Effect Of Glass Addition Research Articles

Regulation of the antibiotic elution profile from tricalcium phosphate bone cement by addition of bioactive glass

This work aimed at tailoring of different properties of antibacterial drug delivery Ca-phosphate cements by incorporation of bioactive glass (BG). The cements were prepared from beta-tricalcium phosphate cement (β-TCP) and BG based on 50 SiO2—20 CaO—15 Na2O—7 B2O3—4 P2O5—4 Al2O3 wt% with different percentages of BG [5, 10, 15, and 20% (w/w)]. The composite cements were characterized by XRD, FTIR, and TEM. Moreover, in vitro bioactivity and biodegradation were evaluated in the simulated body fluid (SBF) at 37 °C. In addition, physical properties and mechanical strength were determined. Also, the effect of glass addition on the drug release profile was examined using gentamicin. Finally, the antimicrobial activity was studied against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella pneumonia bacteria, one unicellular fungal strain (Candida albicans), and one multicellular fungal strain (Mucor racemosus). The results showed that after soaking in SBF, the compression strength values ranged from 14 to 36 MPa, the bulk densities and porosities were within 1.35 to 1.49 g/cm3 and 51.3 to 44.71%, respectively. Furthermore, gentamicin was released in a sustained manner, and BG decreased the released drug amount from ~ 80% (in pure β-TCP) to 47–53% in the composite cements. A drug release profile that is sustained by all samples was achieved. The antimicrobial test showed good activity of gentamicin-conjugated cements against bacteria and fungi used in this study. Additionally, cytotoxicity results proved that all samples were safe on MG-63 cells up to 50 µg/mL with no more than 7–12% dead cells. From the view of the physico-mechanical properties, bioactivity, biodegradation, and drug release rate, 20BG/β-TCP sample was nominated for practical bone grafting material, where it showed appropriate setting time and a relatively high mechanical strength suitable for cancellous bone.

New insights into the effect of glass addition on the piezoelectric and thermal stability properties of (Ba0.85Ca0.15)(Ti0.9Zr0.1)O3 Pb-free ceramic by defect engineering of MPB

Lead-free piezoceramics with superior piezoelectric properties don't meet the requirements of practical applications due to their lower phase transition temperature and poor thermal stability. In the present work, we report a new insight into the effect of glass phase on the piezoelectric, Curie temperature and thermal stability of (Ba0.85Ca0.15)(Ti0.9Zr0.1)O3 (BCZT) ceramic. Unlike traditional glass materials with more than 80% of B2O3 and SiO2 as glass formers, our approach is to fabricate a glass phase (Ba0.85Ca0.15)(Ti0.9Zr0.1)O3-0.05B2O3 (abbreviate BBCZT) with the same elements and concentrations as the ceramic phase. The ceramics-doped glass samples with the composition [(1-x)BCZT-xBBCZT], where x=(0.0, 0.025, 0.05, 0.075 and 0.1 wt%), were sintered according to the glass phase content. The effect of BBCZT glass composition on the crystal structure, dielectric, ferroelectric and piezoelectric properties of BCZT was investigated in detail. X-ray diffraction revealed that the addition of glass phase causes a defect engineering of the tricritical triple point of BCZT ceramic, where the tetragonal (T) and rhombohedral (R) phases were suppressed by the addition of glass phase and the T-phase has completely vanished at x = 0.05. The maximum value of permittivity (ε = 4102) and converse piezoelectric coefficient (d*33 = 1150 Pm/V) were achieved for the 0.975BCZT-0.025BBCZT sample at ambient temperature. Furthermore, the diffusion coefficient (γ) and Curie temperature (Tc) were observed to increase beyond x = 0.025, indicating enhanced thermal stability of BCZT at high glass content. These results qualify that the addition of (BBCZT) can enhance piezoelectric properties, phase transition temperature and thermal stability of BCZT ceramic which can meet wide requirements of practical applications.

Effect of Glass Additions on Sintering Behavior and Dielectric Properties of MgTiO3 Ceramics

The MgTiO3-x wt%CuO-Bi2O3-Nb2O5-LiF-SiO2 (CBNLS, 4 ≤ x ≤ 10) ceramics were prepared by a solid-state reaction method for developing low-fired microwave dielectric ceramics. The sintering temperatures of MgTiO3 ceramics were successfully lowered to 1000 °C due to CBNLS liquid phase sintering. With increasing x, the dielectric constant (εr ) increased from 16.5 to 18.6 and the quality factor (Q × f) decreased from 13,920 to 4460 GHz, respectively. The well microwave dielectric properties of ɛ r = 16.9, Q × f = 7567 GHz, and τf = −54.7 ppm/°C were obtained for MgTiO3-6wt% CBNLS ceramics.

Study of dielectric and ferroelectric properties of barium titanate with glass addition for energy storage application

Effect of glass addition (0.5, 1, 1.5, 2 wt%) on the dielectric, ferroelectric and energy storage properties of barium titanate (BT) ceramic was studied. Phase formation was confirmed by XRD. Lattice parameters were determined by Rietveld refinement and crystallite size, microstrain was determined by W-H plots. Relative density was found to be increasing with addition of glass. Glass addition reduces the dielectric constant of pure BT and maximum value of dielectric constant was found to be 1469 at 1 kHz for 1.5 wt% glass addition. Highest energy efficiency is obtained for 1 wt% glass added BT sample.

Cured alkali-activated heated clay-cellulose composites: Microstructure, effect of glass addition and performances

The co-presence of geopolymers and cellulose in clay-based materials could improve their performances. Thus, cured NaOH-activated heated clay-cellulose (up to 10 mass%) composites were prepared, and their microstructural characteristics were investigated. Moreover, the effect of waste glass addition on the composites characteristics was evaluated. The results showed that zeolite (chabazite) and sodium carbonate were formed from metakaolin and by carbonation respectively, and the zeolization process slowed down after 5 days of curing because of ions immobilization. The coating of metakaolin particles by the amorphous cellulose II-Na formed reduced drastically the formation of zeolite. The presence of cellulose II-Na resulted in the porosity decrease, and consequently the mechanical strength and density enhanced. The results also showed that the kinetics of water absorption by the composites followed the pseudo-first order equation, and the rate constant was found to be 4.3×10−3s−1. Moreover, the reinforcing effect of the cellulose fibbers was annihilated by the formation of glass derivatives.

Effects of glass additives on microstructure, dielectric and ferroelectric properties of BaTiO3–BiYbO3 based ceramics

(100–x) wt% (0.95BT–0.05BY)–x wt% (0.5MgO–0.5SiO2) (x = 0, 1, 2, 4, 8) ceramics were fabricated by using a solid-state synthesis method. The effects of the MgO–SiO2 doping on the microstructure, the ferroelectric, and the dielectric properties of BT–BY ceramics were investigated in detail. The results show that the relative permittivity initially decreases and then increases again upon the increase in the MgO–SiO2 content. The addition of the MgO–SiO2 glass oxide dopant enhances the frequency and the temperature stability of the relative permittivity of BT–BY ceramics. Moreover, the coercive field and the remnant polarization increase and then decrease with increasing MgO–SiO2 dopant content, while the slim P–E loops are observed when x ≥ 2. The largest values for the remanent polarization (1.2 μC cm−2) and the coercive field (9.18 kV cm−1) are obtained at x = 1. The addition of MgO–SiO2 can induce a small leakage current in the BT–BY ceramic when x ≥ 2. The breakdown strength increases with decreasing grain size when MgO–SiO2 is added moderately. Its value increases from 80 kV cm−1 up to 100 kV cm−1 when x changes from 0 to 8. The energy storage density and efficiency of the (100–x) wt% (0.95BT–0.05BY)–x wt% (0.5MgO–0.5SiO2) ceramics decrease and then increase with increasing x. The maximum values of the electrical energy storage density (0.24 J cm−3) and energy efficiency (85.77%) are obtained when x = 8.

Effect of Glass Addition on the Phase Formation, Microstructures Evolution and Dielectric Properties of CCTO Ceramics for Energy Storage Capacitor

Effect of glass addition on the phase formation and microstructural evolution of CCTO ceramics for energy storage capacitor was studied. CCTO and CCTO-borosilicate glass based ceramics (0-1 wt.%) were prepared by solid state reaction method. The powders were pressed at 250 MPa and were sintered at 1040 °C for 10 hours. XRD analysis illustrates the formation of CCTO phase with minor peaks of CuO phase for CCTO and CCTO-glass composites samples. The glass were observed to be segregated at the grain boundaries of CCTO alongside with CuO compound. The dielectric properties indicate that both εr and tan δ were reduced after the addition of glass. Thus, it shows that the borosilicate glass addition into CCTO can affect the physical and dielectric properties of CCTO ceramics.

Effect of glass addition on the properties of cements (CEMI)

The purpose of this study is to recover mineral residues as an additive in cement-based building materials. It is part of a sustainable development approach. The use of recovered and recyclable industrial residues in partial replacement of Portland cement reduces greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and results in the manufacture of cement with a lower environmental impact.
 Using various experimental techniques, particular attention is paid to the behaviour of the glass powder finely crushed and chemically activated associated with Portland cement. This study confirms the improvement in the physicochemical and mechanical properties of cements with the addition of glass powder, which augurs well for its use as a cement additive.

Effect of glass addition on the properties of cements (CEMI)

The purpose of this study is to recover mineral residues as an additive in cement-based building materials. It is part of a sustainable development approach. The use of recovered and recyclable industrial residues in partial replacement of Portland cement reduces greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and results in the manufacture of cement with a lower environmental impact. Using various experimental techniques, particular attention is paid to the behaviour of the glass powder finely crushed and chemically activated associated with Portland cement. This study confirms the improvement in the physicochemical and mechanical properties of cements with the addition of glass powder, which augurs well for its use as a cement additive.

Effect of Glass Additions on Ca 0.8 Sr 0.2 TiO 3 Ceramics as Dielectrics for a Cylindrical Dielectric Barrier Discharge Reactor in CO 2 Plasma

The Ca 0.8 Sr 0.2 TiO 3 ceramics with different amounts of glass addition were prepared by liquid phase sintering and used as dielectric barriers in a cylindrical dielectric barrier discharge reactor to decompose carbon dioxide at atmospheric pressure. Results show that the surface resistivity increases with increasing glass content. While the dielectric constant does not change obviously with the increase of the glass content in the investigated temperature range. The scanning electron microscope observations indicate that both the grain size and the thickness of intergranular glassy phases increase with the increase of the glass content. More importantly, the conversion rate and conversion efficiency of carbon dioxide improve with the increase of glass content in the ceramics. Furthermore, a combined discharge analysis and dielectric characterization are modeled with a Malter effect approach. From this model, it is possible to interpret the relationship between the conversion characteristics and the glass content in the ceramic samples.

Effect of Glass Addition on the Properties of CaCu<sub>3</sub>Ti<sub>4</sub>O<sub>12</sub> Ceramics

The effect of glass addition on the properties of CaCu3Ti4O12 (CCTO) ceramics was studied. CCTO ceramics with BaO-SrO-Nb2O5-B2O3-SiO2 (BSNBS) glass additive were prepared using solid state reaction method. The raw materials of CCTO and BSNBS were wet mixed separately for 24 hours, dried overnight and subsequently the BSNBS powders was melted at 1450°C for 2 hours while CCTO powders was calcined at 900°C for 12 hours. BSNBS glass then was grinded to form a fine powders. Different weight percentages of BSNBS powder were added into CCTO and the powders were wet mixed at 24 hours. The mixtures were dried, compacted at 250 MPa and then sintered at 1050°C for 10 hours. X-Ray Diffractometer (XRD) analysis showed the formation of CCTO phase for all sintered samples while secondary phase of CuO phase was identified for sintered BSNBS 1.0 sample. Observation on Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) micrographs showed abnormal grain growth was seen in CCTO sample and grain size of the samples become finer with increasing the concentration glass addition. CCTO sample obtained the highest dielectric constant (8670) while the lowest dielectric loss (0.38) was recorded by BSNBS 0.10 sample, measured at 1 MHz.

The effect of glass addition on the ultra-broad temperature stability of BaTiO3–Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3–Nb2O5-based ceramics

An ultra-broad temperature stable (−55 to 300°C, ΔC/C20°C<±15%) dielectric material was successfully prepared in this study. The effects of glass content on the phase structure, dielectric and electric properties of the ceramics were investigated. The glass plays a decisive role in achieving the ultra-broad temperature stability and enhancing dielectric constant. The maximum change rate of capacitance is reduced from 68% to only 10%. The 5.0wt% glass-doped sample exhibits excellent dielectric properties (εr=1917, tanδ<1.78%, ΔC/C20°C<±10%), and it has high withstand voltage and high insulation resistivity. These results indicate that this material is a promising candidate for ultra-broad temperature multilayer ceramic capacitors.

Effects of glass additions on the dielectric properties and energy storage performance of Pb0.97La0.02(Zr0.56Sn0.35Ti0.09)O3 antiferroelectric ceramics

In this work, CdO–Bi2O3–PbO–ZnO–Al2O3–B2O3–SiO2 low softening point glass powders were prepared and employed as sintering aid to improve the dielectric breakdown strength and reduce the sintering temperature of Pb0.97La0.02(Zr0.56Sn0.35Ti0.09)O3 antiferroelectric ceramics. The effects of glass content and sintering temperature on the densification, microstructure, dielectric properties and energy storage performance of Pb0.97La0.02(Zr0.56Sn0.35Ti0.09)O3 antiferroelectric ceramics have been investigated. With inclusion of glass, sintered densities comparable to those obtained by conventional sintering are achieved at only 1,050 °C. The breakdown strength of glass-added samples was notably improved due to the reduction of the grain size. The antiferroelectric to ferroelectric switching field and the ferroelectric to antiferroelectric field both increased with increasing glass content. The dielectric constant and dielectric loss decreased gradually with increasing glass content. As a result, the highest recoverable energy density of 3.3 J/cm3 with an energy efficiency of 80 % was achieved in 4 wt% glass-added sample sintered at 1,130 °C.

Effects of glass additions on energy storage performance of (Pb0.97La0.02)(Zr0.92Sn0.05Ti0.03)O3 antiferroelectric thick films

50 μm-thick ( Pb 0.97 La 0.02)( Zr 0.92 Sn 0.05 Ti 0.03) O 3 antiferroelectric (AFE) thick films with different amount of 0.8 PbO –0.2 B 2 O 3 glass additions were fabricated by the screen-printing method on alumina substrate, which was pre-coated with Pt as electrode. The effects of glass additions on dielectric properties and energy storage performance were investigated in details. Due to the enhancement of breakdown strength (BDS) of the specimens by the addition of glass, the energy storage performances of the thick films could be greatly improved. As a result, with 3% glass addition, the BDS of the specimens were as high as 475 kV/cm, the maximum polarization of 34.8 μC/cm2 and the maximum recoverable energy storage density of 7.4 J/cm3 were obtained. The results indicated the ( Pb 0.97 La 0.02)( Zr 0.92 Sn 0.05 Ti 0.03) O 3 (PLZST) thick films have a promising potential application in capacitors for pulsed power systems.

Effect of borosilicate glasses on the microwave dielectric properties of ZnO–Nb2O5–Ta2O5 system

(1 − y)[0.5ZnNb2O6–0.5Zn3Nb2O8]–yZnTa2O6 with y = 0.91 (ZNT) ceramic have been prepared by conventional solid state ceramic route. The effect of glass additives on the microstructure, densification, and microwave dielectric properties of the ZNT ceramic for low temperature co-fired ceramic applications was investigated. Different weight percentages of quenched glass such as ZnO–B2O3–SiO2, BaO–B2O3–SiO2, LiO–B2O3–SiO2 and MgO–B2O3–SiO2 were added to ZNT powder. The crystal structure of the ceramic–glass composites was studied by X-ray diffraction and microstructure by scanning electron microscopy. The microwave dielectric properties such as relative permittivity (er), quality factor (Quxf) and co-efficient of temperature variation of resonant frequency (τf) of the ceramics have been measured in the frequency range 4–6 GHz. The 5 wt% ZnO–B2O3–SiO2 added ZNT ceramic sintered at 900 °C showed: er = 28.1, Quxf = 32820 GHz (at 4.92 GHz), and τf = −7.7 ppm/oC respectively.

Effects of glass additions on high pyroelectric response of low-temperature sintered Pb0.87Ba0.1La0.02(Zr0.7Sn0.24Ti0.06)O3 antiferroelectric ceramics

To find a solution to the problem that antiferroelectric materials could not be used in thick-film based uncooled infrared detectors because of their high sintering temperature, Pb0.87Ba0.1La0.02(Zr0.7Sn0.24Ti0.06)O3+6wt%PbO antiferroelectric ceramics were first prepared at 1000°C by using 0.8PbO–0.2B2O3 glass as a sintering aid. The results showed that the addition of 0.8PbO–0.2B2O3 sintering aids was beneficial for reducing the sintering temperature without deteriorating the electric properties when the content of glass was practical. The ceramics containing 1wt% 0.8PbO–0.2B2O3 sintering aids demonstrated optimal electrical field induced pyroelectric properties. The largest pyroelectric coefficient of 6100μC/m2K and figure of merit of 17×10−5Pa−0.5 were obtained in Pb0.87Ba0.1La0.02(Zr0.7Sn0.24Ti0.06)O3+6wt%PbO antiferroelectric ceramics with 1wt% glass doping, which can be comparable to that of conventional phase transition materials at a high temperature sintering. The large pyroelectric coefficient and figure of merit of low temperature sintered antiferroelectric ceramics provide a basis for antiferroelectric materials used in thick-film based infrared detectors.

Effect of glass fillers in Cu2ZnNb2O8 ceramics for advanced microwave applications

The effect of glass addition on sintering temperature and microwave dielectric properties of Cu2ZnNb2O8 (CZN) is investigated for possible low temperature co-fired ceramic (LTCC) application. The CZN ceramic was prepared by the solid-state ceramic route. The phase formation, microstructure and elemental composition of the ceramics were studied using X-Ray Diffraction, Scanning Electron Microscopy, Transmission Electron Microscopy and Energy Dispersive Analysis. The CZN sintered at 975 °C/4 h has ɛr = 15.2, tan δ = 0.0007 (at 5.1 GHz) and τf of −98 ppm °C−1 and CTE = 1.9 ppm °C−1. The addition of LBS and LMZBS glasses lowered the sintering temperature of CZN to below the melting point of silver. The 1 wt% LBS added CZN sintered at 935 °C/4 h had ɛr = 14.7, tan δ = 0.001 (at 5.1 GHz), τf = −19 ppm °C−1 and CTE = −0.6 ppm °C−1. The addition of 0.7 wt% LMZBS to CZN and sintered at 935 °C/4 h had ɛr = 14.8, tan δ = 0.002 (at 5.1 GHz), τf = −39 ppm °C−1 and CTE = −0.9 ppm °C−1.

Ceramifying Fire-Resistant Polyethylene Composites

Glass fillers were added into polyethylene (PE) with the aim to prepare fire-resistant PE composites. The effect of glass additives on ceramification of the composites and the properties of ceramic residue was investigated. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that there was a stronger interaction between glass fibres than that between glass powders. A torque rheometer was used to explore the rheological behaviour. It was concluded that expansion of composites was driven by the motion of low molecular weight substances such as water, carbon dioxide pyrolysed during heat treatment, while softened inorganic additives shrank at elevated temperature resulted in shrinkage of composites. The effect of the form and softening point of glass additives on waterproofness and thermal shock resistance of residue was investigated. The results showed that the composition significantly affected the compactness of residue. Thermal shock resistance of residues of each composite was good. Combustion tests showed that flame retardance and anti-dripping of the composites should be improved.

ChemInform Abstract: Effect of Glass Additions on BaO-TiO2-WO3 Microwave Ceramics.

The effect of glass addition on the properties of BaO–TiO2-WO3 microwave dielectric material N-35, which has Q= 5900 and K= 35 at 7.2 GHz for samples sintered at 1360°C, was investigated. Several glasses including B2O3, SiO2, 5ZnO–2B2O3, and nine other commercial glasses were selected for this study. Among these glasses, one with a 5 wt% addition of B2O3 to N-35, when sintered at 1200°C, had the best dielectric properties: Q= 8300 and K= 34 at 8.5 GHz. Both Q and K increased with firing temperature as well as with density. The Q of N-35, when sintered with a ZnO–B2O3 glass system, showed a sudden drop in the sintering temperature to about 1000°C. The results of XRD, thermal analysis, and scanning electron microscopy indicated that the chemical reaction between the dielectric ceramics and glass had a greater effect on Q than on the density. The effects of the glass content and the mixing process on the densification and microwave dielectric properties are also presented. Ball milling improved the densification and dielectric properties of the N-35 sintered with ZnO–B2O3.

Effect of Glass Addition on the Microwave Dielectric Properties of CaMgSi2O6 Ceramics

CaMgSi2O6 (CMS) ceramics prepared by the solid‐state ceramic route have a sintering temperature of 1300°C/2 h. The sintering temperature of CMS was reduced below the melting point of Ag using low‐melting LBS and LMZBS glasses. In the case of CMS+15 wt% LMZBS sintered at 900°C/2 h, the dielectric properties obtained were ɛr=8.2, Qu×f=32,000 GHz (10.15 GHz), and τf=–48 ppm/°C. The CMS+15 wt% LBS composite, sintered at 925°C/2 h, showed ɛr=8, Qu×f=15,000 GHz (10.17 GHz), and τf=–49 ppm/°C. The chemical compatibility of Ag with the ceramic–glass composites was also investigated for low‐temperature co‐fired ceramic applications.