Efficiency In Relation Research Articles

The (In)efficiency and (Un)certainty of Non-propositional Structures of Reality … or, Adventures in Philosophy of Understanding

This article critically discusses understanding, certainty and efficiency in relation to juridical and jurisprudential contexts. Understanding is an undertheorized topic in law and jurisprudence, despite philosophy and epistemology addressing it at some length in recent years. The focus, therefore, is on understanding-in-law (or understanding as a cognitive function of the law) rather than understanding-of-law, which is an exceedingly well-trodden path in doctrinal, critical and philosophical legal work. The article acknowledges that this branch of epistemology is perhaps new ground for legal academics, and thanks to Luca Siliquini-Cinelli’s landmark book, Scientia Iuris, the article is a response to his thesis that law’s regulatory function has grown in recent decades to embrace and embody knowledge while voiding experience. And while this leads Siliquini-Cinelli to the conclusion that law is a matter only of knowledge, not of experience, the article raises questions about what dwells cognitively between poles of knowledge and experience, and how we can take from or define a place for understanding between poles of knowledge and experience. It also explores the role of certainty and efficiency in shaping understanding in law and beyond, with understanding ultimately defined as a grasping of the structures of the objects of law, different from and in contrast to legal knowledge. Keywords: understanding; certainty; knowledge; efficiency; law.

Agroclimatic adaptation of pistachio cultivars ‘Golden Hills’, ‘Kerman’ and ‘Sirora’ to rainfed conditions, and their productive efficiency in relation to the ‘UCB1’ and Pistacia terebinthus rootstocks

Agroclimatic adaptation of pistachio cultivars ‘Golden Hills’, ‘Kerman’ and ‘Sirora’ to rainfed conditions, and their productive efficiency in relation to the ‘UCB1’ and <i>Pistacia terebinthus</i> rootstocks

The impact of exogenous shocks on exchange rates in Vietnam

This paper investigates how exogenous shocks, including inflation, interest rates, energy prices, and crisis factors, are transmitted to the exchange rate and subsequently impact the economy. The transmission process is analyzed through the lens of the SBV's exchange rate management responses. Furthermore, the objective of this study is to evaluate the capacity of Vietnamese exchange rate system to sustain shocks. The article measures the effect of non-systematic shocks using a Dummy variable, where 0 represents normal conditions and 1 represents the time when shocks occur with the use of the monthly data from January 2009 to December 2022, compiled from data sources of the State Bank, GSO, IMF, and WB. The results show that the trend of exogenous shocks in the market over the past time is relatively favorable for exchange rate management in Vietnam, when the transmission reaction from market supply-demand shocks has a limited impact on the exchange rate and inflation. However, as the domestic economy and finance become more and more deeply integrated with the world, exogenous shocks may have a stronger impact. These findings have important policy implications for improving the SBV’s exchange rate management efficiency in relation to other variables to optimize the achieved target.

The fitness of pelargonium cuttings affects the relationship between the photochemical activity of the photosynthetic apparatus and rooting ability

Pelargoniums cultivated for ornamental purposes rely on efficient vegetative propagation. This study researched applicability of chlorophyll fluorescence for validating the physiological conditions of pelargonium cuttings. Results indicated a correlation between the chlorophyll fluorescence and rooting potential. The ET0/RC values were negatively correlated with the rooting efficiency between the varieties and the duration of cold storage. A negative correlation was observed between OJIP parameters, representing energy flow in thylakoids, and chlorophyll content in cuttings with lower nutritional status. The phenomenological energy fluxes for leaf cross-sections and the number of active PSII reaction centers in the not-excited state (RC/CS0) increase with raised chlorophyll concentration. This imply the influence of rooting ability on the demand for photoassimilates in pelargonium cuttings, which can be detected early on through chlorophyll fluorescence analysis but not chlorophyll content measurements. Chlorophyll fluorescence evaluation, along with specific OJIP test parameters such as the performance indices PIABS and PItotal, prove useful for predicting rooting efficiency in relation to the nutritional status of cuttings, suggesting the effects of cuttings cold storage and discerning varietal differences in rooting. This study establishes the pragmatic application of chlorophyll fluorescence assessment for elucidating the physiological intricacies of pelargonium cuttings and factors influencing rooting efficiency.

Feral cat control: improving Eradicat® bait efficiency and effectiveness for fauna conservation in the Southern Jarrah Forest, Western Australia

Context Toxic meat baits are the most effective broadscale method used for reducing the densities and impacts of feral cats (Felis catus) on vulnerable Australian native fauna when alternative prey is minimal. Aims Our aim was to assess the efficiency (proportion of baits removed by target animals) and effectiveness (proportion of target animals removed) of Eradicat® baits and to identify how their use may be improved in Southern Jarrah Forest ecosystems of Western Australia. We sought to determine how, when, and where best to deploy baits using the current Eradicat® bait prescriptions to maximise the reduction of feral cats. Methods Eradicat® uptake trials were conducted over a 15-month period using remote sensor cameras (RSCs) to observe animals interacting with the baits at 40 sites. Ten successive baiting trials were conducted, each involving four randomly selected sites (two replicates for each of two bait deployment methods: clusters and transects). Key results The fate of 5658 Eradicat® baits at 2000 bait locations was recorded during 54,361 camera trap nights. Despite occupancy rates being high for cat and fox (Vulpes vulpes), (92% and 84%, respectively), the efficiency and effectiveness of Eradicat® baits was low for both introduced predators (cat: 0.1% and 10–12%, respectively; and fox: &lt;0.6% and 8–20%, respectively). There were no major differences in baiting efficiency in relation to bait deployment method or time of year. More than half (56–58%) of the baits were removed by non-target animals prior to an introduced predator being observed on camera at the bait location. Along transects, there were more cat and fox visits closer to tracks and surface water features. Foxes were also more likely to visit bait locations closer to private property. Younger cats appeared to be more interested and more likely to eat a bait than older cats. Conclusions Substantial improvements could be made by increasing bait availability (reducing non-target interference), detectability and attractiveness to cats. Implications Additional introduced predator threat abatement methods may be needed for the conservation and recovery of many threatened native mammals in the Southern Jarrah Forests and elsewhere in Australia. Feral cat baiting should be conducted within an integrated and holistic invasive animal management system.

Recirculating frass from food waste bioconversion using black soldier fly larvae: Impacts on process efficiency and product quality

Biowaste generation is increasing worldwide and inadequate disposal has strong negative impacts on food systems and ecosystems. Biodigestion of biowaste using black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae (BSFL) generates valuable by-products such as animal feed (larval biomass) and organic fertiliser (frass). However, the latter is typically unstable immediately after waste conversion and is thus unsafe for use as a fertilizer in terms of maturity. This study evaluated recirculation of frass within bioconversion of post-consumer food waste (FW) as a dietary component for BSFL to improve the quality of the subsequent frass obtained. Frass was introduced at increasing inclusion levels replacing food waste (2.5–100% on wet-weight basis) as part of the larvae's feeding substrate. Bioconversion efficiency and material reduction were significantly reduced by frass inclusion, while larval yield per experimental unit remained unchanged. When considering only the waste component in the larval diet, larval yield (dry-weight basis) ranged between 207 (0% frass inclusion) and 403 (40% frass inclusion) kg tonne FW−1, thus increasing by up to 94% at higher frass inclusion. With increasing dietary inclusion rate of frass from 0% to 100%, crude protein content of larval biomass increased by 41%, while fat content was reduced by 32%. The recirculated frass (obtained after including frass in the larval diet) had elevated concentrations of P, K, S, Na and B and around 6% lower organic matter content, demonstrating a higher degree of decomposition. Frass inclusion in the larval diet generated recirculated frass that were more stable and mature, as indicated by self-heating capacity, CO2 and NH3 volatilisation, seed germination bioassays and other parameters. It was concluded that frass recirculation improves waste bioconversion efficiency in relation to food waste unit, as well as larval biomass and frass quality, ensuring safer use as a fertilizer.

Economic and exergy transmission analysis of the gas-liquid type compressed CO2 energy storage system

Exergy transmission characteristic of the compressed CO2 energy storage system is significant to evaluate the system performance while little attention has been paid to this analytical method in the literature. A CO2 energy storage cycle configured with a gas holder as a low-pressure gas reservoir and a liquid tank as a high-pressure gas reservoir is studied comprehensively. The exergy transmission characteristics and the cost uncertain analysis are considered. Results demonstrated that the round trip efficiency and levelized cost of storage are 71.2 % and 0.1286 $/kWh under optimal design parameters, respectively. Keeping the charge/discharge duration ratio close to 1 has a positive effect on optimizing the economic performance of the system. With the general exergy model of the whole system configured for the charge and discharge process, the study uncovers the fluctuations in the pertinent proportional ratios and exergy transfer efficiency in relation to important parameters. Except for the turbomachinery isentropic efficiency, which impacts nearly all efficiencies, the variation of each parameter only governs the modification of the exergy transfer efficiency for a specific term or a pair of terms. Furthermore, the thermal exergy efficiency of the discharge process and intercooler has a maximum value as the cold-side temperature difference of the high-temperature cooler changes to 27 °C.

The Influence of Asset Structure and Capital Structure on Return on Assets

In a competitive business environment, PT. AirAsia Indonesia Tbk. faces challenges in enhancing financial performance through efficient asset structure management and capital structure. This study examines the impact of asset structure and capital structure on operational efficiency and profit performance of PT. AirAsia Indonesia Tbk. within a highly competitive business setting. The primary objective of this study is to understand the dynamics between financial structure, debt management, and operational efficiency in relation to the company's financial performance. Utilizing financial data from the years 2015 to 2023, this research applies path analysis to evaluate the influence of asset structure and capital structure on efficiency ratios and their subsequent impact on the company's profit performance. This study concludes that although there is a significant relationship between asset structure and capital structure with operational efficiency ratios, this relationship does not significantly affect the company's profit performance. These findings provide important insights for the management of PT. AirAsia Indonesia Tbk. in optimizing asset structure and capital structure to improve operational efficiency without a significant impact on enhancing profit performance.

Evaluation on the performance of a swirling-type hydrodynamic separator using physical and numerical models.

Hydrodynamic separators are commonly used to control the total suspended solid concentration in stormwater before being discharged to natural water bodies. The separator studied in this paper, featuring a swirling flow generated by tangential inlet and outlet connections, was analyzed for its sediment removal efficiency in relation to sediment and flow rates. For the separator studied in this paper, the numerical model showed that the flow field was favorable for the sediments to gather at the center and settle. A higher flow rate or a smaller sediment diameter corresponded to a lower removal rate and vice versa. The dimension improvement for increasing the sediment removal rate was also studied. It was found that increasing the diameter of the separator showed a higher sediment removal rate compared with corresponding increase in the height of the separator. A dimensionless parameter J was proposed to assess the sediment removal rate of a separator, which may be used for designing and optimizing such a device. The removal rate is positively correlated with the J value. When the J value reaches 0.5 or above, the sediment removal rate exceeds 80%, which is a good initial target value for designing this type of separator.

Comprehensive analysis and assessment of the production and export potential of organic niche products

The object of the study is the determination of ecological and economic efficiency in relation to the production of organic niche products. The strategic perspective of the production and export of organic niche products in Ukraine is considered as one of the ways to overcome economic challenges exacerbated by global instability and geopolitical tensions. The production of organic products is outlined as a strategically important direction of the country's agricultural sector, which has significant export potential, especially to the countries of the European Union, where there is a steady increase in demand for organic products. A comprehensive approach to strategy implementation is proposed, which includes market research, production development, marketing and branding, as well as optimization of logistics and export processes. The dynamics of the main indicators of the development of organic agriculture in Ukraine from 2010–2021, the volume of imports of organic products to the countries of the European Union by exporting countries were analyzed. To date, only 1 % of agricultural crops are «eco», the volume of organic products has significantly increased, and the yield of organic products has increased by 5–20 % with a corresponding reduction in material costs. Since the end of the 1990s, the agricultural sector of Ukraine began to focus intensively on organic production, taking into account the growing global trend towards the sustainable development of the agro-industrial complex, etc. Given their uniqueness, growing niche crops can offer advantages such as minimal competition and the potential for significant profits, especially when the products find widespread use. A comparative analysis of the production of organic products on the domestic and foreign markets of Ukraine was conducted. A SWOT analysis of the production of organic products in Ukraine was developed to determine the strengths and weaknesses. The practical value is providing advice to producers on growing niche crops, creating market demand, attracting foreign partners to implement such projects in Ukraine, which will contribute to strengthening the economic potential of agricultural producers. This will help increase the competitiveness of domestic enterprises in the local and global markets, make them more resistant to economic challenges and help reduce risks, etc.

Diagnostic Value of Saliva RT-PCR Test within Suspected SARS-CoV-2 Cases in Indonesia

Introduction: The ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has profoundly emphasized the pressing need for accurate and reliable diagnostic procedures. Given the potential health risks associated with nasopharyngeal swabs, there has been growing interest in seeking alternative diagnostic mediums. In this context, our study delved into evaluating saliva as a potential diagnostic tool, simultaneously assessing its efficiency in relation to patient demographics and their exhibited clinical symptoms. Methods: Spanning from May to December 2020, we conducted a comprehensive cross-sectional analysis. We meticulously examined medical records to gather insights on patient characteristics, existing health conditions, onset of symptoms, clinical manifestations, and compared the results obtained from both salivary and nasopharyngeal RT-PCR tests for SARS-CoV-2. Results: Among the individuals suspected of SARS-CoV-2 infection, the mean age stood at 52.4 years, with males representing 60.3% of this group. Interestingly, a significant 76.9% reported underlying health conditions, predominantly hypertension and diabetes. The most commonly reported symptoms encompassed respiratory challenges, notably coughing and shortness of breath, succeeded by symptoms like nausea, fever, and a general sense of fatigue. The performance of saliva tests, in terms of accuracy, appeared to be significantly influenced by the timing of symptom emergence. Conclusion: The RT-PCR tests utilizing saliva samples demonstrated considerable promise, especially during the early stages of symptom manifestation, providing a reliable alternative to traditional nasopharyngeal swabs. The findings suggest a superior diagnostic sensitivity when utilizing saliva during the initial phases of a SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Removal of Organic Dyes, Polymers and Surfactants Using Carbonaceous Materials Derived from Walnut Shells.

A series of new granular carbonaceous adsorbents was prepared via single-stage physical and chemical activation of walnut shells. Their suitability for removing various types of organic pollutants (represented by dyes, surfactants and water-soluble polymers) from the liquid phase was assessed. The activation of the precursor was carried out with CO2 and H3PO4 using conventional heating. Activated biocarbons were characterized in terms of chemical composition, acidic-basic nature of the surface, textural and electrokinetic properties as well as thermal stability. Depending on the type of activating agent used during the activation procedure, the obtained biocarbons differed in terms of specific surface area (from 401 to 1361 m2/g) and the type of porous structure produced (microporosity contribution in the range of 45-75%). Adsorption tests proved that the effectiveness of removing organic pollutants from the liquid phase depended to a large extent on the type of prepared adsorbent as well as the chemical nature and the molecular size of the adsorbate used. The chemically activated sample showed greater removal efficiency in relation to all tested pollutants. Its maximum adsorption capacity for methylene blue, poly(acrylic acid), poly(ethylene glycol) and Triton X-100 reached the levels of 247.1, 680.9, 38.5 and 61.8 mg/g, respectively.

Assessment of the organizational and economic sustainability of the functioning of integrated technological structures

The paper substantiates the possibility of creating organizational and technological systems in innovative production based on integration into the relevant organizational and production structures, which in the end allows to increase the mobility of the transfer of high technologies in wartime, to reduce the time and complexity of the development and production of the latest products. A methodology for assessing the organizational and economic stability and controllability of the functioning of organizational and production structures in the process of their integration is proposed. This approach makes it possible to assess the integration process as being aimed at a specific result, at compliance with the strategy chosen by the industrial enterprise, and to initiate the necessary organizational and management measures. Also, its use in already created integration organizational and production structures will allow to increase their organizational and economic stability and manageability by ten percent, and the risk of the integration process by five percent; the degree of management by the integrated structure of the work of suppliers with an increase in the level of synergy is considered. The problems of creating integrated structures in the defense-industrial complex are summarized. An assessment of synergistic efficiency in relation to suppliers of materials and components for the production structure was carried out. A new perspective on the interpretation of entropy for evaluating the degree of integration of high-tech systems is provided. Of particular relevance and practical importance today is the development of new methods, concepts and theoretical foundations of strategic management of organizational and economic stability of both an innovative and active enterprise or an organizational and technological system, as well as the integration of industrial enterprises structures. In order to achieve a light level, the enterprise must rely not only on the organizational and technological system of the current level, but also on developing in line with the advances in light technologies and on internal arrangements. the functioning of our minds. The strategic structure will be strengthened rather than lacking the resources and strategic skills necessary to achieve competitiveness in the light market. There is a need for scientifically-based integration of neighboring enterprises in order to improve the efficiency of their functions.

Foliar Application of Biostimulant Mitigates Water Stress Effects on Soybean

Climate change has emerged as a challenge for soybean cultivation around the world, stimulating the development of technological alternatives that aim to mitigate the damage caused by water deficit. From this perspective, algae extract-based biostimulants have been tested to reduce water stress in several crops, but little is known about their effects on soybean. Thus, we hypothesize that a commercial biostimulant based on Ascophyllum nodosum can improve the physiological performance and water relations of Glycine max plants subjected to water deficit. To test this hypothesis, we set up an experiment in controlled conditions in a greenhouse, considering five treatments (control; application of biostimulant; water deficit (WD); WD + application of biostimulant; and WD + split application of biostimulant). The experiment was designed in completely randomized blocks with four replications per treatment and conducted in polyethylene pots containing 10 L of soil and three plants per pot. The irrigation was carried out daily; the water deficit was 50% soil moisture at field capacity, starting at the R1 stage (beginning of flowering, where there is at least one flower open at any node on the plant) and maintained for ten days. The biostimulant was applied concurrently with the onset of water deficit. We confirmed the hypothesis that foliar application of 1.0 L ha−1 of the biostimulant reduces the deleterious effects of the common water deficit at the beginning of the reproductive stage of soybean through the reduction of damage from oxidative stress (reduction of malondialdehyde synthesis by 31.2% in relation to the WD plants), maintenance of water potential and cellular homeostasis (10.2% increase in relative water content when compared with WD plants), and conservation of the contents of chlorophyll in leaves and stimulation of photosynthesis and carboxylation (68% increase in net photosynthetic rate and 49.3% increase in carboxylation efficiency in relation to WD plants). However, when applied in installments, the biostimulant was not efficient in reducing soybean water stress. Therefore, we conclude that the application of a biostimulant based on A. nodosum can help reduce the harmful effects of water deficit on soybean plants, opening up perspectives for the mass use of this extract in agricultural crops produced on a large scale.

Multidisciplinary aspects of the notion of efficiency: a discussion under applicability in the judiciary

This article aimed to discuss the multidisciplinary aspects of the notion of efficiency in relation to the decision maker's actions when aiming to meet speed, transparency, planning and economy. The principle of efficiency was included in the Brazilian Constitution in art. 37 by Constitutional Amendment nº 19, of 06/04/1998, defining the way public administration operates in its spheres of power to optimize management and achieve better results. This is qualitative research, with a descriptive nature, in which the interpretation and explanation of the theme and its social relations with aspects of reality prevail. As for technical procedures, it is characterized as bibliographic and documentary, in which it made use of elaborate material (books, scientific articles) and various materials (legislation, reports, manuals and others). It was found that the notion of efficiency has always been, in general, approached as the cost-benefit relationship observing the combination between available resources and their results (products and/or services). In Brazil, the applicability of efficiency in public management has gained emphasis over the years, both due to the evolution of legislation and the improvement of the way public entities are managed. In the judiciary, speed is more associated with procedural rites (time variable); transparency, good examples are the Justice in Numbers Report and the Socio-Environmental Report; planning, the National Council of Justice is responsible for improving work, control and administrative and procedural transparency; economy, the notion of performance with quality, achieving the best possible result. The concept of eco-efficiency has gained strength in recent years due to the gap in the development and implementation of efficiency as sustainability strategies with the premise of combining economic and environmental efficiencies.

Enterosorbent from modified glauconite concentrate in the feeding of young cattle

Currently, the fi rst place is taken by the qualities of feed additives used in feeding highly productive cattle, such as biological and sorption activity, harmlessness and bioavailability. For this reason, recently there has been a significant increase in scientific and practical interest in the use of feed additives that help not only increase the productivity of farm animals, but also improve their health. The purpose of the work was to study enterosorbent from a modifi ed glauconite concentrate in feeding young cattle. A study of glauconite from the Bondar deposit in the Tambov region as a feed additive in the ratrions of young cattle was carried out. New knowledge has been obtained about the sorption properties of this mineral, its eff ect on the absorption and excretion of various metals from the body of animals, including micro- and macronutrients, as well as metal pollutants. Safe eff ective doses of its introduction into animal rations have been determined. It was experimentally fed to older replacement young animals as part of a mono feed. It has been established that the use of enterosorbent based on a modifi ed glauconite concentrate in the ration of young cattle at a dose of 0,2 g/kg of live weight helped to remove nickel from the body of animals up to 60 %, and lead up to 36 % of the total amount, which on average was excreted in feces. The sorbent showed average effi ciency in relation to copper approximately 13 % of its amount is bound and excreted in feces. In this case, the mineral accumulated in the digestive tract of animals for 3–4 days. Under conditions of copper defi ciency in feed, sorbent retention promoted better absorption of inorganic forms of this nutrient consumed with mineral additives.

Bank Deposits as Money Quanta

According to the Accounting View of Money (AVM), the money issued by commercial banks in the form of demand deposits features a hybrid nature, since deposits can be shown to consist of a share of deposits bearing the characteristics of debt (debt-deposits) and a share of deposits bearing the characteristics of equity (equity-deposits), in a mix that depends on factors that relate to the issuing banks and the environment where they operate and interact, which may change over time. Following this important finding of the AVM, it is only consequential to associate the hybrid nature of bank deposits with the dual nature of the objects which is typical in quantum physics, and to investigate whether and how the application of quantum analytical methods and ideas to a form of money showing dualistic features could be used to extract valuable economic information. This article studies demand deposits (which represents the prevailing form of money in all contemporary economies) as a possible form of “money quanta”, that is, quantities reflecting some aspects tipical of quantum physics, and analyzes it using a quantum model to describe some relevant aspects of it, including for instance how banks’ power to create money (i.e., issue deposits typically via the credit channel) is affected by the interactions taking place between the banks and between the banks and their environments, and how system efficiency and stability change in relation to changes in bank behaviors. This article lays the foundations of money quanta and is the first step towards a better understanding of the relevance of quantum mechanical tools and ideas in connection with the study of economics and finance.

A robust Internet of Drones security surveillance communication network based on IOTA

Drones are increasingly utilized for a variety of purposes, spanning military to civilian applications. The rise in drone usage underscores privacy and security challenges concerning flight boundaries, data collection in public and private domains, as well as data storage and dissemination. Such issues highlight drones’ capability to communicate and securely store data over potentially insecure channels. Recognizing these challenges and gaps in the literature, this paper introduces an efficient and secure security surveillance model for the Internet of Drones (IoD). Our model ensures secure communication between Ground Stations (GS) and Drones, effectively addressing various attack types. Particularly, surveillance drones are vulnerable to physical capture attacks. We delve into a scenario where a network drone is physically apprehended. Leveraging the information stored within a drone, the attacker could potentially access the session. This paper proposes a solution to counter such threats. Through experiments using MATLAB and VScode, we evaluate our network’s efficiency and scalability in relation to the surge in transactions. The findings reveal our model’s prowess in handling large-scale networks. Specifically, when transactions surpass 1000 per minute, our model achieves approximately a 20% reduction in processing time compared to existing works. Moreover, our approach facilitates about 80% enhanced communication efficiency relative to the contemporary state-of-the-art frameworks. A security analysis through Automated Validation of Internet Security Protocols and Applications (AVISPA) further corroborates the robustness and security of our proposed communication strategy against diverse attack types.

Winter wheat varieties responsiveness to soil and foliar fertilization

Common winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) makes up more than half of the cereals grown in the European Union and in Bulgaria. For two years (2021-2022) a field experiment was carried out at the experimental plain of the Department of Plant Production at the Technical University of Varna. Two varieties of winter common wheat were grown, a selection of the Dobrudja Agricultural Institute - General Toshevo. The trial pattern included a variant without fertilization (control - Fert 0), a variant with combined foliar feeding and soil fertilization (Fert SF) and a variant with soil fertilization alone (Fert S). The effect of the way of fertilizing on the productivity and quality of winter common wheat was investigated. Grain yield (GY) and its structural elements - spike length (LMS), number of grains per spike (NGS) and grain weight per spike (WGS), weight per 1000 grains (TGW) and hectoliter weight (TestW) were determined. Biochemical analysis of the wheat grain was performed and the content of protein (Pr), starch (St) and ash substances (Ash) was determined. Fertilization has a strong effect on productivity and grain quality in winter common wheat (both alone and in combination with growing conditions). The method of fertilization has an effect on the productivity of winter common wheat - feeding with foliar fertilizers during the spring vegetation (in the tillering and booting phases) increases grain yield as a result of increasing each of the productivity components. The method of fertilization does not have a significant impact on the quality indicators of winter common wheat, with the exception of the hectoliter mass, whose values are proven to be higher during soil nutrition. The two studied Bulgarian varieties, Sladuna and Nikodim, differ from each other in their efficiency in relation to the way of feeding in the spring.

Experimental analysis of transformer efficiency in relation to load resistance

Transformers play a pivotal role in the distribution of electrical energy, particularly in electronic devices. Load resistance significantly influences transformer efficiency. This study employs an experimental methodology with the objective of assessing the congruence between experimental data analysis and theoretical calculations. The experimental setup involves testing a step-up transformer characterized by the following primary coil specifications: Np (number of turns) = 500, rp (resistance) = 2.5 Ω, Lp (self-inductance) = 9 mH, and secondary coil specifications: Ns (number of turns) = 1000, rs (resistance) = 9.5 Ω, Ls (self-inductance) = 36 mH. Load resistance (R) is varied within the range of 10 to 500 Ω. The outcomes reveal a progressive enhancement in transformer efficiency with the increasing load, up to 300 Ω, after which efficiency experiences a decline. In the case of a step-down transformer, possessing identical specifications as the step-up variant, efficiency displays an analogous pattern of augmentation with load resistance up to 80 Ω, beyond which it diminishes. Furthermore, the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) for the step-up transformer stands at 0.0012, with an R-square (R2) value of 0.99. Similarly, for the step-down transformer, RMSE registers at 0.0060, accompanied by an R-square (R2) of 0.99. These findings affirm the exceptional adequacy of the employed theory in elucidating the intricate interplay between transformer efficiency and load resistance.