Efficacy Research Articles

Synthesis, Characterization and Preliminary Antimicrobial and Antiinfl ammatory Evaluation of New Ibuprofen Hydrazide Derivatives

Non-steroidal anti-infl ammatory medicines (NSAIDs) are medicines that are distributed widely across the world due to their ability to reduce pain and infl ammation. In order to boost the drug’s effi cacy and reduce its harmful side eff ect like GIT ulcers and bleeding, a newly synthesized series of 25-(1-(4-isobutylphenyl) ethyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole-2-thiol derivatives compounds (C, C 1-3) were prepared from the reaction of ibuprofen hydrazide with carbon disulfi de followed by reaction with various Aryl/ alkyl halide. All target compounds were tested for antimicrobial effi cacy against various strains of bacteria (G+ve, S. pyrogenes and S. aureus) and (G-ve, E. coli and 1Klebsiella pneumoniae). Additionally, fungus species (Candida albicans). Compound C showed good antimicrobial activity for both bacterial strains. At the same time, Compound C1 have the best ant-bacterial activity compared with other synthesized compounds for1 both (G+ve), and (G-ve) bacteria, and compound C3 was the most aff ected one as antifungal. The compound C2 was with lowest antimicrobial activity. All of the produced compounds were examined for their anti-infl ammatory activity using (egg-white generate edema) and the compounds (C, C1, C3) showed good effi cacy when compared to ibuprofen (stander) FTIR and 1H-NMR spectroscopy were used to analyze all of the fi nal products.

Preclinical Estimation of Eff ect of Piperine on Anti-Parkinsons Activity of Berberine Estimated by Behavior Modifi cation Scale

Objective: Parkinson’s disease (PD) leads to involuntary and uncontrolled muscle reactions. Berberine (BBR) is a quaternary ammonium compound of herbal origin. As it prevents dopaminergic neuronal loss and brain damage, especially related hippocampus, it can be explored in the treatment of PD. This study aimed to assess how BBR aff ected the behavior of rats with a PD model. Method: A 2 μg/mL solution of 6- hydroxydopamine-Hbr (6-OHDA) prepared with ascorbic acid 0.2 mg/mL added to put off auto-oxidation. It was kept on ice until it was injected. Rats were grouped into six groups of six rats, each at random. Animals in group 1 were given double-distilled water. (i. e.); group 2, received 6-OHDA, group–3, received BBR (50 mg/kg, oral), group 4 received BBR (50 mg/kg ) and 1% piperine (PIP); group 5 received BBR (50 mg/kg ) and 2% PIP and group 6 received BBR (50 mg/kg) and 3% PIP for 14 days. Result: BBR therapy has been shown to protect rats from numerous behavioral and metabolic changes caused by 6-Hydroxydopamine and to improve Parkinson’s symptoms. The results show a signifi cant improvement in the behaviour of rats with Parkinsonism caused by 6-OHDA when treated with BBR and PIP. The results indicate that PIP’s co-administration improves BBR’s therapeutic activity in treating PD markedly. The incorporation of 2% PIP shows the best results, as there is not much diff erence between the 2 and 3% doses, though the activity increases signifi cantly when compared with that of 1% PIP. Conclusion: According to reports, BBR has a strong anti-eff ect against Parkinson’s, but due to its low bioavailability, it is challenging to use it clinically. The presence study suggests that adding a bio enhancer like PIP may improve the bioavailability of BBR and thus improve its effi cacy. The results show that co-administration of piprine greatly enhances the eff ect of BBR in treating Parkinson’s.

Eff ect of Gymnema sylvestre in the Control of Diabetes: A Review

Gymnema sylvestre is a plant of the Asclepiadaceae family that grows worldwide. It is one of the most potent medicinal plants. G. sylvestre leaves are commonly utilised in the treatment of diabetes mellitus.In Indian herbal medicines, it is used as a diuretic drug. The most important active chemical ingredient taken out from the Gymnema plant are gymnemic acids which help prevent glucose absorption. This herb is famous for its antihelmentic, anti-infl ammatory, diuretic and stomach-friendly qualities. Leucoderma, constipation, hemorrhoids, jaundice, cardiopathy, asthma, bronchitis and dyspepsia are said to be treated with this plant. The Gymnema leaves are chewed to reduce the appetite for sweet and bitter items and applied on the aff ected body regions to heal a variety of illnesses. An examination of the literature found that the plant has anti-infl ammatory, anti-obesity, hypolipidaemic, antidiabetic, free radical scavenging and antibacterial properties. According to literature reviews, Gymnema is an extensively used plant for the cure and management of a lot of disorders and is a key constituent in numerous ayurvedic formulations. However, scientists have not made much eff ort to prove its effi cacy. The current review focuses on G. sylvestre’s folk and ayurvedic usage and pharmacognostic, pharmacological and phytochemical research. G. sylvestre may aid weight reduction by reducing sweet cravings and controlling blood sugar levels. This review highlights the plant description, literature and phytochemistry of G. sylvestre. It also talks briefl y about diabetes mellitus and how G. sylvestre can be useful in the treatment of it. We also discuss about the side eff ects and toxicity of it.

Determination and Isolation of Valuable Bioactive Compound (lupeol) from Portulacaria afra Jacq.

Portulacaria afra is a small succulent tree, previously belonging to the Portulacaceae family, but with further studies, the plant transferred to the Didieracea family. P. afra was used as an ornamental, vegetable, and ethnomedicinal plant. Uses of the plant by rural South Africans to treat chronic skin conditions and rashes, alleviate exhaustion, and aid in treating TB and diarrhea have been documented in folklore. According to pharmaceutical research, plant extracts off er a wide range of remedial outcomes, such as antidiabetic, antifungal, antibacterial, anticancer, antioxidant, and anti-infl ammatory. The study aims to determine some bioactive constituents responsible for pharmacological activities and traditional usefulness. Thinlayer chromatography (TLC) is used for detecting lupeol by specifi c reagents; a p-anisaldehyde sulfuric acid reagent and 10% methanolic sulfuric acid. And high-performance liquid chromatography was used to detect pentacyclic triterpenoids (lupeol) in the n-hexane. The lupeol was isolated by preparative layer chromatography (PLC). Testing the effi cacy of the separation method, the isolated compounds have been identifi ed and characterized by diff erent chromatographic and chemical analyses (TLC, ATR-FTIR, LC-CMS-APCI+, and 1H-NMR).

Identifi cation of Bioactive Niaziridin in Horseredish Tree Extract by Analytical Tool

Moringa oleifera Lam. is mostly known as the „potent medicinal fl ora“ in terms of enormous therapeutic effi cacy due to the availability of certain biologically active molecules. This has dual characteristics: it can be used as food and an active ingredient in many pharmaceutical formulations. Flavonoids, phenols, and alkaloids are some of Moringa‘s most abundant bioactive compounds, and they are responsible for its signifi cant therapeutic properties. The current study is based on extracting and identifying major bioactive molecules from M. oleifera leaf and seed parts using a high-performance liquid chromatography technique to formalize its therapeutic potency of bioactive compounds. M. oleifera leaves and seed extracts in methanol were successfully analyzed in a single run using the HPLC method designed for this purpose. A Sunfi re C18 column measuring 4.6 x 250 mm was used for the 220 nm HPLC analysis, and the solvent system consisted of 0.1% acetate buff ered by acetonitrile (65:35 v/v) at a fl ow rate of 1.2 mL/min. The peak observed at 3.269 minutes in leaf extract and 3.289 minutes in seed extract shows the presence of niaziridin. The recovery values of niaziridin in M. oleifera leaves and seed extracts were 45.90 and 66.85%, respectively. Chromatograms show that seed extract has a larger amount of nitrile glycoside than leaf extract. The present investigation used an HPLC process to investigate the characteristics of niaziridin. This research is useful for standardizing M. oleifera leaf and seed extracts and producing pharmaceutical drugs from M. oleifera

A new biotechnology strategy for effective nutritional support of intestinal microflora and health

The article deals with the issues of biotechnological strategies for eff ective nutritional support of intestinal microflora and health by means of specialized products in the form of dietary supplements with directed functional properties. Clinical evidence of the effi cacy of the developed program is presented.

Using of MRI-guided focused ultrasound treatment for Parkinson’s disease tremor. Clinical case and literature review

MRI-guided high-intensity focused ultrasound (MRgFUS) is a new emerging and promising procedure applied in a wide range of clinical fi elds in modern medicine. This innovative treatment method follows is an important step towards the ideal surgery of the future: non-invasive, targeted, safe, controlled, eff ective and ambulatory. Randomized studies show high effi cacy in the treatment of tremor for Parkinson disease and essential tremor. Safety is also having similar profi le with other surgical procedures and has a mostly transient character of complications. Such advantages as a non-invasive treatment, controlled eff ect and the safety profi le of the procedure made it popular in the treatment of movement disorders. This article demonstrates a clinical case of the fi rst using of MRgFUS for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease tremor at the Federal Center for Brain Research and Neurotechnologies of the Federal Medical and Biological Agency of Russia in Moscow. The 54-year-old patient with Parkinson disease, 2 Hoehn–Yahr, admitted to our hospital. Severe tremor of right upper extremity impaired his life. Neurosurgical procedure was considered due to medication failed. Patient underwent focused ultrasound thalamotomy with totally tremor relief. No additional neurological impairment was noted, only bradykinesia and rigidity were improved. Patient discharged on 3rd day after the procedure.Conclusions. MRgFUS is an innovative surgical procedure. Advantages of these methods such as non-invasive manner, controlled, safety allowed to be priority procedure for patients with unilateral tremor.

Evaluation of the effectiveness of migraine therapy using functional resting MRI with course rhythmic transcranial magnetic stimulation

Introduction. In the context of the search for new migraine therapy options, strict control of their eff ectiveness by means of objective examination methods is required.Objective. Objective assessment of the eff ectiveness of TMS in patients with migraine on the basis of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data.Material and methods. Resting-state fMRI before and after a fi ve-day course of TMS of the junction of the inferior frontal and temporal lobes bilaterally was performed in 19 patients with migraine. Changes in functional connectivity (FC) of the main neuronal networks of the brain, as well as clinical parameters of pain and quality of life of the patients were assessed before and after the course of TMS.Results. A decrease in pain intensity and anxiety scores, as well as a decrease in the number of acute pain medications taken, was observed against the background of the therapy. Changes in FC aff ected three main networks: the default mode network, the salience and visual networks. At the same time, decreased effi cacy of therapy was noted in patients with higher severity of depressive symptoms and presence of neuroimaging criteria of depression.Conclusion. The study suggests the effi cacy of TMS in patients with migraine based on neuroimaging criteria. It is worth paying special attention to the presence of depressive symptoms in migraine patients.

High-dose chemotherapy with autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in multiple sclerosis: intermediate results of 3 years research

Relevance. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic demyelinating autoimmune disease of the central nervous system with progressive course. High-dose chemotherapy (HDCT) with autologous haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (AHSCT) is a promising course of treatment-refractory MS. The study aimed to assess the effi cacy and safety of treating MS patients with HDCT + AHSCT.Material and methods. Were studied 10 people (5 women and 5 men) with relapsing-remitting (30%), secondary progressive (60%) and primary progressive MS (10%). Patients underwent AHSCT using cyclophosphamide + rituximab chemotherapeutic regimen.Results. In 90% of cases, at least a stabilizing eff ect is shown after the procedure. Only 10% was showed signs of demyelinating activity on MRI of the spinal cord 2 years after HDCT + AHSCT. All patients had a response to therapy according to median Expanded Disability Status Scores (EDSS). We found a positive dynamics of the average EDSS score: before treatment — 5.9 points, 6 months and 1 year after treatment — 5.1 points. There was shown a positive eff ect on dynamics of neurological status, quality of life and emotional state of patients. No treatment-related mortality and uncontrolled complications were revealed.Conclusion. Timely AHSCT contributes to minimizing the level of disability and signifi cantly improves the quality of life of patients.

EFFICACY OF FOREIGN LANGUAGE VOCABULARY ACQUISITION AS DEPENDENT ON TYPE OF CLASSROOM AND STUDY MATERIALS

Increasing digitalisation of education requires accessing the effi ciency of study materials used in traditional and digital classroom. The given research answers this challenge. The aim is to compare the effi cacy of traditional and online class environment along with the use of text/online dictionaries as the primary source of information while completing lexical tasks at the lesson of a foreign language. Research methods and sample.  school students participated in the research. All of them successfully partook in intellectual contests and Olympiads (mean age ,; SD=,, ,% male). An authentic article from the Guardian was adapted to  CEFR levels using TextInspector,  most frequent words from the text were chosen for each level and  lexical tasks were created for B, B and C levels. The tasks were completed by students either with the text or online dictionaries. Preand post-tests on these vocabulary units were compiled in the format of the Computer Adaptive Test of Size and Strength ( types of questions: productive and receptive recall, productive and receptive recognition). Main results. The type of classroom did not infl uence the effi cacy of vocabulary acquisition (p>.). Using online dictionaries appears to be more effi cient in an online classroom (t=-., p=.), while using a text dictionary did not have any signifi cant infl uence (p>.). Conclusion. Students, who successfully participate in intellectual contests, can effectively study both in offl ine and online classroom. When studying in a traditional classroom, the type of study materials does not infl uence the effi cacy of vocabulary acquisition, however, in an online classroom, online dictionaries appear to be a more preferable option

Longitudinal Assessment of Mental Health Consequences of the COVID-19 Pandemic Long-Term Exposure on Health Care Workers from a North West Italian Hospital

To assess individual variation in anxiety, stress disorder, depression, insomnia, burnout, and resilience in health care workers (HCWs), 12 and 18 months after the beginning of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic. Prospective longitudinal study. A total of 207 HCWs (74% female, 46% physicians, 44% nurses) answered; 50% scored over the cut-off for anxiety (GAD-7), 66% for PCL-C, 41% for depression (PHQ-9), 25% for ISI, and 15% started sleep inducers; 52% showed emotional exhaustion (EE), 68% detachment (DE), 39% professional efficacy (EF) at MBI; 27% completed the follow-up questionnaire 6 months later, showing a significant reduction in nearly all scores (GAD-7 median 11[5-15] vs 7[4-12] (P < 0.001); PCL-C 43[30-58] vs 37[24-50] (P < 0.05); PHQ-9 10[4-16] vs 6[3-12] (P < 0.001); ISI 10[4-15] vs 7[5-12](NS); MBI EE 25[16-35] vs 23 [15-31] (NS), DE 13[8-17] vs 12[8-17], EF 29[25-34] vs 30[25-34]. Living in a flat (OR 2.27 [1.10-4.81], high-intensity-of-care working (2.83 [1.15-7.16] increased risk of anxiety (GAD-7); age between 31-40 y (OR 2.8 [1.11-7.68], being a nurse (OR 3.56 [1.59-8.36] and high-intensity-of-care working (OR 8.43 [2.92-26.8] increased risk of pathological stress (PCL-C). Nearly half of HCWs showed psychological distress, especially nurses, women, and the youngest. A mandatory job change, increasing intensity of care, working in a COVID-19 department, and being infected were negative factors; having a partner and living in a detached house were protective. Six months later, all the psychological domains showed individual improvement.

Transcranial magnetic stimulation and SSRIs in the complex treatment of Parkinson’s disease patients with depressive disorders

Affective disorders in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) are significantly more common than in the general population in people of the same age. It is known that the ef ficacy of antidepressants in PD patients is lower than in patients with a depressive disorder not associated with PD. Therefore, such patients may take high doses of antidepressants, which is accompanied by side effects manifestations and a decrease in quality of life. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a safe treatment for depressive disorder that has been successfully used in PD patients. The article presents a comparison of the effectiveness of complex therapy with TMS and SSRIs with SSRI monotherapy for the treatment of depressive disorder in PD patient.

SOCIAL STRUCTURE AND SELF IN STUDENTS’ ACADEMIC EXPERIENCES

Education is recognized as the most important route to social mobility. Quality education is associated with promises of occupational success and economic prosperity and a better life. It is this hope for a better future that guides innumerable parents from lower social class backgrounds in India to try and secure a place for their children in private schools- institutions that hold the promise of good quality. This study (consisting of two parts) was designed to explore the impact of social structure on the experience of exclusion at school, self-esteem, academic effi cacy, and engagement of students using self-report measures. For the purpose of the study, the social structural variables of class and caste (caste is an integral component of Indian society’s social structure) were examined. For the study with social class, the sample included EWS students (n=) and non-EWS students (n=). For the study with caste, the sample included students from the reserved category (including students from scheduled caste, scheduled tribe and other backward classes; n=) and general category students (n=). School exclusion and self-esteem emerged as signifi cant processes that mediate the relation between social structural variables of class and caste and student outcomes. The study has implications for creating more inclusive classrooms.

Efficacy of Pleural Brush Cytology in the Diagnosis of Pleural Diseases

Background: The accurate diagnosis of pleural effusion remains a challenging clinical problem. Medical thoracoscopy has an established role in achieving the etiology of pleural effusion. Pleural biopsies provide us with best results, but if cytological results can be shown to give concordant results, therapy can be instituted early. Aim: The aim was to study the efficacy of pleural brush in diagnosing pleural diseases. Study Design: This is a prospective study. Patients and Methods: The study was done between December 2015 and June 2017 in all patients of undiagnosed exudative effusions who were taken for thoracoscopy. Both pleural biopsy and pleural brushings were obtained in each patient. Results: We present the data of 45 patients. The mean age was 59.68 years. Nodule was the most common finding on thoracoscopic examination. Pleural brush cytology was positive in 26 patients with malignancy, 13 for infection and 6 were inadequate. However, forceps biopsy was positive in 42 cases out of 45 (93.3%) in detecting malignancy and infectious diseases. Conclusion: Pleural brush cytology can help in increasing the diagnostic yield. It can also be used to commence early treatment of the patient.

Veterinary Students’ Preference for Online Education in Andhra Pradesh

The sudden outbreak of deadly disease called COVID-19 caused by a Corona Virus (SARSCoV-2) shook the entire world. The wide and rapid spreading of COVID-19 has forced almost all educational institutions across the nation with no choice. Present study was undertaken to explore veterinary students’ preferences for various attributes of online classes and relationship between preference and 6 selected independent variables. Ex -post-facto research design was opted for the study and was conducted in three constituent colleges of Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, Andhra Pradesh which have moved their academic activities onto online mode through zoom platform as a part of Emergency Remote Teaching (ERT). The fi ndings of the study revealed that mo st of the students (85%) had high preference for online education. With regarding veterinary students’ preferences for various attributes of online classes the fi ndings confi rmed that majority of the veterinary students preferred to have online classes supported with reading material ha ving online classes on alternate days, for 2-4 hours per day with 45 minutes duration for each session along with 15 minutes break in between the two sessions. Majority of the students preferred WhatsApp for clarifying their queries and expected to clarify their queries by instructor within next class. Most of the students preferred to have quiz and assignments at end of every class for eff ective learning and preferred to submit their assignments before the next scheduled class. The fi ndings also revealed that, computer effi cacy and benefi ts had signifi cant positive relationship, while bottlenecks had signifi cant negative relationship with the Veterinary student’s preference for online education at one percent level of signifi cance. Remaining three variables like gender, socio-economic status and technical accessibility had no signifi cant relationship at both one per cent and fi ve per cent level of signifi cance.

Hepatoprotective effect of eugenol on laboratory rats under simulated toxicosis

Recently, in the literature, there is often a mention of bioflavonoid hepatoprotectors. These include: silibinin, silidianin, silicristin, isosilibinin, etc.In foreign sources, there is a mention of eugenol as a remedy that can be used as a choleretic and antitoxic agent. At present, in Russia, eugenol is used as an active antiseptic, and also has an analgesic effect.Eugenol is a pale yellow liquid with an oily consistency and a spicy aroma, slightly acidic, slightly soluble in water and highly soluble in organic solvents such as alcohol, oils, ether and chloroform.Rats (male, weight 200-250g) were injected with various doses of eugenol before the introduction of toxic doses of ethyl alcohol, according to the method. The drug was administered intragastrically. After 24 hours of fasting, the rats were randomly divided into 5 groups (n = 6). The dose of eugenol was chosen based on our preliminary screening, and taking into account the rationale for the dose in the literature. All animals were examined in an hour, conducting a biochemical analysis of the main indicators reflecting the state of the liver (bilirubin, ALT, AST) by puncture of the tail vein. All values were measured as mean ± SD, data with p&lt;0.05 were considered significant.Studies have established that ethyl alcohol is a significant factor in gastric mucosal damage and upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage and general toxic condition. As a result of the study, it was also revealed that biochemical changes were minimal and tended to complete recovery, which indicates the presence of a hepatoprotective effect in the study drug.

Evaluation of the effi cacy of rebamipide in functional dyspepsia and irritable bowel syndrome treatment

Purpose: to evaluate the efficacy and safety of the use of rebamipide (Rebamipide-SZ, Severnaya Zvezda NAO) during 8-week therapy in patients with functional dyspepsia (FD) and/or irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Materials and methods: 60 patients of both sexes aged 18 to 40 years with confirmed FD and/or IBS were examined. All patients received basic therapy for functional gastrointestinal disease. Patients of the main group were additionally prescribed rebamipide 100 mg 3 times a day. All patients were tested according to the 7x7 questionnaire to assess the severity of FD and IBS symptoms; the severity of anxiety and depression symptoms was assessed according to the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS); the level of zonulin in blood was determined by the ELISA method at baseline and after 8 weeks of therapy. Results: in the main group of patients, taking rebamipide led to a more pronounced decrease in the average score on the scales of the 7x7 questionnaire, such as feeling full (0 [0; 0] points vs 1 [1; 1] points, p=0.000), early satiety (0 [0; 0] points vs 0.5 [0; 1] points, p=0.005), bloating (0 [0; 2] points vs 2 [2; 2] points, p=0.001). Only patients of the main group showed a significant decrease in blood zonulin levels both in the FD subgroup (Δ%= -49%) and in the FD+IBS subgroup (Δ%= -20.85%). Conclusions: the use of rebamipide at the dose of 100 mg 3 times a day for 8 weeks as part of the basic therapy of patients with functional dyspepsia and/ord irritable bowel syndrome leads to a statistically significant improvement in the clinical condition of patients and a significant decrease in the level of zonulin in blood serum.

The role of probiotics in &lt;i&gt;Helicobacter pylori&lt;/i&gt; eradication therapy regimens: current evidence of eff ectiveness

One of the most important rules of the modern approach to the treatment of H. pylori infection is to provide eradication therapy to all those infected. Unfortunately, in real clinical practice, doctors and patients often have concerns about the administration of antibiotics, their possible side eff ects and the duration of standard protocols. The increase in antibiotic resistance observed in diff erent countries is also a serious problem, which explains the need to search for alternative therapeutic options for the treatment of Helicobacter infection. In this regard, the search and analysis of the accumulated scientifi c information about the eff ects of including probiotics in the eradication therapy of H. pylori infection is of particular relevance. We have studied the available data on the effi cacy of diff erent probiotic strains in patients infected with H. pylori . Thus, to date, there is strong evidence that the use of probiotics leads to a reduction in the adhesive properties of H. pylori , reduces the degree of bacterial colonization and the severity of infl ammation of the gastric mucosa. Probiotics can be considered a useful adjuvant to standard protocols including antibiotics and proton pump inhibitors, and can be used not only to improve eradication effi cacy, but most importantly to reduce the incidence of gastrointestinal symptoms, which are a frequent cause of reduced adherence and treatment drop-out. We found support for the suggestion that multistrain probiotics are more eff ective than mono-strain probiotics in optimizing eradication therapy in adults and children.

Influence of PTGS1 gene polymorphisms on efficiency and safety of post-operative Ketorolac treatment of uncomplicated acute calculus cholecystitis

Objective : The study aimed to evaluate the possible association of PTGS1 gene polymorphisms (rs10306135, rs12353214) with the clinical effi cacy and safety of ketorolac in relation to postoperative pain. Materials and methods : The study included 107 patients after video laparoscopic cholecystectomy, who received ketorolac 30 mg as postoperative pain relief 2.0 x 3 times a day. All patients were genotyped for PTGS1 (rs10306135, rs12353214). The pain syndrome was assessed using the Visual Analog scale (VAS), the McGill pain questionnaire. The profi le of adverse reactions was assessed by the dynamics of red blood counts, as a possible trigger for the development of gastrointestinal bleeding according to the method of global assessment of triggers (GTT). Results : According to the VAS and the McGill pain questionnaire, there were no statistically signifi cant diff erences in the intensity of pain between the two groups. There were also no statistically signifi cant diff erences in the dynamics of red blood counts. Conclusion : We did not fi nd an association between the carriage of the PTGS1 genotype (rs10306135, rs12353214) and the effectiveness of postoperative anesthesia with ketorolac, and we did not fi nd an association with the risk of developing adverse reactions after ketorolac anesthesia.

Molecular genetic detection and differentiation of &lt;i&gt;Xanthomonas oryzae&lt;/i&gt; pv. &lt;i&gt;oryzicola&lt;/i&gt;, bacterial leaf streak agents of rice

The genus Xanthomonas comprises phytopathogenic bacteria which infect about 400 host species, including a wide variety of economically important plants. Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola (Fang et al., 1957) Swings et al., 1990 is the causal agent of bacterial leaf streak (BLS) being one of the most destructive bacterial diseases of rice. BLS symptoms are very similar to those of bacterial blight caused by closely related Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. X. o. pv. oryzae and X. o. pv. oryzicola and often occur in rice f ields simultaneously, so separate leaves may show symptoms of both diseases. The quarantine status and high severity of the pathogen require a highly eff icient, fast and precise diagnostic method. We have developed an assay for Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola detection using real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and PCR amplicon sequencing. The DNA samples of X. o. pv. oryzae and X. o. pv. oryzicola were obtained from the collection of CIRM-CFBR (France). To evaluate the analytical sensitivity of the assay, a vector construct based on the pAL2-T plasmid was created through the insertion of X. o. pv. oryzicola target fragment (290 bp). Primers and a probe for qPCR were selected for the hpa1 gene site. They allowed identifying all the strains the sequences of which had been loaded in the GenBank NCBI Nucleotide database before November 11, 2021. The SeqX.o.all sequencing primers were selected for the hrp gene cluster sequence, namely for the nucleotide sequence encoding the Hpa1 protein, the sequencing of which allows for eff icient differentiation of X. oryzae species. The analytical specif icity of the system was tested using the DNAs of 53 closely related and accompanying microorganisms and comprised 100 % with no false-positive or false-negative results registered. The system’s analytical sensitivity was not less than 25 copies per PCR reaction. Its eff icacy has been conf irmed using f ive different qPCR detection systems from different manufacturers, so it can be recommended for diagnostic and screening studies.