity of the C/Cu and C/Cu NPs containing polyurethane fibers was evaluated with bacterial strains Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli and enhanced antibacterial activity was shown by C/Cu NPs and fibers containing C/Cu NPs. In vitro cell culture results clearly exhibited these nanoparticles would be helpful in proliferation and migration of fibroblast cells. Results of the wound healing study showed that PU/0.5% NP patches could effectively improve the healing of wounds. The angiogenic potential of the scaffolds was investigated by chorionic allantoic membrane (CAM) assay. Hence, the results obtained suggest that the fabricated nanofibers are the potential candidate to be used as antibacterial wound dressing for wound healing application.

An All-in-One "4A Hydrogel": through First-Aid Hemostatic, Antibacterial, Antioxidant, and Angiogenic to Promoting Infected Wound Healing.

Currently used wound dressings are ineffective. Hence, there is a need to develop introduce a high-performance medicament with multiple functions including rapid hemostasis and excellent antibacterial activity to meet the growing worldwide demand for wound healing products. Here, inspired by the strong adhesion of mussels and the enzyme-mimicking activity of nanometallic biomaterials, the authors developed an injectable hydrogel to overcome multiple limitations of current wound dressings. The hydrogel is synthesized via esterification reaction between poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA), followed by catechol-metal coordination between Cu2+ and the catechol groups of DOPA to form a PVA-DOPA-Cu (PDPC) hydrogel. The PDPC hydrogel possesses excellent tissue adhesive, antioxidative, photothermal, antibacterial, and hemostatic properties. The hydrogel rapidly and efficiently stopped bleeding under different traumatic conditions, including otherwise-lethal liver injury, high-pressure carotid artery rupture, and even fatal cardiac penetration injuries in animal models. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that the PDPC hydrogel affected high-performance wound repair and tissue regeneration by accelerating re-epithelialization, promoting collagen deposition, regulating inflammation, and contributing to vascularization. The results show that PDPC hydrogel is a promising candidate for rapid hemorrhage control and efficient wound healing in multiple clinical applications.

Nanomedicine hybrid and catechol functionalized chitosan as pH-responsive multi-function hydrogel to efficiently promote infection wound healing

The complicated wound repair process caused by microbial infection is still a clinical problem due to antibiotic resistance. Therefore it is necessary to employ the incorporating bioactive molecules in the dressing to solve this problem. Herein, a multifunctional nanocomposite hydrogel (CS-HCA-Icps) with the pathological pH-responsive drug release has been developed to promote the infection-impaired wound healing. CS-HCA-Icps nanocomposite hydrogel composed of catechol-grafted chitosan (CS-HCA) and a curcumin-Fe3+ coordination nanoparticles (Icps, Cur-Fe3+) exhibits the favorable activities in free radical scavenging, anti-bacterial and anti-inflammatory. The favorable biocompatibility is also demonstrated both in vitro and in vivo experiments. These demonstrate the promoting efficacy of hydrogel in wound healing. In this study, Chitosan (CS) shows excellent biocompatibility and antibacterial properties for tissue repair. After functional modification with HCA, the catechol groups are beneficial to improve antioxidant capacity for wound repair, Moreover, Icps nanomedicine are able to enhance the loaded Cur release in response to the pathological acidic microenvironment at the inflammatory stage of wounds. Thus, the pathological pH-responsive hydrogel integrating anti-bacterial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory functions may represent a promising strategy for safe and efficient wound healing, in particular for potential clinical use.

Litchi-like silver nanoparticles immobilized in microspheres for effective bacteriostasis, rapid hemostasis, and wound healing

Metal nanoparticles, particularly silver nanoparticles (AgNs), exhibit excellent antibacterial properties. However, their high mobility and Ag+ release rate can damage normal tissues and cells. Therefore, their application in wound healing is limited. Reducing Ag+ to AgNs using tannic acid (TA) and Fe complexes (TA/Fe) could effectively prevent the migration of AgNs and slow the release of Ag+ to achieve effective inhibition of bacteria. Ag+ was reduced to AgNs using TA/Fe coating on the surface of calcium alginate and silk fibroin peptide microspheres (CA/SP) to prepare novel litchi-like microspheres (CA/SP@AgNs). CA/SP@AgNs showed good biocompatibility. The growth and reproduction of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were completely inhibited at a CA/SP@AgNs concentration of 20 mg/mL. The redox reaction of Ag+ with TA/Fe resulted in the oxidation of Fe2+ to Fe3+. The hemostatic ability of CA/SP@AgNs was significantly enhanced owing to the good coagulation ability of TA/Fe3+ in the blood, which reduced the bleeding time and hemostatic volume of the femoral artery to 109 s and 0.115 g, respectively. Therefore, TA/Fe-modified microspheres are good carriers of AgNs that can be used for efficient bacteriostasis, rapid hemostasis, and wound healing.

Curcumin-regulated constructing of defective zinc-based polymer-metal-organic framework as long-acting antibacterial platform for efficient wound healing

A dual-modal antibacterial platform has been established for highly efficient wound healing infected by bacteria based on a defective zinc-based metal–organic framework composite, which was synthesized using 1,4-phthalic acid-based polyether polymer (L8) as ligand, curcumin as regulator, and Zn2+ as metal coordinated center (Cur@Zn-MOF). In addition to the integration of the features of polymer-MOF synthesized using L8 (such as high water stability and controllable and long-term release of Zn2+) and Zn-bioMOF prepared using curcumin as ligand (such as feasible release of curcumin and Zn2+ and good biocompatibility), the Cur@Zn-MOF bioplatform also possessed plenty of structure defects. Comparing with Zn-bioMOF and polyZn-MOF synthesized using the sole ligand, the smaller released amount of curcumin (6.08 μg mL−1) and higher release level of Zn2+ ions (5.68 μg mL−1) were simultaneously achieved for the defective Cur@Zn-MOF within a long-term duration (48 h). The synergistic effect afforded Cur@Zn-MOF the high sterilization performance toward Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) even at the low usage of 125 μg mL−1. The in vivo wound healing effect further confirmed the superior treatment ability of Cur@Zn-MOF toward the bacterium-infected wound. Also, the negligible cytotoxicity and low hemolysis of Cur@Zn-MOF greatly promoted the viability of human skin fibroblasts. Accordingly, this work can provide a new dual-modal bioplatform based on the functional MOF via the controllable release of antibacterial drug and metal ions for the efficient wound healing.

Platelet-rich plasma-loaded bioactive chitosan@sodium alginate@gelatin shell-core fibrous hydrogels with enhanced sustained release of growth factors for diabetic foot ulcer healing

The ability of autologous platelet-rich plasma (PRP) gel to promote rapid wound healing without immunological rejection has opened new avenues for the treatment of diabetic foot wounds. However, PRP gel still suffers from the quick release of growth factors (GFs) and requires frequent administration, thus resulting in decreased wound healing efficiency, higher cost as well as greater pain and suffering for the patients. In this study, the flow-assisted dynamic physical cross-linked coaxial microfluidic three-dimensional (3D) bio-printing technology, combined with the calcium ion chemical dual cross-linking method was developed to design PRP-loaded bioactive multi-layer shell-core fibrous hydrogels. The prepared hydrogels exhibited outstanding water absorption-retention capacity, good biocompatibility as well as a broad-spectrum antibacterial effect. Compared with clinical PRP gel, these bioactive fibrous hydrogels displayed a sustained release of GFs, reducing the administration frequency by 33 % availably during the wound treatment, but more prominent therapeutic effects such as effective reduced inflammation, in addition to promoting the growth of granulation tissue and angiogenesis, the formation of high-density hair follicles, and the generation of regular ordered and high-density collagen fiber network, which suggested great promise as exceptional candidates for treatment of diabetic foot ulcer in clinical settings.

Centella asiatica and Its Metabolite Asiatic Acid: Wound Healing Effects and Therapeutic Potential.

An intense effort has been focused on new therapeutic approaches and the development of technologies for more efficient and rapid wound healing. The research for plants used for long time in traditional medicine in the treatment of wound has become a promising strategy to obtain drugs therapeutically useful in the acute and chronic wound management. In this context, Centella asiatica (Apiaceae) has been used to treat a variety of skin diseases, such as leprosy, lupus, varicose ulcers, eczema and psoriasis, in Asiatic traditional medicine for thousands of years. Studies have shown that Centella asiatica extracts (CAE) display activity in tissue regeneration, cell migration and wound repair process by promoting fibroblast proliferation and collagen synthesis. Preliminary findings have shown that the asiatic acid is one of the main active constituents of C. asiatica, directly associated with its healing activity. Thus, this study discusses aspects of the effects of Centella asiatica and its active component, asiatic acid, in different stages of the healing process of cutaneous wounds, including phytochemical and antimicrobial aspects that contribute to its therapeutic potential.

Highly efficient bacteria-infected diabetic wound healing employing a melanin-reinforced biopolymer hydrogel

Owing to hyperglycemia-related metabolic abnormalities that cause oxidative stress, recurrent infections, and vascular lesions, the therapeutic management of diabetic wounds is still unsatisfactory. Herein, we present a hydrogel (GCM) wound dressing loaded with melanin nanoparticles in a polysaccharide matrix (biguanide chitosan and oxidized β-glucan) for efficient healing of bacterially infected diabetic wounds. By a simple local injection, a protective GCM hydrogel barrier is established over the wound to rapidly stop bleeding and neutralize inflammatory cytokines. Subsequently, the GCM hydrogel achieves an accelerated transfer from the inflammatory process to the healing phase of the wound because of its excellent photothermal antimicrobial and reactive oxygen species scavenging properties. Additionally, GCM hydrogel has a three-dimensional network structure that dramatically enhances cell proliferation, migration, and angiogenesis by creating favorable ecological conditions for cell survival. Notably, our GCM hydrogel can help treat a variety of bacteria-infected diabetic wounds like skin and oral ulcer wounds. Collectively, this work provides a new option for diabetic wound treatment.

Selenide-linked polydopamine-reinforced hybrid hydrogels with on-demand degradation and light-triggered nanozyme release for diabetic wound healing

BackgroundMultifunctional hydrogels with controllable degradation and drug release have attracted extensive attention in diabetic wound healing. This study focused on the acceleration of diabetic wound healing with selenide-linked polydopamine-reinforced hybrid hydrogels with on-demand degradation and light-triggered nanozyme release.MethodsHerein, selenium-containing hybrid hydrogels, defined as DSeP@PB, were fabricated via the reinforcement of selenol-end capping polyethylene glycol (PEG) hydrogels by polydopamine nanoparticles (PDANPs) and Prussian blue nanozymes in a one-pot approach in the absence of any other chemical additive or organic solvent based on diselenide and selenide bonding-guided crosslinking, making them accessible for large-scale mass production.ResultsReinforcement by PDANPs greatly increases the mechanical properties of the hydrogels, realizing excellent injectability and flexible mechanical properties for DSeP@PB. Dynamic diselenide introduction endowed the hydrogels with on-demand degradation under reducing or oxidizing conditions and light-triggered nanozyme release. The bioactivity of Prussian blue nanozymes afforded the hydrogels with efficient antibacterial, ROS-scavenging and immunomodulatory effects, which protected cells from oxidative damage and reduced inflammation. Further animal studies indicated that DSeP@PB under red light irradiation showed the most efficient wound healing activity by stimulating angiogenesis and collagen deposition and inhibiting inflammation.ConclusionThe combined merits of DSeP@PB (on-demand degradation, light-triggered release, flexible mechanical robustness, antibacterial, ROS-scavenging and immunomodulatory capacities) enable its high potential as a new hydrogel dressing that can be harnessed for safe and efficient therapeutics for diabetic wound healing.

Effects of interleukin-4-modified gold nanozymes on the full-thickness skin defects in diabetic mice

Effects of interleukin-4-modified gold nanozymes on the full-thickness skin defects in diabetic mice

Wound healing and antibacterial capability of electrospun polyurethane nanofibers incorporating Calendula officinalis and Propolis extracts

In order to produce a healing accelerator antibacterial wound dressing, different electrospun polyurethane (PU)-based nanofibers inclusive Calendula officinalis and Propolis ethanolic extracts were fabricated. The measurement of minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) against Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) determined the concentrations of incorporating extracts. Then the morphological properties of the produced polyurethane (PU), polyurethane/C. officinalis (PU/CO), polyurethane/Propolis (PU/PR), polyurethane/C. officinalis/Propolis (PU/CO/PR) were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The physicochemical features and biological characteristics of the fabricated nanofibers were evaluated. Subsequently, the antibacterial and wound-healing efficiency of electrospun wound dressings were tested under in vivo situation. The electrospun PU/CO/PR nanofiber illustrated the most degree of antibacterial, antioxidant, and cell proliferation efficiencies. In vivo examination and histological analysis confirmed significant improvement in the complete, well-organized wound-healing process in MRSA-infected wounds treated with PU/CO/PR. These outcomes described PU/CO/PR electrospun nanofibers as a wound dressing that can significantly facilitate wound healing with notable antibacterial, antioxidant, and cell proliferation properties.

Microenvironment-Adaptive Nanozyme for Accelerating Drug-Resistant Bacteria-Infected Wound Healing.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are favorable for antibacterial infection but their overproduction results in serious inflammatory response and aggravates the hypoxic state of the wound tissue, which is detrimental to healing stages of proliferation and remodeling. Here, an atomic-dispersion Fe-doped oxygen-deficient molybdenum oxide MoO3- X (ADFM) bifunctional nanozyme, featuring implanted peroxidase-like and enhanced catalase-like activity, is developed for decomposing H2 O2 into strongly oxidizing hydroxyl radicals (•OH) for prevention of bacterial infection and into plentiful O2 for healing stages. Therein, the introduction of Fe into MoO3- X primarily produces an asymmetric electron density difference by elongating the bond length between metal atoms, synchronously stabilizing adsorption of •OH and weakening the adsorption of O2 . ADFM also shows unimaginably high aqueous dispersity and pH-adaptive ROS regulation in the wound microenvironment, both of which are favorable for ADFM to fully exert enzyme-like activity for timely antibacterial and efficient wound-healing action. ADFM thus achieves efficient healing of drug-resistant bacteria-infected wounds in vivo, at an ultralow dosage of 30µg mL-1 against 106 CFU mL-1 extended spectrum β-lactamases-producing Escherichia coli, exhibiting a wound-healing efficiency of ≈10 mm2 per day, which sets a benchmark among these noble-metal-free nanozyme-based wound-healing agents.

Green Synthesis of Highly Fluorescent Carbon Dots from Bovine Serum Albumin for Linezolid Drug Delivery as Potential Wound Healing Biomaterial: Bio-Synergistic Approach, Antibacterial Activity, and In Vitro and Ex Vivo Evaluation

A simple and green approach was developed to produce novel highly fluorescent bovine serum albumin carbon dots (BCDs) via facile one-step hydrothermal treatment, using bovine serum albumin as a precursor carbon source. Inherent blue photoluminescence of the synthesized BCDs provided a maximum photostability of 90.5 ± 1.2% and was characterized via TEM, FT-IR, XPS, XRD, UV-visible, and zeta potential analyses. By virtue of their extremely small size, intrinsic optical and photoluminescence properties, superior photostability, and useful non-covalent interactions with the synthetic oxazolidinone antibiotic linezolid (LNZ), BCDs were investigated as fluorescent nano-biocarriers for LNZ drug delivery. The release profile of LNZ from the drug delivery system (LNZ-BCDs) revealed a distinct biphasic release, which is beneficial for mollifying the lethal incidents associated with wound infection. The effective wound healing performance of the developed LNZ-BCDs were evaluated through various in vitro and ex vivo assays such as MTT, ex vivo hemolysis, in vitro antibacterial activity, in vitro skin-related enzyme inhibition, and scratch wound healing assays. The examination of LNZ-BCDs as an efficient wound healing biomaterial illustrated excellent biocompatibility and low cytotoxicity against normal human skin fibroblast (HSF) cell line, indicating distinct antibacterial activity against the most common wound infectious pathogens including Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC® 25922) and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, robust anti-elastase, anti-collagenase, and anti-tyrosinase activities, and enhanced cell proliferation and migration effect. The obtained results confirmed the feasibility of using the newly designed fluorescent LNZ-BCDs nano-bioconjugate as a unique antibacterial biomaterial for effective wound healing and tissue regeneration. Besides, the greenly synthesized BCDs could be considered as a great potential substitute for toxic nanoparticles in biomedical applications due to their biocompatibility and intense fluorescence characteristics and in pharmaceutical industries as promising drug delivery nano-biocarriers for effective wound healing applications.

A multifunctional chitosan-based hydrogel with self-healing, antibacterial, and immunomodulatory effects as wound dressing

Bacterial infection often leads to inflammatory responses and delays wound healing. Chitosan (CS)-based composite hydrogels can hold desirable mechanical properties and maintain excellent antibacterial abilities, and thus may be promising as wound dressings. Although CS-based hydrogels have been widely studied on the antibacterial and wound-healing abilities, their immunomodulatory abilities were rarely evaluated. Herein, we developed a multifunctional CS/Poly[2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl] trimethyl ammonium chloride (PMETAC) hydrogel. In vitro, this hydrogel exhibited self-healing ability and excellent biocompatibility, promoted macrophage polarization towards M2 phenotype, and showed desirable antibacterial activity. In vivo, this hydrogel accelerated the wound regeneration process by reducing bacterial burden, increasing collagen deposition, stimulating angiogenesis, promoting macrophage polarization to M2 direction, and shifting the balance of T helper type 17 (Th17) cells towards anti-inflammatory regulatory T (Treg) cells. This work revealed the potential immunomodulatory effect of CS-based wound dressings and thus may provide a novel target for developing efficient wound healing tools.

Antifungal activity of designed α-helical antimicrobial peptides.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has become a major global health concern prompting the quest for new antibiotics with higher efficiency and less proneness to drug resistance. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) offer such properties and have therefore gained increasing attention as a new generation of antibiotics to overcome AMR. In an attempt to develop new highly selective and highly efficient antifungal peptides, a sequence (named At1) originating from the natural AMP Ponericin-W1 was used as a lead sequence for rational design of a series of short cationic antifungal peptides named At2-At12. The charge, hydrophobicity, and terminal amino acids of the peptides were modified in a systematic way to investigate the effect of such structural changes on the biological activity of the peptides. Among all the designed peptides, three peptides (coded as At3, At5 and At10) exhibited high antifungal activity without any significant hemolytic activity in human red blood cells. The higher selectivity of these peptides for fungal cells over human cells was further confirmed in cocultures of Candida albicans and human foreskin fibroblasts. These three peptides lacked any hydrophilic residues in their hydrophobic domain, contained lysine residues in their hydrophilic region and had an overall charge of 7+. They also had a higher helical content in microbial membrane mimicking DPPG SUVs than the rest of the peptides. The fungi did not develop any resistance to the designed antifungal peptides even after 25 generations indicating low AMR. At5 was also used in vivo for the treatment of wounds infected with Candida albicans in mice and showed superiority over fluconazole for treating infection and accelerating wound healing. There was an interplay between the hydrophobicity and positive charge density to determine the antifungal activity of the peptides. The results from this study suggest this class of antifungal peptides as promising candidates for antifungal drugs with high efficiency, high biocompatibility and low propensity for drug resistance.

Zwitterionic nanocapsule-based wound dressing with the function of gradient release of multi-drugs for efficient wound healing.

Efficient wound healing has attracted great interest due to the prevalence of skin damage. It is still highly desired yet challenging to construct a multi-drug loaded wound dressing that can release different drugs at different times to meet specific requirements towards different healing stages. Herein, a wound dressing was developed based on thermoresponsive zwitterionic nanocapsules (ZNs) that were sandwiched between two double-layered fabrics to regulate the multiple drug release pathway. The salt-response of the obtained ZNs was greatly suppressed while its transition temperature was regulated to be ∼37 °C to fit the needs of the physiological environment. Two bioactive substances, human basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) for tissue regeneration and norfloxacin for anti-inflammation, were loaded in the ZNs and on the surface of fabrics, respectively, to achieve separative gradient release. The in vitro drug release tests revealed that norfloxacin could be released relatively fast (∼24 h) while the release rate of bFGF was much slower (∼168 h), matching the specific time requirements of inflammation and proliferation stages very well. The in vivo wound healing experiment also confirmed the high wound healing efficiency of the wound dressing developed here, compared to the wound dressings without gradient release characteristics. We believe the strategy illustrated here will provide new insights into the design and biomedical applications of zwitterionic nanocapsules.

Extracellular vesicles from 3D cultured dermal papilla cells improve wound healing via Krüppel-like factor 4/vascular endothelial growth factor A -driven angiogenesis.

Non-healing wounds are an intractable problem of major clinical relevance. Evidence has shown that dermal papilla cells (DPCs) may regulate the wound-healing process by secreting extracellular vesicles (EVs). However, low isolation efficiency and restricted cell viability hinder the applications of DPC-EVs in wound healing. In this study, we aimed to develop novel 3D-DPC spheroids (tdDPCs) based on self-feeder 3D culture and to evaluate the roles of tdDPC-EVs in stimulating angiogenesis and skin wound healing. To address the current limitations of DPC-EVs, we previously developed a self-feeder 3D culture method to construct tdDPCs. DPCs and tdDPCs were identified using immunofluorescence staining and flow cytometry. Subsequently, we extracted EVs from the cells and compared the effects of DPC-EVs and tdDPC-EVs on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) in vitro using immunofluorescence staining, a scratch-wound assay and a Transwell assay. We simultaneously established a murine model of full-thickness skin injury and evaluated the effects of DPC-EVs and tdDPC-EVs on wound-healing efficiency in vivo using laser Doppler, as well as hematoxylin and eosin, Masson, CD31 and α-SMA staining. To elucidate the underlying mechanism, we conducted RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) of tdDPC-EV- and phosphate-buffered saline-treated HUVECs. To validate the RNA-seq data, we constructed knockdown and overexpression vectors of Krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF4). Western blotting, a scratch-wound assay, a Transwell assay and a tubule-formation test were performed to detect the protein expression, cell migration and lumen-formation ability of KLF4 and vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) in HUVECs incubated with tdDPC-EVs after KLF4 knockdown or overexpression. Dual-luciferase reporter gene assays were conducted to verify the activation effect of KLF4 on VEGFA. We successfully cultured tdDPCs and extracted EVs from DPCs and tdDPCs. The tdDPC-EVs significantly promoted the proliferation, lumen formation and migration of HUVECs. Unlike DPC-EVs, tdDPC-EVs exhibited significant advantages in terms of promoting angiogenesis, accelerating wound healing and enhancing wound-healing efficiency both in vitro and in vivo. Bioinformatics analysis and further functional experiments verified that the tdDPC-EV-regulated KLF4/VEGFA axis is pivotal in accelerating wound healing. 3D cultivation can be utilized as an innovative optimization strategy to effectively develop DPC-derived EVs for the treatment of skin wounds. tdDPC-EVs significantly enhance wound healing via KLF4/VEGFA-driven angiogenesis.

Хирургическое лечение обширных дефектов мягких тканей конечностей и таза

In modern armed conflicts the incidence of multiple and combined limb wounds with extensive wound defects of the limbs and pelvis remains high and tends to increase [1]. Such wounds are accompanied by prolonged treatment period, high frequency of wound infection development (up to 35–80%), impossibility of early internal osteosynthesis and early rehabilitation, and rather high incidence of disability [2–4]. The closure of extensive defects in combination with the wound management algorithm in the early posttraumatic period reduces blood and plasma loss, the development of endotoxicosis and wound infection, significantly improves the results and outcomes of treatment, increasing the efficiency of wound healing and reducing the duration of patient treatment.

Novel fabrication and development of multifunctional Zn/Fu@Cs nanofibers material for wound care and operate room infection control

Treatment of operate room wounds infections is a clinically more challenging process. Therefore, several techniques and wound care materials have been taken to improve wound healing mechanisms. The present study is mainly focused on zinc oxide and fucoidan-loaded chitosan nanofiber scaffolds fabricated by the electrospinning method. The functional groups, morphology, and hydrothermal stability of fabricated Zn/Fu@Cs were observed and investigated by microscopic and some spectroscopic techniques. The wound healing potential of Zn/Fu@Cs nanofiber has been evaluated by various in vitro biological experiments. In addition, the prepared nanofiber showed suitable bacterial growth inhibition against P. aeruginosa, B. subtilis, S. aureus, and E. coli wound infecting bacteria and in vitro studies confirmed the excellent cell proliferation, and cytocompatibility. In vitro study exhibited significant cell proliferation and viability is observed in Zn/Fu@Cs nanofiber treated L929 cells within 3 days, which is comparable to the control it is higher. In wound scratch assay the wound healing efficiency has been monitored on the human skin fibroblast L929 cell line. The wound scratch experiment results revealed that the Zn/Fu@Cs nanofiber shows quick cell regeneration without bacterial infections. The biodegradation study concluded the biocompatibility of nanofibers under physiological condition. The overall results suggest that the Zn/Fu@Cs nanofiber is a potential material for wound care with enhanced antibacterial property against operate room pathogens.

Cuprous oxide-demethyleneberberine nanospheres for single near-infrared light-triggered photoresponsive-enhanced enzymatic synergistic antibacterial therapy.

In this work, novel cuprous oxide-demethyleneberberine (Cu2O-DMB) nanomaterials are successfully synthesized for photoresponsive-enhanced enzymatic synergistic antibacterial therapy under near-infrared (NIR) irradiation (808 nm). Cu2O-DMB has a spherical morphology with a smaller nanosize and positive ζ potential, can trap bacteria through electrostatic interactions resulting in a targeting function. Cu2O-DMB nanospheres show both oxidase-like and peroxidase-like activities, and serve as a self-cascade platform, which can deplete high concentrations of GSH to produce O2˙- and H2O2, then H2O2 is transformed into ˙OH, without introducing exogenous H2O2. At the same time, Cu2O-DMB nanospheres become photoresponsive, producing 1O2 and having an efficient photothermal conversion effect upon NIR irradiation. The proposed mechanism is that the generated ROS (O2˙-, ˙OH and 1O2) and hyperthermia can have synergetic effects for killing bacteria. Moreover, hyperthermia is not only beneficial for destroying bacteria, but also effectively enhances the efficiency of ˙OH production and accelerates GSH oxidation. Upon NIR irradiation, Cu2O-DMB nanospheres exhibit excellent antibacterial ability against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and ampicillin-resistant Escherichia coli (AREC) with low cytotoxicity and bare bacterial resistance, destroy the bacterial membrane causing an efflux of proteins and disrupt the bacterial biofilm formation. Animal experiments show that the Cu2O-DMB + NIR group can efficiently treat MRSA infection and promote wound healing. These results suggest that Cu2O-DMB nanospheres are effective materials for combating bacterial infections highly efficiently and to aid the development of photoresponsive enzymatic synergistic antibacterial therapy.