Efficacy Of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Research Articles

Behavioral activation for depression in groups embedded in psychosomatic rehabilitation inpatient treatment: a quasi-randomized controlled study.

Behavioral activation (BA) and cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) have shown to be efficacious treatment methods for depression. Previous studies focused mostly on the outpatient treatment either in group or individual setting. The present study aimed at comparing the efficacy of group treatment BA vs. CBT, when embedded in inpatient psychosomatic rehabilitation treatment. 375 inpatients were randomly assigned to either BA (N = 174) or CBT (N = 201). We used established scales for depression such as the Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI-II, self-rating), the Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology (QIDS; expert rating) and the Behavioral Activation for Depression Scale (BADS) to assess changes over the course of the treatment and at follow-up (4 to 6 months). In addition, we measured disability-related functioning with the Mini-ICF-APP, a rating scale built in reference to the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF). Multilevel models with repeated measures were conducted to examine the differences between groups in relation to change over time with patients' random effects. Both group formats showed substantial reduction in depressive symptoms at the end of treatment (d= 0.83 BA vs. d= 1.08 CBT; BDI-II) and at follow-up after 4 to 6 months (d = 0.97 BA vs. d = 1.33 CBT, BDI-II; and d = 1.17 BA vs. d = 1.09 CBT, QIDS). There were no significant differences between treatment approaches. At least 50% symptom reduction was achieved by 53.7% and 54.2% in BA vs. CBT respectively. Reported activation levels increased from pre- to posttreatment (d = 0.76 BA vs. d = 0.70CBT), while showing loss of increment between the end of the treatment until follow up in both formats (d = 0.28 BA vs. d = 0.29 CBT). Both modalities led to significant improvement of symptomatology and functioning at the end of the treatment and at follow-up, thus for the first time demonstrating the practicability of BA in rehabilitation clinics. Considering its lower requirements regarding cognitive abilities and its easier implementation, BA proved to be a good alternative to other psychotherapeutic treatments.

Examining the Effect of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy on Anxiety Disorders from a Neurological Perspective

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) stands out as an effective approach for addressing anxiety disorders. The advancement of neuroimaging technologies, including Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), Positron Emission Tomography (PET), and Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI), has provided scientists with invaluable tools to delve into the study of mental disorders. This essay aims to explore recent evidence supporting the neurological basis of CBT's effectiveness in treating anxiety disorders. Beginning with an introduction to the concept of emotion regulation and cognitive fear structure, this essay proceeds to analyze experimental results, elucidating the fundamental mechanisms underlying anxiety disorders and presenting compelling scientific evidence attesting to the efficacy of CBT.

Effect of cognitive behavioral therapy on pain, knee function, and psychological status in patients after primary total knee arthroplasty: a systematic review and meta-analysis

ObjectiveThe clinical efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) after Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is still controversial, and the purpose of this meta-analysis was to evaluate the effect of CBT on pain, knee function, and psychological status of patients after TKA.MethodsWe systematically searched electronic databases such as CNKI, CBM, VIP, PubMed, Cochrane Library, and EMBASE for randomized controlled studies up to February 30, 2023. Screening against inclusion criteria to select valid studies and extract data. The quality of included studies was evaluated by the Cochrane Collaboration risk-of-bias 2 (RoB 2) tool for randomized trials. Statistical analysis of the data from this study was carried out using Stata 15.1 software.ResultsFinally, our meta-analysis incorporated seven randomized controlled studies of high quality, including 608 patients. The findings of the meta-analysis demonstrated a noteworthy decrease in kinesiophobia levels during the early postoperative phase in the CBT group as compared to the usual care group (WMD = -6.35, 95% CI: -7.98 to -4.72, Z = 7.64, P < 0.001). However, no statistically significant difference between the CBT and usual care groups in terms of postoperative pain as well as knee function.ConclusionCBT may effectively reduce the level of kinesiophobia in the short term after TKA, but did not significantly relieve knee pain or improve knee function.

Efficacy of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Anxiety and Depression in Parkinson’s Disease (P11-9.009)

Efficacy of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Anxiety and Depression in Parkinson’s Disease (P11-9.009)

Non-Pharmacological Interventions for Depression and Anxiety in Parkinson's Disease.

Non-pharmacological interventions, including cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS), electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), light therapy (LT), and physical rehabilitation/exercise, have shown promise as effective approaches to treat symptoms of depression and anxiety in individuals with Parkinson's disease (PD). In this narrative literature overview, we discuss the state-of-the-art regarding these treatment options and address future perspectives for clinical practice and research. Non-pharmacological interventions hold promise to treat depression and anxiety in PD. There is meta-analytic evidence for the efficacy of CBT, NIBS, ECT, LT, and exercise on improving depressive symptoms. For the treatment of anxiety symptoms, CBT shows large effects but scientific evidence of other non-pharmacological interventions is limited. Importantly, these treatments are safe interventions with no or mild side-effects. More research is needed to tailor treatment to the individuals' needs and combined interventions may provide synergistic effects.We conclude that non-pharmacological interventions should be considered as alternative or augmentative treatments to pharmacological and neurosurgical approaches for the treatment of depression and anxiety in individuals with PD.

Cognitive–behavioral therapy for patients with somatoform disorders: A pilot preliminary randomized controlled trial

Background and objective: Cognitive–behavioral therapy (CBT) for somatoform disorders (SFDs) is understudied in China. Western findings may not be applicable to Chinese culture. This preliminary study evaluated the efficacy of CBT for patients in China, relative to treatment-as-usual (TAU). Methods: Seventy patients with SFDs randomly received either combined CBT and TAU (CBT + TAU), or TAU alone between January 2018 to May 2019. The CBT + TAU group received 12 weekly individual 50-minute CBT sessions. Participants were blindly assessed at 4 timepoints (baseline, week 6, end of treatment: week 12; 12 weeks post-treatment: week 24) using the following outcome measures: SQSS (Self-screening Questionnaire for Somatic Symptoms); PHQ-15 (Patient-Health-Questionnaire-15) and the WI (Whiteley Index); GAD-7 (General Anxiety Disorder-7); HAMD-17 (Hamilton Depression Rating Scale-17); Family Burden Interview Schedule (FBIS); Sheehan Disability Scale (SDS); and the Short Form of Quality-of-Life Enjoyment and Satisfaction Questionnaire (Q-LES-Q-SF). The primary endpoint was the difference between the SQSS total score at week 24 and the baseline. A mixed model for repeated measures was used to analyze inter- and intra-group changes from the baseline. Results: At week 24, The least-squares mean (LSM) change of the total score on the SQSS was −18.87 points and −9.69 points, respectively in the CBT + TAU group and in the TAU group (LSM difference, −9.18 points; 95% confidence interval, −15.72 to −2.64; P = 0.0068). At week 24, the LSM changes from baseline in the WI, HAMD, PHQ15, FBIS and SDS total scores were significantly different between the two groups, however, there was no significant difference in the Q-LES-Q-SF. The SQSS of group effect sizes were 0.63 at 24 weeks. The dropout rates of the CBT + TAU and TAU groups were comparable (22.9% and 19.3%). Conclusions: These preliminary findings suggest that CBT may be helpful for improving the symptoms of patients with SFDs in China.

Effectiveness of Brain Gym Exercises Over Cognitive Behavioural Therapy in Improving Sleep Quality Among Healthcare University Students: A Comparative Study.

Background More than half of healthcare university students are believed to experience inadequate sleep. The application of brain gym exercises is a relatively new concept that has shown potential for addressing a variety of cognitive and perceptual deficits. Nevertheless, its use in managing sleep disorders is still in the early stages. Though cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is still the standard treatment for sleep management, recent research suggests that brain gym exercises may help with sleep disorders like insomnia. Independent studies have demonstrated the efficacy of CBT and brain gym activities in treating sleep disorders. Yet, there remains a paucity of studies directly comparing these two methods in treating individuals with sleep disturbances. Aim and objectives To ascertain the effectiveness of brain gym exercises over cognitive behavioral therapy in improving sleep quality among healthcare university students. Method The experimental study comparing brain gym exercises and cognitive behavioral therapy interventions was conducted in Wardha, Maharashtra, India, from March 2023 to December 2023, with 60 subjects selected after considering inclusion and exclusion criteria. The protocol was administered for 4 weeks for 30 minutes per day. The baseline outcome measures were the insomnia severity index (ISI) and the Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI). The outcome measure was used before and after 4 weeks of interventions to evaluate the outcome of the protocol. The software used in the analysis was SPSS 27.0 version and GraphPad Prism 7.0 version, and p<0.05 was considered as the level of significance. Result Post-treatment, evidence was observed for ISI (20.55, P = 0.0001) and PSQI (18.09, P = 0.0001) in Group A. Post-rehabilitation evidence was observed in Group B for ISI (19, P=0.0001) and PSQI (16.64, P=0.0001). The findings revealed a significantly higher mean difference between Group A and Group B, showing a considerable improvement in outcome measure scores within Group A relative to Group B. Conclusion The statistical analysis demonstrates a notable improvement in the pre-and post-scores of the ISI and PSQI following four weeks of brain gym exercises. In comparison, cognitive behavioral therapy showed comparatively less effectiveness in addressing insomnia. The observed improvement in sleep quality among students highlights that brain gym exercises have the potential to be a non-pharmacological alternative for managing mild to moderate insomnia.

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Depression Integrating Malaysian Culture: A Case Illustration

This clinical case assessed the efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) in treating major depressive disorder in a 26-year-old female, Sara, attributing her depression to pregnancy, financial constraints, parental duties, and emotional stress. Sara had eight sessions of CBT, during which her symptoms were measured using the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D) and the Beck Depression Inventory-Second Edition (BDI-II). Sara’s depressive symptoms dramatically decreased after the intervention, moving her HAM-D and BDI-II scores from moderate to mild depression and from clinically depressed to mild, respectively. The assessment showed improved interest, concentration, energy levels, and a more positive self-perception. Integrating Malaysian cultural elements into CBT, emphasizing family support, community engagement, and spirituality positively impacted Sara. This study emphasizes the value of culturally appropriate CBT for depression as it can help with symptom management, challenging negative thoughts, and bolstering self-esteem. This method identifies and addresses cultural impacts on mental health, recommending the incorporation of cultural aspects in therapy, enhancing relapse prevention and quality of life for Malaysians experiencing depression.

Efficacy of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy in Managing Anxiety Disorders among Adolescents: An In-Depth Analysis of Individual, Group, and Digital Approaches

This research article delves into the efficacy of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) in addressing adolescent anxiety disorders. It explores various facets of CBT, including its theoretical underpinnings and mechanisms of change, highlighting its role in altering dysfunctional beliefs and thought patterns that contribute to anxiety. The article underscores the advantages of CBT, such as its structured approach, cost-effectiveness, and the provision of practical coping skills, making it a preferred choice for dealing with adolescent anxiety. The study then investigates the efficacy of different CBT approaches, including individual, group, and computerized CBT (cCBT) in details, specifically in the context of the COVID-19. It encompasses a range of research, from meta-analyses to controlled trials, evaluating the impact of these treatments on anxiety symptoms and their long-term efficacy. Research demonstrates CBT's high efficacy in treating youth anxiety, offering sustained symptom reduction and complementing psychopharmacological treatments backed by extensive studies and neuroimaging advancements. Group CBT for adolescents shows effectiveness in anxiety treatment, offering peer support and shared experiences in a communal setting, enhancing coping strategies and social skill development. The findings indicate cCBT's effectiveness in providing accessible mental health support to adolescents, aligning well with their tech-savvy tendencies. In conclusion, this research underlines CBT’s flexibility in addressing adolescent anxiety in both traditional and digital formats, with an emphasis on the promising potential of cCBT. It calls for future research to focus on standardizing CBT practices and validating the long-term effectiveness of cCBT.

Cognitive behavioural therapy without medication for schizophrenia.

Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) can be effective in people with schizophrenia when provided in combination with antipsychotic medication. It remains unclear whether CBT could be safely and effectively offered in the absence of concomitant antipsychotic therapy. To investigate the effects of CBT for schizophrenia when administered without concomitant pharmacological treatment with antipsychotics. We conducted a systematic search on 6 March 2022 in the Cochrane Schizophrenia Group's Study-Based Register of Trials, which is based on CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, PsycINFO, PubMed, ClinicalTrials.gov, and WHO ICTRP. We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) in people with schizophrenia comparing CBT without antipsychotics to standard care, standard care without antipsychotics, or the combination of CBT and antipsychotics. Two review authors independently screened references for inclusion, extracted data from eligible studies, and assessed risk of bias using Cochrane's RoB 2 tool. We contacted study authors for missing data and additional information. Our primary outcome was general mental state measured with a validated rating scale. Key secondary outcomes were specific symptoms of schizophrenia, relapse, service use, number of participants leaving the study early, functioning, quality of life, and number of participants actually receiving antipsychotics during the trial. We also assessed behaviour, adverse effects, and mortality. We included 4 studies providing data for 300 participants (average age 21.94 years). The mean sample size was 75 participants (range 61 to 90 participants). Study duration was between 26 and 39 weeks for the intervention period and 26 to 104 weeks for the follow-up period. Three studies employed a blind rater, while one study was triple-blind. All analyses included data from a maximum of three studies. The certainty of the evidence was low or very low for all outcomes. For the primary outcome overall symptoms of schizophrenia, results showed a difference favouring CBT without antipsychotics when compared to no specific treatment at long term (> 1 year mean difference measured with the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS MD) -14.77, 95% confidence interval (CI) -27.75 to -1.79, 1 RCT, n = 34). There was no difference between CBT without antipsychotics compared with antipsychotics (up to 12 months PANSS MD 3.38, 95% CI -2.38 to 9.14, 2 RCTs, n = 63) (very low-certainty evidence) or compared with CBT in combination with antipsychotics (up to 12 months standardised mean difference (SMD) 0.30, 95% CI -0.06 to 0.65, 3 RCTs, n = 125). Compared with no specific treatment, CBT without antipsychotics was associated with a reduction in overall symptoms (as described above) and negative symptoms (PANSS negative MD -4.06, 95% CI -7.50 to -0.62, 1 RCT, n = 34) at longer than 12 months. It was also associated with a lower duration of hospital stay (number of days in hospital MD -22.45, 95% CI -28.82 to -16.08, 1 RCT, n = 74) and better functioning (Personal and Social Performance Scale MD -12.42, 95% CI -22.75 to -2.09, 1 RCT, n = 40, low-certainty evidence) at up to 12 months. We did not find a difference between CBT and antipsychotics in any of the investigated outcomes, with the exception of adverse events measured with the Antipsychotic Non-Neurological Side-Effects Rating Scale (ANNSERS) at both 6 and 12 months (MD -4.94, 95% CI -8.60 to -1.28, 2 RCTs, n = 48; MD -6.96, 95% CI -11.55 to -2.37, 2 RCTs, n = 42). CBT without antipsychotics was less effective than CBT combined with antipsychotics in reducing positive symptoms at up to 12 months (SMD 0.40, 95% CI 0.05 to 0.76, 3 RCTs, n = 126). CBT without antipsychotics was associated with a lower number of participants experiencing at least one adverse event in comparison with CBT combined with antipsychotics at up to 12 months (risk ratio 0.36, 95% CI 0.17 to 0.80, 1 RCT, n = 39, low-certainty evidence). This review is the first attempt to systematically synthesise the evidence about CBT delivered without medication to people with schizophrenia. The limited number of studies and low to very low certainty of the evidence prevented any strong conclusions. An important limitation in the available studies was that participants in the CBT without medication group (about 35% on average) received antipsychotic treatment, highlighting the challenges of this approach. Further high-quality RCTs are needed to provide additional data on the feasibility and efficacy of CBT without antipsychotics.

The efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapies for depression in China in comparison with the rest of the world: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

There is consistent evidence that cognitive behavioral therapies (CBTs) are effective interventions for adult depression. While some evidence has compared these effects in different countries, no prior systematic review and meta-analysis has compared the efficacy of CBTs between Chinese and people from the rest of the world. The current meta-analysis addressed this gap by a systematic review of eligible studies from Chinese and worldwide databases. Hedges' g was calculated using a random-effects model. Subgroup analyses and multilevel meta-analytic models were conducted to examine the relationship among effect sizes and the characteristics in Chinese studies. Metaregression analyses were conducted to explore the difference of the efficacy of CBTs between Chinese studies and non-Chinese studies after controlling for the moderators. A total of 34 (n = 3,710) studies in China and 307 (n = 30,333) studies from the rest of the world were included. The effect size of CBTs on depression for Chinese participants was 1.19 (95% CI [0.86, 1.52]), which was higher (Q = 4.63, p = .03) than the effect size of the rest of the world (0.82, 95% CI [0.74, 0.90]). After controlling for moderators, the effect size of Chinese studies was still higher than non-Chinese studies (β = 0.351, p = .011). CBTs are effective interventions for adult depression and deserve more attention in China for depression management. Moderators related to study design, clinical features, and cultural factors need to be considered in the interpretation of the results. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Efficacy of Cognitive Behavior Therapy and Relaxation Techniques in Cases with Attempted Suicide: An Original Research.

This study was done for the efficacy assessment of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and various relaxation techniques in patients with suicidal tendencies. The study was conducted among 150 patients of attempted suicide for a period of 2 years (January 2017 to January 2019). The participants were randomly allocated into three groups, with 50 patients each receiving CBT, JPMR, and combined treatment (groups I, II, and III, respectively). The Beck Scale for Suicide Ideation (BSI) and the Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS) score were used for pre- and postassessment of depression in the patients. Student's t- and Chi-square tests were used for analyzing the data recorded. We observed that in group II, the index scores did not change after a period of 2 years with a P > 0.05. However, in groups I and II, the scores significantly decreased with P < 0.001. A combination of relaxation techniques and CBT will help improve the depression related to suicidal tendencies.

Efficacy of Cognitive Behaviour Therapy in Major Depressive Disorders: An Original Research.

The present study assessed the benefits of cognitive behavioral treatment in patients suffering from major depressive disorders. Hundred patients were included in the present study. The cases were assigned alternatively to the experimental group, who received cognitive behavior therapy in addition to the antidepressant medications, whereas in the control group, patients were managed using medications. Four outcome measures were used, viz., Beck Depression Inventory, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, Beck Anxiety Inventory, and Visual Analog Scale. Chi-square test was used to analyze the data using SPSS. The highest number of subjects (55%) were found in the age group of 15-25 years. The mean Beck Depression Inventory score in the experimental group was 35.60 (standard deviation 9.52) and in the control group, it was 26.40 (standard deviation 8.26) giving a mean difference of 9.20 which is statistically significant. It was found that the patients who received cognitive behavior therapy reported greater improvement in their symptomatology than the patients who were receiving medications only.

Sleep-wake state discrepancy does not impair the efficacy of cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia: Findings from a large clinic sample.

The current study determined the extent to which sleep-wake state discrepancy impairs the efficacy of cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia in a real-world clinical sample. Sleep-wake state discrepancy occurs when there is an inconsistency between a person's subjective and objective sleep, and is a common phenomenon amongst patients with insomnia. Limited information is available on the effectiveness of cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia in treating patients who experience significant sleep-wake state discrepancy in "real-world" samples. In the present study, all patients with insomnia received cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia through an outpatient insomnia program (N = 386; mean age = 51.96 years, SD = 15.62; 65.97% [N = 254] female). Prior to treatment, participants completed a polysomnography sleep study and sleep diary, which was used to calculate sleep-wake state discrepancy. At pre-treatment, post-treatment and 3-month follow-up, participants completed the Insomnia Severity Index and other questionnaires, and 1 week of sleep diaries from which sleep-onset latency, wake after sleep onset and other sleep variables were calculated. There were no differences in self-reported sleep-onset latency, wake after sleep onset or Insomnia Severity Index scores at post-treatment or 3-month follow-up between quintiles of sleep-wake state discrepancy. These results indicate that sleep-wake state discrepancy at pre-treatment does not predict treatment response to cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia. Future research could examine multi-night assessments of sleep-wake state discrepancy to determine whether variations in discrepancy may relate to pre-treatment insomnia severity and cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia outcomes.

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Chronic Pelvic Pain: What Is It and Does It Work?

Urologic chronic pelvic pain syndrome (UCPPS), which encompasses interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome in women and men and chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome in men, is a common, often disabling urological disorder that is neither well understood nor satisfactorily treated with medical treatments. The past 25 years have seen the development and validation of a number of behavioral pain treatments, of which cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is arguably the most effective. CBT combines strategies of behavior therapy, which teaches patients more effective ways of behaving, and cognitive therapy, which focuses on correcting faulty thinking patterns. As a skills-based treatment, CBT emphasizes "unlearning" maladaptive behaviors and thoughts, and replacing them with more adaptive ones that support symptom self-management. This review describes the rationale, technical procedures, and empirical basis of CBT. While evidence supports CBT for treatment-refractory chronic pain disorders, there is limited understanding of why or how CBT might work, for whom it is most beneficial, or the specific UCPPS symptoms (eg, pain, urinary symptoms) it effectively targets. This is the focus of EPPIC (Easing Pelvic Pain Interventions Clinical Research Program), a landmark NIH trial examining the efficacy of low-intensity, home-based CBT for UCPPS relative to a nonspecific comparator featuring self-care recommendations of AUA guidelines. Systematic efforts to increase both the efficiency of CBT and the way it is delivered (eg, home-based treatments) are critical to scaling up CBT, optimizing its therapeutic potential, and reducing the public health burden of UCPPS.

Efficacy and acceptability of cognitive-behavioral therapy and serotonin reuptake inhibitors for pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder: a network meta-analysis.

Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRIs) are recommended treatments for pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), but their relative efficacy and acceptability have not been comprehensively examined. Further, it remains unclear whether the efficacy of in-person CBT is conserved when delivered in other formats, such as over telephone/webcam or as Internet-delivered CBT (ICBT). PubMed, PsycINFO, trial registries, and previous systematic reviews were searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing CBT (in-person, webcam/telephone-delivered, or ICBT) or SRIs with control conditions or each other. Network meta-analyses were conducted to examine efficacy (post-treatment Children's Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale) and acceptability (treatment discontinuation). Confidence in effect estimates was evaluated with CINeMA (Confidence in Network Meta-Analysis). Thirty eligible RCTs and 35 contrasts comprising 2,057 youth with OCD were identified. In-person CBT was significantly more efficacious than ICBT, waitlist, relaxation training, and pill placebo (MD range: 3.95-11.10; CINeMA estimate of confidence: moderate) but did not differ significantly from CBT delivered via webcam/telephone (MD: 0.85 [-2.51, 4.21]; moderate), SRIs (MD: 3.07 [-0.07, 6.20]; low), or the combination of in-person CBT and SRIs (MD: -1.20 [-5.29, 2.91]; low). SRIs were significantly more efficacious than pill placebo (MD: 4.59 [2.70, 6.48]; low) and waitlist (MD: 8.03 [4.24, 11.82]; moderate). No significant differences for acceptability emerged, but confidence in estimates was low. In-person CBT and SRIs produce clear benefits compared to waitlist and pill placebo and should be integral parts of the clinical management of pediatric OCD, with in-person CBT overall having a stronger evidence base. The combination of in-person CBT and SRIs may be most efficacious, but few studies hinder firm conclusions. The efficacy of CBT appears conserved when delivered via webcam/telephone, while more trials evaluating ICBT are needed.

Comparative efficacy of cognitive behavior therapy and interpersonal therapy in the treatment of depression: A randomized controlled study

Background: Depressive disorders are one of the most common psychiatric disorders that occur in people of all ages. Aim: To assess the efficacy of cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) and interpersonal therapy (IPT) in cases of depression. Materials and Methods: The sample for the study comprised 52 diagnosed cases of major depressive disorder (MDD) based on the 10th revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) criteria in the age range of 21 to 50 years. They were randomized with the help of the app and assigned to CBT and IPT groups. Two patients had dropped out of the CBT group. Hence, finally, 50 cases were taken for study. A total of 12 therapy sessions were given. All patients were given standard treatment as prescribed. Results: Findings of paired samples t-test to assess the within-group differences in both the groups (CBT and IPT) as well as gains score statistics or difference score statistics (pre-test minus post-test) were applied to compare group differences. Results of paired samples ‘t’ test suggest that there was a statistically significant difference in the scores of both the groups from pre-test to post-test. IPT group had shown significantly better outcomes as quantified by the percentage of patients scoring less on the outcome variable of the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Montgomery–Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS), Hopelessness Scale, and General Health Questionnaire (GHQ). Conclusion: Both CBT and IPT are efficacious in the treatment of MDD. IPT yielded better results on MADRS as compared to CBT on parameters of outcome in the present study. The findings indicate that interventions were effective in reducing the symptoms of depression.

Comparison of the Effectiveness of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Schema Therapy on Cognitive Emotion Regulation in Patients with Major Depressive Disorder

Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy and schema therapy on cognitive emotion regulation in patients with major depressive disorder. Methods and Materials: The research employed a quasi-experimental pre-test-post-test design with a control group and a one-month follow-up. The study population included all patients visiting Entekhab-e No and Aryaz clinics in Tehran during the period from February 2021 to May 2021, who were diagnosed with major depressive disorder by a psychiatrist. Forty-five individuals were purposively selected and randomly assigned to two experimental groups and one control group (15 per group). The first and second experimental groups underwent 12 and 8 sessions of cognitive behavioral therapy based on the Rosello protocol (2015) and schema therapy based on Young's protocol (2003), respectively. The research instrument was the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ) (Garnefski &amp; Kraaij, 2006). Data were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA, Bonferroni test, and SPSS version 24. Findings: Results showed that both cognitive behavioral and schema therapy interventions significantly improved scores of adaptive emotion regulation and decreased scores of maladaptive emotion regulation compared to the control group (P&lt;0.001), with these effects maintained up to the one-month follow-up period. Additionally, there was a difference in the efficacy of the two intervention methods in increasing adaptive emotion regulation scores and decreasing maladaptive emotion regulation scores (P&lt;0.001), with cognitive behavioral therapy being more effective than schema therapy. Conclusion: Thus, utilizing cognitive behavioral therapy and schema therapy can take an important step in reducing the negative outcomes of emotion regulation deficits in depressed patients.

The Effectiveness of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy in Reducing Depression Levels in Adolescents from the Perspective of Big Five Personality Traits

Adolescence experience various changes characterized by significant transformations in physical, cognitive, emotional, and psychological aspects, which can influence depression. Depression is a common mental disorder among adolescents and adults, marked by feelings of sadness, worthlessness, guilt, and somatic symptoms like fatigue, eating disorders, and sleep disturbances. Personality traits play a crucial role in shaping how individuals think and behave, influencing their susceptibility to depression. This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) in alleviating depression among adolescents, considering the influence of the big five personality traits. The population for this study consists of 170 students from SMPN “X.” The sampling method used is purposive sampling, with a determined sample size of 114 students, aged 12-18 years. This study employed an experimental method with a pre-experimental design, using a one-group pre-test and post-test approach. The instruments used were the Depression Scale and BFI-II, with validity and reliability scores of 0.924 and 0.914, respectively. Data analysis was conducted using the paired sample t-test and kruskal wallis test. the paired sample t-test results showed an asymp. sig. (2-tailed) value &lt; 0.05, or 0.000 &lt; 0.05, indicating a difference between pretest and posttest results after the CBT intervention. This demonstrates that CBT is effective in reducing depression levels in adolescents. the kruskal wallis test results showed an asymp. sig. (2-tailed) value &gt; 0.05, or 0.104 &gt; 0.05, indicating no significant differences in depression level reduction among adolescents with the personality traits of neuroticism, agreeableness, openness, and conscientiousness. Based on the findings, it is recommended that schools implement CBT-based interventions as part of mental health programs to help reduce depression in adolescents. Additionally, future studies should examine whether personalized CBT approaches tailored to specific personality traits could enhance the effectiveness of therapy.

Comparison of the Efficacy of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) on the Quality of Life in Adolescents with Social Anxiety Disorder

Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) on quality of life in adolescents diagnosed with social anxiety disorder in Karaj. Methods and Materials: The research methodology was a quasi-experimental pretest-posttest design with a control group and a one-month follow-up. The sample included all adolescents visiting the Cultural Clinic in Karaj from February 2021 to May 2021, who were definitively diagnosed with social anxiety disorder by a psychiatrist. Fifty-one individuals were purposively selected and randomly assigned into two experimental groups and one control group (each group consisting of 17 participants). The first and second experimental groups underwent 12 and 8 sessions of CBT and EMDR respectively. The World Health Organization Quality of Life-BREF (WHO-QOL-BREF, 1996) questionnaire was used as the measurement tool. Data analysis was conducted using repeated measures analysis of variance and Bonferroni tests. Findings: Results indicated that both CBT and EMDR interventions significantly improved quality of life scores compared to the control group (p &lt; 0.001), and this effectiveness was maintained during the one-month follow-up period. There was no significant difference between the effectiveness of the two intervention methods in improving quality of life scores (p &lt; 0.001). Conclusion: Therefore, using CBT and EMDR can significantly enhance the quality of life in adolescents suffering from social anxiety disorder.