Effect Of In3 Research Articles

Studies on the effect of In3+ ion on magnetic and magneto caloric properties of polycrystalline TbMnO3

Polycrystalline Tb1−xInxMnO3 (x ​= ​0.0, 0.05, and 0.075) compounds, have been prepared using conventional solid state reaction method. Their structural, magnetic, and magnetocaloric properties are studied using the Powder X-ray diffraction, RT-Raman spectroscopy, low temperature magnetization measurements. The X-ray powder diffraction analysis reveals that these compounds crystallized in orthorhombic structure with space group (Pbnm). The structural analysis showed that the two lattice parameters (a, b) in the basal plane slightly decrease while the axial lattice parameter (c) remains unchanged with increase of In doping. Overall reduction in the cell volume indicates the substitution of In ions for Tb ions. A weak AFM ordering has been observed in the magnetic measurements for all the three compounds due to the ordering of Tb3+ moments. External magnetic field induced meta-magnetic transition for all the compounds. The maximum isothermal entropy change - ΔSMmax for the field value of 7 ​T was observed to be 8.72 ​J/Kkg,7.46 ​J/K kg and 7.07 ​J/K kg for x ​= ​0.0, 0.05, and 0.075 respectively.

Defect Structure and Upconversion Luminescence Properties of LiNbO3 Highly Doped Congruent In:Yb:Ho:LiNbO3 Crystals

Congruent In:Yb:Ho:LiNbO3 crystals with different In3+ concentrations have been grown by Czochralski method. Red and green upconversion emissions were observed under 980 nm excitation at room temperature. The effect of In3+ on the upconversion luminescence was studied in association with the defect structure caused by In3+ doping. Infrared transmission spectra indicate a clear shift of the OH− absorption peak along with an increase of doped In3+ concentrations, owing to the occupation of InLi2+ blow the threshold concentration (3%) that suppresses the NbLi4+ defects, and the occupation of InNb2− and InLi2+ above the threshold. Moreover, In3+ induced upconversion luminescence intensity changes were observed to be consistent with the measured lifetime and the OH group content changes, manifesting the highest upconversion luminescence at In3+ concentration of 1 mol%. Mechanistic investigations indicated that both the green (at 548 nm) and the red (666 nm) emissions involve two-photon processes, being ascribed to two sequential energy transfers from to the excited Yb3+ ions to the Ho3+ ions. These results suggests that In:Yb:Ho:LiNbO3 crystals provide opportunities for strong short wavelength up conversion lasers and related laser devices.

Effects of In3+ site occupancy on the magnetic properties of M-type strontium hexaferrites

Effects of nonmagnetic indium ion substitution on magnetic properties of M-type strontium hexaferrites SrFe12-xInxO19 (x=0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, and 1) have been studied by crystallographic and magnetic measurements. Samples were prepared by citric auto-combustion method. Rietveld analysis of X-ray diffraction profiles showed that the samples were single phase with the space group P63/mmc and lattice constants a and c increased linearly with In3+ content. Mössbauer spectra showed that In3+ mainly replaced Fe3+ ions in 4f2 sites and that 12k subspectra split into two distinct components 12k1 and 12k2. Analysis of hysteresis curves showed that while the coercive force and the magnetic anisotropy constant decreased thru the whole doping range x, the saturation magnetization first increased until x=0.5 and decreased thereafter. This behavior was explained by the existence of two competing interactions in terms of nonmagnetic indium substitution.

Effects of In3+ doping concentration on the structural, morphological and photoluminescence properties of x% In3+:MgAl2O4 nanophosphor prepared via citrate sol-gel method

A series of nanocrystalline (0 ≤ x ≤ 1.25%) x% In3+:MgAl2O4 (IMAO) phosphor powders have been successfully prepared via citrate sol-gel technique. The x-ray diffraction (XRD) results indicated that the IMAO consists of the cubic phase and average crystallite sizes was found to be 9 nm. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that the In3+ concentration influences the phosphor morphology. Ultraviolet-visible (UV–vis) results showed that the reflectance and absorption of the IMAO depends on the In3+ concentration. The prepared samples exhibited the emission at 395 nm, which is attributed to the defects within the host material. The optimum emission intensity was observed at x = 0.3% In3+. The critical distance (Rc) calculation suggested that the concentration quenching occurs due to the multipole-multipole interaction. The Commission Internationale de l’Elcairage (CIE) diagram revealed that varying the In3+ concentration does not influence the emission colour.

Huge enhancement of upconversion photoluminescence in In3+ doped Ba0.85−xCa0.15TiO3:0.75%Er3+/xIn3+ lead-free ferroelectric ceramics

Enhanced green and red upconversion emissions under 980 nm excitation are observed in Ba0.85−xCa0.15TiO3:0.75%Er3+/xIn3+ lead-free ferroelectric ceramics which were synthesized by solid state reaction method. With increasing In3+ ions doping level from x = 0% mol the green and red emission intensities increase and reach the maximum at x = 1.75% mol. The maximum intensity of green emission at 550 nm is 20 times larger than In3+ ions undoped samples, which is unprecedented for Er3+-doped perovskite ferroelectric materials. Based on the ultraviolet-visible-near infrared absorption spectra, the enhancement of the luminescence intensity of the A-site In3+ doped Ba0.85−xCa0.15TiO3:0.75%Er/xIn ceramics is attributed to In3+-doping-induced relative increase in isolate Er3+ and decrease in the clustered-Er3+. The effects of In3+ doping on the crystal structure, dielectric, ferroelectric, piezoelectric properties of the ceramics were also studied and discussed.

Effect of substituted concentration on structure and magnetic properties of Y3Fe5-xInxO12

Abstract: This study examines the effect of substituted concentration on the structure and magnetic properties of Y3Fe5-xInxO12 (x = 0.1 ÷ 0.7) powder samples prepared using the sol-gel method. The morphological properties of the samples were analysed using XRD, SEM. The single phase of garnet was obtained in x = 0.1 ÷ 0.6 samples. The lattice parameters of the samples exhibit a linear increase with the increasing In3+ content, which can be explained by a substitution of In3+ ions for Fe3+ ions, considering the larger ionic radius of In3+ compared with that of Fe3+. Crystallite sizes were determined via the XRD data which are of 38 – 49 nm while the particle sizes were estimated from SEM images to be in range of 50 - 100 nm. Magnetization and Curie temperature of the single phase samples were studied by magnetization curves in fields up to 10 kOe and in the temperature range from 80 K to 560K. With the increase of In3+, the magnetization gradually increases while the Curie temperature decreases due to the occupation of In atoms at the a sites and the reduction of intersublattice interaction, respectively.
 Keywords: Yttrium iron garnet, Indium substitution, cation distribution, magnetization, Curie temperature.
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Improved upconversion photoluminescence properties of 0.965K0.4Na0.58Li0.02Nb0.96Sb0.04O3–0.035Bi0.5K0.5ZrO3:0.25%Er/xIn lead-free piezoelectric ceramics with balanced piezoelectric coefficient and Curie temperature

A series of erbium- and indium-doped 0.965K0.40Na0.58Li0.02Nb0.96Sb0.04O3–0.035Bi0.5K0.5ZrO3:0.25%Er/xIn lead-free piezoelectric ceramics with upconversion photoluminescence (UCPL) properties were prepared by the conventional solid state reaction. A systematical investigation into the effects of In3+ doping on the structural, dielectric, ferroelectric, piezoelectric, and UCPL properties of the ceramics was carried out. The distribution of Er3+-sites could be modified by In3+ doping according to the analysis of UV–Vis-NIR absorption cross-section, resulting in improved piezoelectric and photoluminescence properties of the ceramics. The optimized comprehensive properties are performed by the x = 0.25% samples of which the piezoelectric coefficient d33 ~ 257 pC/N, Curie temperature TC ~ 273 °C, remanent polarization Pr ~ 12.5 µC/cm2, dielectric constant er ~ 1551, and d33 ~ 257 pC/N which is the supreme piezoelectric coefficient achieved in KNN-based UCPL ceramics as of now. The results demonstrate that erbium and indium co-doped KNN-based ceramics may have potential applications in electro-optical devices.

Large enhancement of upconversion luminescence in Er3+/In3+:Ba0.85Ca0.15TiO3 lead-free piezoelectric ceramics

A series of In3+-doped Ba0.85Ca0.15TiO3:0.75%Er3+/xIn3+ (BCT:Er/xIn) lead-free piezoelectric ceramics with excellent upconversion luminescence were synthesized by the solid state reaction method. The effects of In3+ content on the crystal structure, ferroelectric, dielectric, piezoelectric, and upconversion luminescence properties were systematically studied. Under 980 nm excitation, a giant enhancement of the green emission (550 nm) by 10 times is achieved upon 2.5% mol In3+ doping, which is rarely observed in rare-earth ions-doped perovskite ferroelectric materials. The ultraviolet-visible-near infrared absorption measurements show that the In3+ doping may improve the dissolution of Er3+ ions and modify the isolate-/clustered-Er3+ ratio for x ≤ 2.5%, resulting in the enhancement of the absorption cross-section, thereby contributing to the enhancement of green luminescence. Unfortunately, the In3+ doping suppresses the ferroelectric and piezoelectric properties of the BCT:Er/xIn ceramics. This problem can be resolved by adding a small amount (1 mol%) of Yb3+ to the BCT:Er/xIn ceramics to restore their good ferroelectric and piezoelectric properties. Such In3+ and rare-earth ions co-doped ceramics with greatly enhanced upconversion luminescence and good ferroelectricity and piezoelectricity may have potential applications in electro-optical devices.

Structural and magnetic properties of ZnFe2-xInxO4 nanoparticles synthesized by solution combustion method

ZnFe2-xInxO4 (x=0, 0.05, 0.1 and 0.15) nanoparticles have been prepared by solution combustion synthesis method. The effects of In3+ substitution on the cation distribution between tetrahedral and octahedral sites in the spinel structure, and on the magnetic properties were investigated by X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, Mössbauer spectroscopy and vibrating sample magnetometer methods. The results showed that the indium preferentially occupied the tetrahedral sites and pushed Fe3+ cations to the octahedral sites. The magnetic measurements revealed that the saturation magnetization decreased from 11.8 to 2.2emu/g, because of the reduction in total moments with the In3+ substitution and redistribution of cations between the tetrahedral and octahedral sites.

Effect of In3+ doping on electroluminescence from MgZnO:In3+/ZnO:Er3+/n-Si LEDs

Rare earth (RE)-related electroluminescence (EL) devices have a wide range of applications in full-color display due to its spectrally pure emissions and insensitivity to the surrounding environment. Here we report a set of MgZnO:In3+/ZnO:Er3+/n-Si light-emitting diodes with different In concentrations prepared by a radio frequency magnetron sputtering method. The current–voltage characteristics and EL spectra are presented. With an increase in the In dopant concentration, the forward threshold voltage of the devices drops significantly. Moreover, we find that EL intensity can be tuned effectively at the same time, and the highest luminous efficiency can be achieved at an appropriate In concentration. These results suggest that an In-doping method can improve performance effectively in RE-related light-emitting devices for full-color display.

Homogeneous (Lu1 − xInx)2O3 (x = 0 − 1) solid solutions: Controlled synthesis, structure features and optical properties

A series of (Lu1−xInx)2O3 (x=0–1) powders have been synthesized by a facile co-precipitation route using ammonium hydrogen carbonate (AHC) as the precipitant. The effects of In3+ substitution for Lu3+ on the particle properties, structure features and optical performances of the materials were systematically investigated. The results show that (1) the (Lu1−xInx)2O3 precursor samples with x=0–0.5 possess a chemical composition of basic carbonate, however, the precursor specimen with x=1 is hydrated oxyhydroxide; (2) In3+ addition significantly affects the nucleation kinetics of the binary Lu–In system, leading to the empty interiors inside the precursors; (3) calcining the resultant precursors directly yields well-dispersed (Lu1−xInx)2O3 oxide particles with ultrafine sizes of ~65nm; (4) both the lattice parameters and theoretical densities of the solid solutions linearly decrease along with increasing In3+ incorporation; (5) In3+ doping apparently red-shifts the absorption edge of UV–vis absorption spectroscopy and the bandgap energies of the (Lu1−xInx)2O3 oxide powders generally decrease at a higher In3+ content.

Effect of indium concentration on electrochemical properties of electrode-electrolyte interface of CuIn1-xGaxSe2 prepared by electrodeposition

In this study, the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) technique was used to investigate the electrochemical behavior of the interface between the Mo electrode and the Cu-In-Ga-Se electrolyte. In this electrodeposition system, the main parameters include (1) various deposition times, and (2) the effect of In3+ concentration on the diffusion processes, electrical double layer, charge transfer resistance, and Warburg impedance. Experimental results revealed that the electrochemical kinetic behavior of CIGS thin film is strongly influenced by (1) the electrical double layer existing between the substrate, and (2) the electrolyte with different concentrations of In3+. With an increase in the electrodeposition time, the kinetic behavior of this electrodeposition system was gradually dominated by the diffusion process rather than charge transfer process.

Compositional and frequency dependent-magnetic and microwave characteristics of indium substituted yttrium iron garnet

Effect of In3+ ion substitutions on yttrium iron garnet samples’ morphology, magnetic properties and dc electrical resistivity was examined closely and reported in this study. A series of polycrystalline garnet ferrites with composition of Y3Fe5−xInxO12 (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.5) were prepared by using the mechanical alloying technique. The morphological properties of the samples was analysed by using a TEM, XRD, FESEM and EDX. The electrical dc resistivity of the samples was investigated as a function of temperature and composition by using a Picoammeter, the complex permeability was analysed by using an Impedance Materials Analyzer meanwhile microwave properties was measured by using VNA. The lattice constant increases as In3+ content increases which can be understood by the difference in ionic radii of In3+ ions replacing the smaller Fe3+ ions. The grain size also increased with In3+ content, indicating that the In3+ ion acts as a grain growth promoter. Both complex permeability components, µ′ and µ″ reaching about 92.75 and 85.03 respectively at x = 0.3; later decreased with further In substitution. This result is synchronized with FMR linewidth which manifests magnetic loss of the samples. By correlating the phase analysis, morphology, electrical resistivity and complex permeability results, it is believed that there was an increase in number of crystalline-growth regions with increasing In3+ content, which together increased a total mass of ferromagnetic grains with the latter starting to dominate the samples. The results also showed that In3+ ions increase the dc resistivity of the system.

Effect of In3+ substitution on structural and magnetic properties of Ni ferrite nanoparticles

NiInxFe2−xO4 (x=0.0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4) ferrite nanoparticles have been synthesized by sol-gel autocombustion technique. The effect of In3+ substitution on the structural and magnetic properties of nickel ferrite has been analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR), Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and Vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). The XRD results confirmed the formation of single cubic spinel phase for 0≤x≤0.3 and the appearance of secondary phase of In2O3 for x=0.4. The lattice parameter increases (from 8.3152 to 8.4336Å) with indium content. The FTIR results illustrated that the absorption intensity of peak at about 594cm−1 increases with increasing the In3+ ions. The saturation magnetization increases and then decreases while the coercivity decreases along with In3+substitution. The maximal saturation magnetization emerged at the composition of NiIn0.2Fe1.8O4 (42.111emu/g).

On the preparation and photoelectric properties of Tl1–x In1–x Sn x Se2 (x = 0.1–0.25) alloys

The technological conditions for growing single crystals of Tl1–x In1–x Sn x Se2 (x = 0.1–0.25) alloys are developed. The spectral distribution of the photoconductivity of the grown crystals at T = 300 K and thermally stimulated conductivity are studied. The effect of In3+cation substitution with Sn4+ in Tl1–x In1–x Sn x Se2 (x = 0.1–0.25) alloys on their photoelectric properties is shown.

The effects of In3+ doping on the properties of precipitated goethite

Indium-doped goethite samples were synthesized by the precipitation method at pH 12 using an organic alkali tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) and investigated using different instrumental techniques. In3+-for-Fe3+ substitution in the goethite structure was confirmed by the measurement of the unit cell expansion by XRD and the reduction of the hyperfine magnetic field by Mössbauer spectroscopy. Maximum substitution was estimated at about 8 mol%. Indium substitution in goethite also caused an increase in the size of crystallites and particles, a shift in the position of bands in FT-IR and UV–Vis–NIR spectra and a rise in goethite dehydroxylation temperature (observed by TGA-DTA).

Effect of In3+ concentration on the photorefraction and scattering properties in In:Fe:CU:LiNbO3 crystals at 532 nm wavelength

The LiNbO3 crystals doped with Fe2O3, CuO and various In2O3, respectively, have been grown by the Czochralski method in air atmosphere. The photorefractive properties at 532nm wavelength were measured by using the typical two-wave coupling experiments. Meanwhile, the incident exposure energy flux threshold for the light-induced scattering was characterized to investigate the scattering properties of the crystals. The results show that the response time shortens, the recording sensitivity improves, and the light-induced scattering decreases with the increasing In3+ ions concentration. However, the doping of In3+ ions leads to the decrease of the diffraction efficiency and the gain coefficient. So, the appropriate In3+ ions concentration should be doping in In:Fe:Cu:LiNbO3 crystals to adapt our practical application in the green light region photorefractive holographic recording.

Cation distribution controlled dielectric, electrical and magnetic behavior of In3+ substituted cobalt ferrites synthesized via solid-state reaction technique

We report the structural, cation distribution, dielectric, electrical and magnetic properties of CoFe2−xInxO4 (0.0 ≤ x ≤ 0.6) ferrites. Rietveld fitted X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns confirm the formation of single phase cubic spinel structure with Fd3m space group for all the samples. The comprehensive analysis of XRD based cation distribution has been performed to see the effect of In3+ ions substitution on various structural parameters such as site ionic radii, edge and bond lengths, interionic distances etc. The dielectric constant and tangent loss have been studied as a function of temperature and frequency. The dielectric data presented in electric modulus form reveals the presence of non-Debye relaxation behavior in considered ferrites. Both the AC and DC conductivities as a function of temperature are found to decrease with increasing In3+ content. The power law behavior of AC-conductivity indicates a strong correlation among electrons in these systems. The isothermal magnetization versus applied field curves with high field slope and significant coercivity suggest that studied materials are highly anisotropic with canted spin structures and exhibit ferrimagnetic behavior at 300 K. Magnetization gets enhanced up to 40% of In3+ substitution. The observed low dielectric losses and high resistivity can find their application in power transformers at high frequencies.

Spin canting observation and cation distribution in CoFe2−xInxO4 (0.0 ⩽ x ⩽ 1.0) ferrites through low temperature–high field Mössbauer spectral study

In the present work, In3+ substituted cobalt ferrites (CoFe2−xInxO4, x=0.0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0) have been synthesized via solid-state reaction technique. The Rietveld fitted X-ray diffraction patterns confirm the formation of single phase cubic spinel structure with space group Fd3¯m for all the samples, with additional slight traces of secondary phase for x=0.6, 0.8 and 1.0 samples. The low temperature (5K)–high field Mössbauer (5T) spectra are analyzed in detail for probing the magnetic properties of Fe based In3+ substituted cobalt ferrites. The canted spin structures associated with Fe3+ ions both at A- and B-sites in the presence of external magnetic field of 5T have been noticed in all the samples. A fair agreement is obtained between the experimental integrated intensity ratios of 57Fe Mössbauer spectra at A- and B-sites and those calculated on the basis of cation distribution. The effect of In3+ substitution on various Mössbauer parameters viz hyperfine field distribution, isomer shift, quadrupole splitting and the line width has also been noticed. The magnetization measurements performed at low temperature also reveal the canted spin structures in all the samples. The variations in initial permeability over a wide range of frequency (125kHz–30MHz) at 300K have also been recorded. The initial permeability study reveals the occurrence of resonance phenomenon at very high frequencies which widens the area of utility of considered ferrites in the larger operational frequency range for various industrial applications.

Effect of In3+ ions on the electrochemical performance of the positive electrolyte for vanadium redox flow batteries

Influence of In3+ ions on electrochemical performance of positive electrolyte for vanadium redox flow battery was investigated in this paper. The electrochemical activity and kinetics of V(IV)/V(V) redox couple can be enhanced by the addition of In3+ ions, and the optimal concentration of In3+ ions was found at 10 mM. At this condition, the oxidation peak current with 10 mM In3+ ions is 46.6 mA at a scan rate of 20 mV s−1, larger than that of pristine electrolyte (41.8 mA), and the standard rate constant is 6.53 × 10−5 cm s−1, 42 % larger than that of the pristine electrolyte (4.58 × 10−5 cm s−1). The cell using electrolyte with 10 mM In3+ ions was assembled, and the charge–discharge performance was evaluated, and the average energy efficiency increases by 1.9 % compared with the pristine cell. The improved electrochemical performance may be ascribed to that In3+ ions change the hydration state of vanadium ions in electrolyte and promote charge transfer process.