Efficient Lamps Research Articles

Modifying the Silt Lamp by Using a White Laser in Place of the Halogen Light

This paper explores the modification of the slit lamp, a vital ophthalmic instrument, by replacing the traditional halogen light source with a white laser. This modification aims to enhance the diagnostic capabilities and efficiency of the slit lamp. White laser technology offers superior brightness, intensity, and color accuracy, which improves the visibility and differentiation of ocular tissues. Additionally, white lasers are more energy-efficient, provide consistent light output, and require less maintenance. The redesign process includes adjustments to the optical system, incorporating specialized filters and lenses, and ensuring proper thermal management. The integration of a high-resolution digital camera system with white laser illumination further improves image quality and diagnostic precision. The study outlines the benefits, potential challenges, and implementation steps, concluding that the use of white lasers in slit lamps can significantly enhance the effectiveness of ocular diagnostics, benefiting both ophthalmologists and patients.

Application of ecodesign policy and energy labelling to improve energy efficiency and quality of LED light sources

Ecodesign, which provides for measures to reduce negative impacts on the environment and increase the functionality of LED light sources, is one of the priority areas of the energy saving policy. The paper presents the results of a study of commercial samples of non-directional LED lamps of various brands for compliance with the Commission Regulation (EU) 2019/2020 on establishing the requirements for the ecodesign of light sources and the Declared Commission Regulation (EU) 2019/2015 on the energy labelling, which came into force in 2021. It is shown that the light output of the tested batches of lamps with a power of 5–12 W is in the range of 90–120 lm/W, which corresponds to the energy efficiency classes, according to the new rating scale of the Commission Regulation (EU) 2019/2015, F and E. Over the past decades, the light output of the lamps entering Ukraine has increased by more than 30%. Quality indicators of light have also been improved: all tested lamps have a general colour rendering index of Ra > 80; in five of eight batches of lamps, the colour unevenness does not exceed the 3-degree McAdam ellipses; and only in one batch, individual lamps exceed the 6-degree ellipse. All tested lamps meet the requirements for the level of flickering (PstLM < 1) and the level of visibility of the stroboscopic effect (SVM < 0.4). Individual non-compliances of the lamps with the established requirements were also noted, in particular, lamps with a power of 11 and 12 W do not meet the power factor cos φ1 – some manufacturers do not fully declare the characteristics of their products. Most of the lamps have a low special colour rendering index R9. Conclusions about the effectiveness of the ecodesign policy and energy labelling in increasing the energy efficiency, quality and safety of LED lamps have been made.

Modeling Night and Daylighting Toll Road Tunnel Using Dialux to Compare the Performance of HPS and LED Lamp

In toll road tunnels, the lighting at the threshold zone must balance the brightness of the access zone with natural light. Therefore, artificial lighting is strategically placed in that area to match the brightness to the intensity of natural light. This balance shifts during nighttime to ensure uniform brightness throughout the tunnel, equivalent to street lighting. Additionally, a significant amount of power is required to realize this artificial lighting. Two lamp technologies are used for tunnel lighting: HPS lamps with low energy efficiency and LED lamps with better energy efficiency. The challenge is determining artificial lighting in the threshold zone using energy-efficient lamps. To address this issue, simulations were conducted to compare the two lamp types applied in tunnels to achieve the most significant power savings. This research creates a model of toll road tunnel lighting using DIALux software better to understand the characteristics of toll road tunnel lighting using HPS and LED lamps. The SNI and ANSI/IES are the standards used. The Cisumdawu tunnel is used as the case study. The simulation results show that the luminance in the interior zone using LED or HPS lamps meets the SNI standard. Using LED lamps results in higher luminance with less power than using HPS. This discovery can improve energy efficiency in tunnel environments and contribute to lighting solutions for transportation infrastructure.

Two-dimensional Keitz method for the radiant power measurement of planar ultraviolet excilamps

Planar XeBr∗ and XeCl∗ excilamps emitting noncoherent narrowband UVB light (280–315 nm) are now widely used to cure psoriasis and vitiligo as well as to improve vitamin D synthesis. The two-dimensional integral formula has been deducted in this study, which is a good method and has great practical significance to calculate the total radiant power and assess the energy efficiency of a planar UV lamp. The measured radiant power of planar white LED lamps through a two-dimensional Keitz formula has been compared to that of gonio-photometer, verifying the applicability of the formula. The optimum measurement distance is dependent on the lamp length (1.5L≤D≤3.5L) for which the derivation from the two methods can be controlled within 10%. The planar XeBr∗ excilamps have been measured and compared to coaxial excilamps, which show similar patterns of change for the radiant characteristics. Since the planar radiant power formula only needs to measure normal illuminance at a certain distance from the symmetric center of the lamp, it is more convenient to use and is a low-cost method to promote the development of large-sized planar ultraviolet lamps.

Implementation of a low-cost intelligent street light system using internet of things

In the contemporary world, science and technology are advancing swiftly to meet the growing human need for electricity. Within this framework, street lighting, serving as the most vital and ubiquitous element of urban lighting infrastructure, contributes significantly to public electricity consumption. Hence, enhancing the operational efficiency of street lamps becomes imperative to conserve energy. Nonetheless, traditional street lighting systems, being manually controlled, consuming excessive power, and entailing high installation expenses, present notable drawbacks and concerns. Leveraging the internet of things (IoT), advanced innovations automate various areas, including health monitoring, traffic management, agricultural irrigation, street lights, and classrooms. The current manual operation of street lights leads to substantial global energy waste. To address this, an integrated hardware and software solution is proposed. Practical implementation of the hardware devices employs a wireless sensor network, while the software focuses on developing an IoT application for data storage, analysis, and visualization. The proposed system enables effective monitoring of parameters such as ambient temperature, current, voltage, and energy consumption of photovoltaic street lights, which are used as an indicator of the lamp status. Using Xbee modules, a configuration by the X-CTU software is necessary to communicate between all street lights wirelessly. These Xbee modules are used as a leading technology for wireless sensor networks due to its low power and low cost. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed system is energy-efficient and cost-effective, and further can be implemented in real street light systems.

A comparative study on the degradation of carbamazepine by UV laser/chlorine and UV laser/PS processes: Performance and mechanisms

Residual carbamazepine (CBZ) in water is difficult to remove through conventional treatment processes, threatening the safety of drinking water. Ultraviolet-based advanced oxidation processes (UV-AOPs) have shown promise in removing refractory organic pollutants, while the low energy and efficiency of traditional mercury lamps hinder their practical applications. In this study, the performance and mechanism of an intensive-energy light source, UV laser, were systematically explored in UV-AOPs (laser/chlorine, laser/persulfate (PS)). It was found that UV laser exhibited a significantly activating ability for chlorine and PS due to its precise wavelength and high pulse energy. When exposed to UV laser (266 nm, 4.2 mW/cm2) combined with 200 μM chlorine and PS, the kinetic rate constants for the degradation of 10 μM CBZ were determined to be 3.160 × 10-3 and 1.227 × 10-3 s−1, respectively. The degradation of CBZ was dominated by hydroxyl radicals (60.98 %) and sulfate radicals (23.15 %) in laser/PS system, while in laser/chlorine system, hydroxyl radicals (54.90 %), chlorine radicals (27.43 %), and chlorine oxide radicals (13.81 %) were primary reactive species. Furthermore, both the laser/chlorine and laser/PS systems demonstrated compatibility with a wide pH range of 5.0–9.0 and high resistance to anionic interference. Moreover, the electrophilic and nucleophilic sites of CBZ and energy barrier of the initial reaction were calculated based on the density functional theory (DFT). Additionally, the degradation pathways of CBZ and the toxicity of transformation products in laser/chlorine and laser/PS processes were proposed and evaluated. These results demonstrated that the UV laser-based processes exhibited promising prospects in eliminating refractory organic pollutants in water treatment.

Energy saving in road tunnels by means of transparent tension structures

The high and constant rate of energy consumption in road tunnels has led researchers to look for more and more efficient lamps and luminaries. The solutions developed have partially contributed to energy saving but consumption is still high, specially in the threshold zone which requires very high levels of luminance, and the solutions found still have important contras like colour performance. In this work, we present a completely different solution: the extension of the “threshold zone” out of the tunnel by means of a transparent tension structure to let visible solar radiation go into the tunnel and achieve the required levels of luminance during daytime without any kind of electrical lighting.

Uniform broad-area deposition and patterning of SiO2 nanofilms by 172 nm photochemical conversion of liquid tetraethoxysilane layers at 300 K

Oxide films of the quality required for the fabrication of electronic and photonic devices are typically deposited at elevated temperatures and thermal equilibrium, thereby adversely impacting thermal budgets. We report the deposition and patterning of silicon dioxide (SiO2) films of high electrical and optical quality on Si(100) or polymer substrates in a N2 atmosphere and at 300 K by the photochemical conversion of thin liquid tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) layers with narrowband vacuum ultraviolet radiation [vacuum ultraviolet (VUV), 172 nm] provided by efficient microplasma lamps. Irradiating liquid TEOS layers, produced by spin-coating the precursor onto a substrate, with a VUV intensity of 13 mW cm−2, yields 40 nm-thick SiO2 films having a dielectric breakdown strength (Eb) of 5 MV cm−1, for which no precedent exists in the deposition of oxide films at 300 K. If room temperature-deposited films are post-annealed at 200 °C, Eb rises to 7.5 MV cm−1, which is <12% below the measured value (8.5 MV cm−1) for 40 nm SiO2 films grown by thermal oxidation. The deposition of 1 µm thick, stoichiometric SiO2 films requires only 20 min of VUV illumination at low optical fluences, and films with thicknesses of ∼35–60 nm exhibit a refractive index of 1.45 (633 nm). X-ray photoelectron spectrometry and Rutherford backscattering analysis indicate that, despite the deposition temperature, hydrocarbon impurity levels are near or below the detection limit. The capability for depositing 960 nm-thick SiO2 films uniformly (to within 0.6%) by liquid → solid photochemical conversion over a 5 cm diameter Si substrate and patterning films onto flexible polymer substrates has also been demonstrated.

New Design and Simulation of Modified Helix Half-Ring Structure in TWTs Amplifier

The 3-D simulation of the traveling wave tube with attention to the vital role of the slow wave structure in the improvement of the lamp efficiency is done. The simulation shows that in the half ring helix with supporting rods (HRH-SRs), the RF signal phase velocity and the exchange of energy are improved than HRH. The HRH-SR with 1/16 length of HRH is introduced in the S-band. The HRH-SR structure is analyzed with the aid of the CST software for the cold and hot tests in the 2-4-GHz bandwidth. One of the interesting results is the linear output in the special frequency range, which have the industrial and technological importance. The other important result is that the proper impedance matching between the input and output is obtained in the HRH-SR structure in comparison with HRH.

Low-cost measurement light intensity and efficiency of the lamp For school purposes in science experiment

The purpose of this research is to assist science teachers in carrying out experiments in science classes, particularly physics classes, to ascertain the optimal light intensity and efficiency of various lamp types made of inexpensive materials that are related to scientific concepts. The purpose of this study was to develop a practical learning technique based on experiments to measure the lamp’s energy efficiency and light intensity. Three different types of bulbs were used in this research experiment: CFL, LED, and incandescent. Students select a lamp after the experiment based on observations of light intensity and calculations of the lamp’s efficiency using a solar power meter and efficiency equation. The light intensity of the LED lamp shows the highest value with 18,66W/m2 rather than Compact Fluorescent lamp with 15,05% and incandescent lamp with 0,02%. While the efficiency of the LED lamp is 52,6%, the CFL is 26,89%, and the incandescent lamp is 11,26% Novelty: There is not a lot of study on the measurement of light intensity and the calculation of lamp efficiency using inexpensive materials for science-related student experiments.

ОЦІНКА ВІДПОВІДНОСТІ ПАРАМЕТРІВ СВІТЛОДІОДНИХ ДЖЕРЕЛ СВІТЛА ВИМОГАМ НОВИХ РЕГЛАМЕНТІВ КОМІСІЇ ЄС 2019/2020 та ЄС 2019/2015

The results of studies of the energy efficiency and functional parameters of non-directional LED lamps for replacing incandescent lamps, which are supplied to Ukraine as aid for reducing electricity costs for lighting in the residential sector, and their compliance with the new requirements of the Commission Regulation (EU) 2019/2020 on establishing requirements are presented to ecodesign for light sources and Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2019/2015 on energy labeling of light sources, which entered into force in EU countries in 2021. In Ukraine, national technical regulations are being developed on the basis of these regulations. The following parameters of LED lamps with a power of 5-12 W were measured: power consumption, power factor, useful luminous flux, correlated color temperature, uniformity of color, color rendering index, short-term indicator of light flickering, indicator of the visibility of the stroboscopic effect, coefficient of preservation of luminous flux after 3000 hours of operation of the lamps and others The maximum power allowed by the Regulation was calculated, which is defined as a function of the declared useful luminous flux and the declared color rendering index, as well as energy efficiency classes in accordance with the requirements of the new energy labeling, the service life of the lamps was estimated according to the experimentally determined coefficient of preservation of the luminous flux and according to the data of the service life declared by the manufacturer. It is shown that most of the parameters of LED lamps entering Ukraine meet the requirements of the new Commission (EU) Regulations and despite the identified inconsistencies among individual manufacturers, there have been successes in increasing the energy efficiency and quality of LED lamps over the last decade. Keywords: Commission Regulations (EU), LED light sources, energy efficiency, functional parameters.

Efficient Fresh Lamp Light-Harvesting Films with the Self-Activating Continuous and Recyclable Bactericidal Ability for Ultrapersistent Freshness of Perishable Muscle Food.

A large quantity of perishable muscle food is being wasted due to harmful bacteria infestation during the sales and circulation each year and facing challenges. In this study, a self-activated bactericidal active film (PLA/g-C3N4@PCN-224) responsive to fresh lamp light was prepared, which showed excellent hydrophobicity, water vapor resistance, and thermal stability. Due to the synergistic effect between light-induced reactive oxygen species and the high specific surface area of g-C3N4@PCN-224, this film still maintains 99.99% bactericidal efficacy against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus after 10 days of continuous bactericidal activity test. The results of cell and hemolysis experiments indicated that the film was safe and nontoxic and can effectively preserve fresh pork for 7 days. Moreover, the film also exhibited a recyclable and efficient killing activity. A strategy for achieving ultrapersistent freshness of perishable muscle food was provided.

Complementary chromatic adaptation as a strategy to increase energy conversion efficiency of microalgae-cyanobacteria consortia in continuous LED photobioreactors

Phototrophic cultivation of microalgae represents a potential sustainable process to obtain valuable commercial products, but the industrial cultivation is still hampered by low energy-to-biomass conversion efficiency. However, a number of cyanobacteria species evolved the ability to adapt to the prevailing light spectrum exploiting phycobiliproteins and Complementary Chromatic Adaptation (CCA). Spectral properties of such accessory pigments can be, hence, used to cover the green gap and possibly use light energy more efficiently. In this work, the green microalgae Tetradesmus obliquus and the chromatically adapting cyanobacterium Tolypothrix tenuis were cultivated as an alga-alga consortium in chemostat, aimed at increasing the light utilization efficiency in LEDs illuminated photobioreactors. When grown in co-culture, the advantage of consortium, with respect to monocultures, was maintained under different spectra, achieving an areal productivity up to 38 g m−2 d−1 under low red light. A remarkable photosynthetic conversion efficiency was reached under cocultivation, as a result of a wider absorption of photons with different wavelengths by the two species. Red light also resulted the most suitable one from the overall energy balance when artificial light is used. In this condition, by also considering the lamp efficiency, an overall conversion efficiency equal to 21% was reached (on Photosynthetically Active Radiations of RED light and calculated for the biomass of the two species together). The consortium performances were preliminary evaluated in continuous photobioreactors at pilot scale in 16 L and 160 L reactors, confirming the results obtained at lab scale. Hence, we found that is possible to efficiently convert light energy supplied to photobioreactors through a rationale use of light and widening wavelengths absorption spectrum thanks to co-existing species. Such results indicate that innovative consortia establishment can be advantageous for future research and industrial microalgae cultivation.

Design of an Equipped Vehicle for In Situ Road Lighting Measurement

Sustainable road lighting aims to minimize energy consumption and reduce carbon emissions. Road lighting assessment helps evaluate the energy efficiency of lighting systems, including the selection of appropriate lighting fixtures, efficient lamp technologies (such as LED), and lighting control strategies. Assessments can identify areas for improvement and guide the implementation of energy-saving measures. This study introduces a new technology that utilizes a specially equipped vehicle to efficiently and quickly measure photometric quantities on long, illuminated roads. The measurement ranges for illuminance and luminance are (0.1 to 1000) lx and (0.1 to 100) cd/m2, respectively. The equipped vehicle has a positioning resolution of less than 1 cm. A sampling distance of less than 2 m while traveling at a speed of approximately 20 km/h and a sampling rate of 3 samples/s. To test the system’s applicability, the road used in this study was slightly sloped and curved. The results indicate a strong correlation between the illuminance distributions measured by the new method and those measured by traditional methods, thereby confirming the effectiveness of this innovative approach.

Evaluation of disinfection performance of a multiple wavelength EBE-UV light source and comparison with UV-LEDs

A new ultraviolet (UV) light source EBE-UV (electron beam excitation-UV) system was established in this study, which can emit UV light at four wavelengths (233/243/260/270 nm) simultaneously. The EBE-UV lamp emits deep ultraviolet light by electronically exciting the ultraviolet material YPO4:Pr3+. It has the advantage of being mercury-free and environmentally friendly, as well as higher photoelectric conversion efficiency. To evaluate the germicidal performance of the EBE-UV lamp, Gram-negative bacteria, Gram-positive bacteria, and fungi were selected for evaluation. The bactericidal efficiency of the EBE-UV lamp was tested and compared to the universal 255 nm and 275 nm UV-LEDs. As a result, the bactericidal effect of EBE-UV light was more effective than of single-wavelength UV-LEDs, especially against fungi. The level of Reactive Oxygen Species in the cells of the strain was increased to varying degrees by UV irradiation. There is a general weakening of energy metabolism, and DNA was damaged and fragmented. However, almost no significant cell membrane damage was found in this study. The EBE-UV light will show great potential due to its disinfection effect and device performance.

Radiation modeling of microplasma UV lamps for design analysis and optimization

Microplasma UV lamps have recently emerged as viable excimer-based sources of UV radiation, garnering significant attention during the recent COVID-19 pandemic for their use in disinfection applications because of their ability to emit human-safe far-UVC (200–240 nm) spectrums. An accurate model to simulate the radiation profile of microplasma UV lamps is of paramount importance to develop efficient microplasma lamp-implemented systems. We developed a 3D numerical model of microplasma UV lamps using the ray optics method. The simulation results for lamp irradiance and fluence rate were experimentally validated with standard optical radiometry and actinometry measurements, respectively. To improve the optical efficiency of microplasma lamps, an in-depth analysis of radiation behavior inside the standard commercially available lamp was performed using the geometrical optics method, and several potential scenarios were explored. A 2D modeling of an individual microcavity indicated that the current common lamp design can be significantly improved by preventing radiation loss, and small modifications in optical design can greatly increase the energy performance of the system. Based on the findings of this study, several virtual design concepts were proposed, and their performances were numerically compared with that of the original design of commercial microplasma lamps. The developed model can potentially be integrated with hydrodynamic and kinetic models for the virtual prototyping of complex photoreactors operating with UV microplasma lamps.

Research on combined solar fiber lighting and photovoltaic power generation system based on the spectral splitting technology

Modern buildings tend to be high-rise and dense, and indoor lightings are extensively depending on electricity even on sunny days currently. In addition, for those existing solar lighting technologies in development, only the visible light of solar radiation has been used, with the extra spectral energy dissipated by waste heat. A solar fiber optic lighting and photovoltaic power generation system based on spectral splitting technology (SSLP) is proposed and tested in this study. The sunlight is divided into different wave bands through a spectral beam splitter, where the visible light is used for optical fiber illumination, and the near-infrared radiation is used for photovoltaic power generation. The designed SSLP system is simulated with the Monte Carlo ray tracing method, and then experimentally tested. The effects of structural parameters and tracking accuracy on the optical performances of the system are examined. The experimental results show that the sunlight transmitted to the room using optical fiber is bright and comfortable, with an average lighting efficiency of 15.1 %; meanwhile, the average power generation efficiency of the system is about 6.1 %, reaching one-third of the value of conventional PV modules. When the output luminous flux is converted by the luminous efficiency of fluorescent lamps, the overall average efficiency of the system can reach to 29.5 %; when converted by LED lamps, the overall average efficiency can reach to 25.4 %, which are both more efficient than the conventional PV power generation. Taking the solar radiation conditions in Beijing as an example, when the sunlight collection area of the system is 1 m2, it can provide 8 h of sunlight illumination of 500 lx per day for a room of 19.7 m2, while the daily generated electricity can be provided to the LED lamps to extend the lighting time by 2.5 h.

Effects of Electrical Pulse Width and Output Irradiance on Intense Pulse Light Inactivation.

The effects of electrical pulse width and output irradiance on the inactivation effect of intense pulse light (IPL) are studied in this paper. The measured radiant efficiency of pulsed xenon lamp can be more than 50%, and its irradiance can reach levels 100-times greater than that of a low-pressure mercury lamp. Staphylococcus aureus is used in inactivation experiments. When the irradiance and dose are both constant, there is no significant difference in inactivation efficiency when the pulse width is changed. However, a narrow pulse width corresponding to high irradiance at the same single-pulsed dose displays better inactivation effect. Experimental results are compared between the xenon lamp and low-pressure mercury lamp. The reduction factor (RF) value of the xenon lamp is more than 1.0 higher under the condition of both the same dose and irradiance. In order to achieve the same RF value, the dose of continuous-wave light must be at least three-times greater than that of pulsed light. The spectral action of the pulsed light is also studied. It is confirmed that UVC plays a major role across the whole spectrum. The experimental results show that extreme high-pulsed irradiance presents the main contributing factor behind the excellent bactericidal effect of IPL.

Total Synthesis of Arylnaphthalene Lignans through a Photochemical Key Step

AbstractThe total syntheses of three arylnaphthalene lignans (ANLs) were developed: Vitrofolal E (1), Noralashinol C (2), and Ternifoliuslignan E (3). These natural products have in common a missing substituent in 2‐position of the naphthalene moiety (2H‐ANLs). The key step of these syntheses is a regioselective intramolecular Photo‐Dehydro‐Diels‐Alder (PDDA) reaction with (1,7)naphthalenophanes as primary products. A further improvement of the photochemical step was achieved by triplet sensitization with xanthone, allowing the use of more efficient UVA lamps. It should be noted that this work is a continuation of a previous publication about the total synthesis of lignans using the PDDA reaction.[1]

Microwave melting rapid synthesis of CQDs/PpPD heterojunctions with efficient microwave electrodeless lamp photocatalytic performance

A sheet-like carbon quantum dots/poly-p-phenylenediamine (CQDs/PpPD) nanophotocatalyst with stable structure and excellent photocatalytic performance was prepared by a microwave melting method using glucose and p-phenylenediamine as raw materials. The structures of CQDs/PpPD were characterized by X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectrometer, X-ray photoelectron spectrometer, scanning electron microscope, and transmission electron microscope. The results showed that the as-prepared nanophotocatalyst was a stable composite structure with sheet-like PpPD as the main body and spherical CQDs of 2.0–5.0 nm evenly distributed on its surface. Combined with the valence band spectrum of X-ray photoelectron spectrometer, Diffuse reflectance spectra, and photoluminescence characterization analysis, the structure of CQDs/PpPD was determined to be a type II heterojunction, which confirmed that CQDs/PpPD is an excellent photocatalyst material with stronger light absorption capacity and greater electron–hole pair separation efficiency. The photocatalytic performance of CQDs/PpPD was investigated in the microwave electrodeless lamp photocatalytic system. The results showed that microwave could greatly improve the photocatalytic performance of CQDs/PpPD, which could degrade 91.8% of 50 ppm rhodamine B within 10 min, and its degradation efficiency was more than twice that of P25. After four cycles of degradation experiments, the degradation rate remained stable above 88.0%. The photocatalytic mechanism of CQDs/PpPD was discussed through active species detection experiments, combined with the structure and performance characteristics of the materials. Taking into consideration the results obtained from this work, CQDs/PpPD prepared by the microwave melting method is a potential high-efficiency photocatalytic material.