Bio Efficacy Research Articles

Biointensive management of wilt disease of lentil through biocontrol agents and organic amendments

Lentil ( Lens culinaris M.) is an important dietary source of protein and other essential nutrients in South and West Asia, North and East Africa. Lentil crops are susceptible to a number of diseases caused by fungi and other parasites. Among them, the most significant and serious soil-borne disease is Fusarium wilt ( Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lentis : Fol ). Systematic studies in laboratory, cage house and field trials were conducted (2016-17 to 2017-18). Laboratory experiments were carried out in completely randomized design with four replications and field trials were carried out consecutively during 2016-17 and 2017-2018 crop season in Randomized Block Design (RBD) with four replications using L9-12, a susceptible cultivar. Under in vitro, bio efficacy of selected bio agents, maximum 81.33 per cent mycelial growth inhibition of pathogen was recorded in Trichoderma harzianum (local isolate) and minimum mycelial growth inhibition 55.00 per cent was recorded in Bacillus subtilis . Under in vivo condition, effect of selected bio agents and organic amendments on disease incidence, percent disease control, pathogen spore in per gram soil and yield ha -1 of lentil was recorded. Application of Trichoderma harzianum (Local isolate) @ 6g/Kg seed was found most effective with maximum seed germination 91.95 and 90.62 per cent, lowest disease incidence of 24.22 and 25.39 per cent and higher pooled mean grain yield 774.31 kg/ha over check during 2016-17 and 2017-18, respectively. Among organic amendments, maximum disease control (42.02 per cent), minimum average disease incidence (36.33 per cent) and minimum pathogen spores (1.3x10 4 per gram soil) were observed in neem cake amendment followed by poultry manure and vermicompost amendments. This indicates that these treatments can be effectively used for controlling Fusarium wilt disease under organic mode of lentil cultivation in Rajasthan.

Development and evaluation of PAU multi-purpose sprayer to control whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) in cotton

A multi-purpose high clearance sprayer was developed with three types of spraying mechanism, viz. auto-rotate gun, drop-up boom and boom nozzles. The experiment was conducted during 2016 at Abohar in cotton growing region of South-western Punjab at six farm locations to evaluate sprayer performance and its bio efficacy against whitefly (Bemisia tabaci). It was observed that the auto-rotate gun sprayer produced lowest droplets VMD of 259.01 μm followed by boom type of 290.28 μm, drop-up boom type of 312.12 μm and knapsack sprayer of 328.50 μm, respectively. The maximum droplets density/cm2 was found to be 31.67 (drop-up boom sprayer), 26.29 (auto-rotate gun), 21.34 (boom sprayer) and 18.13 (knapsack sprayer). However, more leaf area coverage was observed as 31.67% in drop-up boom sprayer followed by 26.29% of auto-rotate gun type, 21.24% of boom-type and 16.86% of knapsack sprayer. The higher whitefly control was obtained with a drop-up boom sprayer of 80.69-88.65% followed by autorotate gun sprayer of 80.31-85.10%, boom-type of 72.81-86.27% as compared to knapsack sprayer of 63.37-75.45%. Lowest operation cost was found to be ₹ 150/ha for auto-rotate gun-type followed by ₹ `239/ha a for boom type and ₹ 291/ha for drop-up boom spraying system of multi-purpose high clearance sprayer, however, it was maximum ₹ 475/ha for knapsack sprayer. The similar, trend of cost saving was observed as 68.55, 49.82 and 38.80% per ha as compare to knapsack sprayer.

Management of wilt disease of lentil through bio control agents and organic amendments in Rajasthan

Lentil (Lens culinaris M) has gained importance in various parts of Rajasthan as potential pulses crop. This crop suffers from many diseases among which vascular wilt of lentil caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lentis, has become a thoughtful trouble in recent years in Rajasthan and in other lentil growing parts of India, resulting heavy yield losses. Systematic studies in laboratory, cage house and field trials were conducted (2016-17 to 2017-18) to controlling wilt of lentil. Laboratory experiments were carried out in Completely Randomized design with four replications and field trials were carried out consecutively during 2016-17 and 2017-2018 crop season in Randomized block design (RBD) with four replications using L9-12 a susceptible cultivar. In In Vitro, bio efficacy of selected bio agents, maximum 81.33 per cent mycelial growth inhibition of pathogen was recorded in Trichoderma harzianum (local isolate) and minimum mycelial growth inhibition 55.00 per cent was recorded in Bacillus subtillus. In In vivo condition, effect of selected bio agents and organic amendments on disease incidence, percent disease control, pathogen spore in per gram soil and yield ha-1 of lentil was recorded. Application of Trichoderma harzianum (Local isolate) @ 6g/Kg seed was found most effective with maximum seed germination 91.95 and 90.62 per cent, lowest disease incidence of 24.22 and 25.39 per cent and higher pooled mean grain yield 774.31 kg/ha over check during 2016-17 and 2017-18, respectively. Among organic amendments maximum disease control 42.02% per cent, minimum average disease incidence 36.33 per cent and minimum pathogen spores (1.3x104 per gram soil) were observed in neem cake amendment followed by poultry manure and Vermicompost amendments. This indicates that these treatments have significant role in biologically based management strategies for controlling Fusarium wilt disease under organic mode of lentil cultivation in Rajasthan

Ultrasound‐Assisted Synthesis of Nitrogen and Oxygen Containing Heterocycles Using Fluorinated Graphene Oxide as Catalyst: Evaluation of Their Anthelmintic Activities

AbstractSpirooxindole derivatives have been efficiently synthesized via a three‐component reaction consisting of isatin, malononitrile/ pyrazole and various 1,3‐diketones using Fluorinated Graphene Oxide (FGO) as a green and metal free carbocatalyst, under sonication. The main advantages of this synthetic approach lie in its operational simplicity, easy catalyst recovery and recyclability, high yields and short reaction times. The prepared catalyst was characterized by various analytical techniques viz., UV‐Vis, FT‐IR Spectroscopy, TGA, TEM, FE‐SEM and EDX. The in vitro anthelmintic screening of synthesized compounds against a cestode, Raillietina sp. and a nematode parasite, Syphacia obvelata at 200 μg/mL and 800 μg/mL were also carried out which revealed a profound activity, with much reduced morality time of parasite. The SEM study indicated structure alterations in treated parasite, further validating the in vitro anthelmintic property. In addition, molecular docking studies were carried out against β‐tubulin protein to determine binding affinity of the synthesized compounds. All test compound followed the “Lipinski Rule of Five” and in silico pharmacokinetic investigation showed inhibitory activity against CYP enzyme and P‐glycoprotein which may further improve the bio efficacy of compounds.

A novel chitosan biopolymer based Trichoderma delivery system: Storage stability, persistence and bio efficacy against seed and soil borne diseases of oilseed crops

Management of seed and soil borne fungal plant pathogens using fungal species belonging to the genus Trichoderma is gaining importance. Seed coating with powder based formulations of Trichoderma is most widely adopted by the researchers and farmers as well. Delivery system that leads to good adherence of fungal propagules on seed surface, minimizing the wastage of active ingredient, sustained and timely release during treatment process is very important for effective season long protection. Chitosan-PEG (Polyethylene glycol) (Cts-PEG) blend containing Trichoderma harzianum (Th4d) (Cts-PEG-Th) spores is developed and its storage stability, persistence in soil and bio efficacy against seed and soil borne pathogens of groundnut and safflower crops is studied. The blend was stable without much changes in pH throughout the storage period. Persistence studies conducted for 3 months revealed that Cts-PEG-Th amended soil, Trichoderma got released from polymer film slowly and reached a maximum of log 8 CFUs by 30 days and there after started declining to retain log 6 CFUs at 90 days. In shelf life study, the chitosan blend was able to maintain Trichoderma counts of log 10.0 and log 10.2 over a period of 6 months at storage temperatures of 30 °C and 4 °C, respectively and the antagonistic activity unaffected against three plant pathogens viz. Macrophomina phaseolina, Fusarium oxysporumf. sp.ricini and Aspergillus niger over a period of 6 months of storage. Bio efficacy testing in germination towels and green house pot studies revealed the effectiveness of seed treatment with Cts-PEG-Th blend significantly increasing the germination and seedling vigour and reducing the diseases in groundnut (peanut) and safflower.

Bio efficacy of fungicides, biocontrol agents and botanicals against brown spot (Cercospora longipes Butler) of sugarcane

Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) is an important cash and industrial crop of India. Brown spot of sugarcane is one of miner disease which sporadically has become frequent occurring disease in some parts of northern Karnataka. Pathogenicity of brown spot disease was proved by mycelial bit inoculation method. Further identified the brown spot (Cercospora longipes Butler) pathogen with produced hyaline conidiophore in clusters and conidia were hyaline, two to many celled, needle shaped and produced shy sporulation. In vitro evaluation fungicides, plant extract and bioagents revealed that hexaconazole 5% EC, propiconazole 25 EC and tebuconazole 250 EC at 0.05 per cent concentration showed cent per cent inhibition of mycelial growth of C. longipes in systemic fungicides, mancozeb @ 0.2 and 0.3 per cent concentration showed cent per cent inhibition in non-systemic fungicides, cabendazim 12% + mancozeb 63%, hexaconazole 18% + zineb 68%, captan 70% + hexaconazole 5% @ all the concentration and Carboxin 37.55% + thiram 37.55% @ 0.1 and 0.2 per cent concentration showed 100 per cent inhibition in combi products, leaf extracts of Azadiracta indica (10%) and Trichoderma virens were most effective against brown spot.

Effect of beta-carotene status in microcapsules on its in vivo bioefficacy and in vitro bioaccessibility

Sufficient loading capacity and high bioefficacy are both necessary if microencapsulated beta-carotene (BC) is supplemented to overcome Vitamin A deficiency. Four high BC loading (1.2%) microcapsules (BC melted in oil, MO; BC crystals dispersed in oil, CO; BC crystals embedded in wall material, CW; and BC crystals with excipient emulsion, CE) with same wall composition were prepared and their bioefficacy (BE) were compared by in vivo and in vitro tests. BE sequence (CE > CW > MO > CO) from in vivo study was found abnormal, which indicated higher efficacy of crystal BC over melted, excipient oil over oil as solvent. Morphology, particle size and micellization rate change during in vitro GI digestion were investigated to find the reason behind the abnormal. The results suggested that BC molecule could be released from its crystal and included into bile salt micelle with the shear provided by gastric and intestinal movements, the inclusion rate is crystal size dependent; the co-exiting oil would opposite the micellization rate if the oil-BC interaction affected either the diffusion of BC or the digestion of oil. The CE microcapsule had advantages in both factors and therefore resulted in the highest in vivo hepatic VAE, although the possible existence of equilibrium hepatic VAE level (800VAE μg/g liver) led to lower relative BE at excessive BC gavage dosage with effective BC microcapsules. The results from this study challenged the conventional positive concept of encapsulating amorphous BC, provided new insight into the design of effective BC microcapsules.

Bio efficacy of bioagents against Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. zingiberi causing rhizome rot of ginger in Maharashtra state

Five fungal antagonists were evaluated in vitro against Fusarium oxysporum, applying Dual Culture Technique (Dennis and Webster, 1971) and using PDA as basal medium all the bioagents evaluated exhibited fungistatic/fungitoxic activity against F. oxysporum and significantly inhibited mycelial growth of the test pathogen over untreated control. Of the seven antagonists tested, Trichoderma viride was found most effective and recorded least linear mycelial growth (22.00 mm) with highest mycelial growth inhibition (75.66%) of the test pathogen as compared to untreated control (90.33 mm and 00.00%). Among the different bioagents tested the maximum of 75.66 per cent inhibition was found in Trichoderma viride, followed by Trichoderma harzianum and Trichoderma koningii, and the least inhibition was recorded with the Bacterial bioagents Bacillus subtilis with 43.18 per cent.

Bio Efficacy of Bacillus thuringiensis Isolates against Diamond Back Moth (Plutella xylostella L.) on Cauliflower Plant in Tamil Nadu, India

Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) gram positive entomopathogenic bacteria being an eco-friendly biopesticide. In present study the potential of B. thuringiensis isolates was studied for the biological control of Diamond back moth (DBM). Fifteen Bt isolates were obtained from the Department of Agricultural Microbiology, TNAU Tamil Nadu. This mainly isolated from the cultivated lands Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum), Brinjal (Solanum melongena) and Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). All the 15 isolates were identified as B. thuringiensis based on the crystalline structure. Four different types of crystalline forms were observed, in which the isolates CC, CB1, BC, TD, BD were produces cuboidal shape crystals. Then, the isolates were characterized based on presence of lepidopteron specific cry gene. Among the 15 B. thuringiensis isolates seven of them were found to be positive for lepidopteron specific cry genes include cry 1 & cry 2. Four Bt isolates were exhibited presences of both cry 1 and cry 2 genes. The selected 4 isolates further screened for protein profiling by SDS Page. Molecular weights of the protein ranging from 65 to 130 kDa. Toxicity of this four B. thuringiensis isolates were evaluated by bioassay using third instar larvae of the diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella) and isolate (CC) recorded maximum mortality of 95.33% comparable to standard strain HD1 98.31%. In quantitative bioassay, the LC50 for third instar larvae of Plutella xylostella was found to be least range 197.09 ppm with fiducial limits of 110.28 - 352.21 ppm respectively. Different concentration of the toxic protein (100, 250, 500, 750, 1000, 2000) will reduce the leaf damage and larval growth was (54-8% and 58-25%) observed. This achieved effective control of DBM in cauliflower plant.

Trichogramma chilonis as Parasitoid: An Eco-friendly Approach Against Tomato Fruit Borer, Helicoverpa armigera

Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) is a major pest of several crops, e.g., Tomato, cotton, pigeon pea, and chickpea suffered by this insect in various parts of the worldwide. Trichocards as parasitoids regarding the different release levels of Trichogramma chilonis were used to evaluate the effectiveness against tomato fruit borer, Helicoverpa armigera as well as five insecticides with new chemistries were used to find out the comparative bio efficacy, which were relatively safer to human and environment, i.e., Capital plus (Beta-Cyfluthrin + Triazophos, 41.7% EC) 500 ml/Acre, Commando (Acephate, 97% DF) 62 g, Border (Profenofos + Lambda – Cyhalothrin, 61.5% EC) 500 ml/Acre, Polytrin C (Cypermethrin + Profenofos, 440 EC) 500 ml/Acre, Profit (Emamectin Benzoate, 1.9% EC & 90% Tech.) 500 ml/Acre. We also compared the insecticides with trichocards. There were 3 treatments, T1 Profit (Emamectin Benzoate, 1.9% EC & 90% Tech.) 500 ml/Acre, T2 (16000) of biological control agent (egg Parasitoid) and T3 (control plot). 16000 eggs of the parasitoid Trichogram chilonis, released per hectare were most effective in controlling tomato fruit borer. Out of the five insecticides tested, Border proved to be the best one, followed by Profit and Capital Plus in reducing the percent infestation of tomato by tomato fruit borer. In the third experiment, Profit gave best result followed by the Trichograma. chilonis cards with 16000 eggs per hectare. Among the tested insecticides, treatments sprayed with Border gave maximum yield (6179.0 kg/ha), followed by Profit & Polytrin C. Cost benefit ratio shows that highest net return (46.45 BCR) was obtained with Trichograma chilonis cards released plots followed by Profit. Trichocards are suggested for the controlling of Helicoverpa armigera as best substitute for insecticides. The use of trichocards practice have very effective role to protect the soil moreover, this practice may have significant role to protect the soil and save the natural resources from insecticides pollution.

Efficacy of bio-agents and carbendazim on plant pathogens infecting Pea (Pisum sativum L.)

Efficacy of bio-agents and carbendazim on plant pathogens infecting Pea (<i>Pisum sativum</i> L.)

Bio efficacy and phyto-toxicity of dicamba 48%SL against broad-leaved weeds in maize

Bio efficacy and phyto-toxicity of dicamba 48%SL against broad-leaved weeds in maize

Topramezone 10g/l + atrazine 300 g/l sc an herbicide for controlling narrow and broad-leaved weeds in sugarcane

To control narrow and broad-leaved weeds in sugarcane, bio efficacy of Topramezone 10g/l + Atrazine 300 g/l SC in different doses along with other herbicides were tested in field conditions during 2016-17. In this experiment, all the treatments of herbicide found to be significant in reducing the weed count and increasing the cane yield in comparison to untreated control. In all the treatments, Topramezone 10g/l + Atrazine 300 g/l SC @ 3500 ml or 1085 g a.i. per ha was found to be superior in controlling all kind of weeds in the sugarcane. The weed control efficiency of above treatment was 72.65, 80.80, 69.11, 90.71, 92.3, 85.17, 83.51 and 77.58 percent for Echinochloa colonum, Cynadon dactylon, Panicum fasiculatum, Parthenium spp, Amaranthus viridis, Euphorbia spp, Commellina benghalensis and Altrenentra sessalis, respectively. Topramezone 10g/l + Atrazine 300 g/l SC @ 3500 ml or 1085 g a.i./ha was also responded with maximum yield as recorded 107.03 t/ha against 76.53 t/ha in untreated control.

Nature of anthracnose diseases incited by Colletotrichum capsici causing seedborne disease in chilli

Studies were undertaken on the incidence of anthracnose in chilli in Tamil Nadu, nature of causative agents, bio efficacy of Azoxystrobin 23 w/w against the pathogen of anthracnose, persistence of Azoxystrobin in plants, its compatibility with insecticides and bio control agents, residues of Azoxystrobin in the plants, effect of infection on leaf and fruit quality and role in induced systemic resistance

Evaluation of Bio efficacy of Azadirachta indica and Mentha piperita extract against Papilio demoleus L. on Citrus crop

Evaluation of Bio efficacy of Azadirachta indica and Mentha piperita extract against Papilio demoleus L. on Citrus crop

Bio efficacy of corm extract of Arisaema murrayi against mosquito larvae

Bio efficacy of corm extract of Arisaema murrayi against mosquito larvae

Bio efficacy of corm extract of Arisaema murrayi against mosquito larvae

Arisaema murrayi (sapkanda) is an ancient plant used as food and medicine for many diseases by tribal people. The present study was undertaken to investigate the larvicidal properties of corm extract of Arisaemamurrayi, against mosquito larvae. The larvae were exposed to a solution prepared from corm extract powder in ethanol. Mortality was assessed within 4-6 hrs. The result indicated that the corm extract has toxic effect on mosquito larvae and therefore has potential for development as commercial bio-insecticide.

Effect of Storage Temperature on Bio efficacy of Aqueous Extract of Ganoderma lucidum

Stability testing is key requirement in the drug development process along with storage temperature which may deteriorate bio-constituents and efficacy of natural products. Aqueous extract of Ganoderma lucidum has revealed pharmacological effects against high altitude stressors and has potential for mitigating high altitude maladies. In the present study, the extract of Ganoderma lucidum was stored at different storage conditions such as room temperature, 4 °C and -20 °C for two year and qualitative and quantitative analysis of bio-constituents and bio-efficacy was carried out. No significant change was observed in any extract kept in different temperature conditions in terms of its polysaccharide, phenolic and flavonoids content. The extract kept at room temperature absorbed slight moisture in few samples but no change in overall polysaccharide, phenolic and flavonoids content was recorded. The moisture absorption problem was not observed in extracts stored at 4 °C and -20 °C. The bio-efficacy of the extract at room temperature, 4 °C or -20 °C were comparable to the freshly prepared extract and the data from the studies suggest that extract has good shelf life up to two year without loss of bio-efficacy. Overall, the extract retained its bio-efficacy for two years at different temperature storage conditions.

English

English

Bioefficacy of chemical insecticides against major sucking insectpests on grain legumes in India- A review

Grain legumes are the important source of dietary protein in tropical regions and insect pests are the major biotic constraints in the production of the grain legumes throughout the country. About 150 species of insects are known to attack pulse crops in India. Among the insect pests, the sucking pests like aphid, Aphis craccivora Koch; jassid, Empoasca kerri Pruthi; whitefly, Bemisia tabaci Gennadius, thrips,Thrips palmi Karny and flower thrips, Megalurothrips usitatus Bagnall are known to cause significant damage to the pulse crops and also indirectly acting as a vectors in transmitting the deadly diseases resulting in severe loss in grain yields of the legume crops. The present review highlights the losses caused by the sucking pests and critically review the literature generated on the bio efficacy of conventional and novel groups of chemical insecticides for the management of sucking pests infesting grain legumes at different locations in India.