Effect Of Different Salts Research Articles

Effect of different salts on dewatering and properties of yellowtail barracuda surimi

Abstract Washing is an important process for surimi production, in which undesirable components in fish mince are removed, while myofibrillar proteins are concentrated. However, dewatering is less effective for some fish species. The use of appropriate salt can be a means to increase dewatering and simultaneously improve the gelling property of surimi. The impact of 0.45% NaCl containing CaCl2 or MgCl2 at various levels (0, 4, 8, 12, 16, and 20 mM) as the third washing media on dewatering of washed mince and gel-forming ability of surimi produced from yellowtail barracuda (Sphyraena flavicauda) was investigated. When CaCl2 or MgCl2 was incorporated into the washing media, the contents of Ca or Mg ions in washed mince increased (p < 0.05), whereas the pH of washed mince slightly decreased (p < 0.05). At the same concentration, a higher dewatering of mince was observed when CaCl2 was used, compared with MgCl2 (p < 0.05). Differential scanning calorimetry indicated that the stability of myosin decreased when higher concentrations of both salts were used (p < 0.05), while no difference in the stability of actin was obtained. Washing mince with 0.45% NaCl containing 20 mM MgCl2 yielded increases in breaking force of the gel of resulting surimi for both one-step and two-step heating processes by 46% and 33%, respectively, compared with the control (without CaCl2 or MgCl2 incorporation in washing media). The whiteness of the gel slightly decreased when the mince was washed with MgCl2 (p < 0.05). Microstructure revealed that a gel possessing a fine network with improved water-holding capacity was formed when the third media containing 0.45% NaCl and 20 mM MgCl2 was used. The use of 0.45% NaCl containing 20 mM MgCl2 was recommended to increase dewatering efficacy and improve gel strength of surimi from yellowtail barracuda by rendering a fine and ordered gel network.

The Effects of Different Salts of EDTA to Lead Removal from Contaminated Soil

The Effects of Different Salts of EDTA to Lead Removal from Contaminated Soil

Characterising protein, salt and water interactions with combined vibrational spectroscopic techniques

In this paper a combination of NIR spectroscopy and FTIR and Raman microspectroscopy was used to elucidate the effects of different salts (NaCl, KCl and MgSO4) on structural proteins and their hydration in muscle tissue. Multivariate multi-block technique Consensus Principal Component Analysis enabled integration of different vibrational spectroscopic techniques: macroscopic information obtained by NIR spectroscopy is directly related to microscopic information obtained by FTIR and Raman microspectroscopy. Changes in protein secondary structure observed at different concentrations of salts were linked to changes in protein hydration affinity. The evidence for this was given by connecting the underlying FTIR bands of the amide I region (1700–1600cm−1) and the water region (3500–3000cm−1) with water vibrations obtained by NIR spectroscopy. In addition, Raman microspectroscopy demonstrated that different cations affected structures of aromatic amino acid residues differently, which indicates that cation–π interactions play an important role in determination of the final structure of protein molecules.

An Experimental Study of the Effects of Salt Solutions on Formation Damage in a Water Injection Operation in Petroleum Reservoirs

Many laboratory studies show that numerous variables related to crude oil, reservoir rock, and salt water exists that affect production rates. Meanwhile, many observations have shown that the combination of salt-water properties and injection conditions has a prominent effect on the microscopic displacement of crude oil by injecting water. A crucial reduction of injectivity of wells may occur due to formation damage during the process of water injection in petroleum reservoirs. Therefore, study of the effect of different salts in the injected water on the level of permeability reduction of reservoir rock and formation damage and the corresponding reduction of oil production is critical. The authors investigated the effect of salts including NaCl, KCl, CaCl2, and MgCl2 on reduction of the permeability of formations in different temperatures, flow rates, and concentrations. Also, a comparison of the type of salt in the same conditions was performed. Moreover, different solutions were made by a combination of salts including NaCl, CaCl2, and KCl and the solutions were compared based on the permeability reduction at the same concentration, temperature, and flow rates. At the end, of interesting suggestions were proposed regarding the composition and conditions of injected water to minimize formation damage and increases crude oil production.

Studies on biosorption of Cr(VI) on a green resin: dry cow dung powder and tracer technique

Abstract The present investigation entails the application of dry cow dung powder (DCP) as an indigenous, inexpensive and eco-friendly material for the removal of Cr(VI) from aqueous medium. Batch biosorption experiments were conducted employing 51Cr(VI) as a tracer and the effect of various process parameters such as optimum pH, temperature, amount of resin, time of equilibration, agitation speed, concentration of metal ions and interfering effect of different salts etc. were studied. The kinetic studies were carried out employing various models but the best fitting was given by Lagergren Pseudo-second order model with high correlation coefficient R 2 value of 0.997 and adsorption capacity of 10.20 mg/g. The thermodynamic parameters for biosorption were evaluated as Δ Gº = −2.837 kJ/mol, Δ Hº = −4.757 kJ/mol and ΔSº = 16.64 J/mol K, which indicated spontaneous and exothermic process with high affinity of DCP for Cr(VI). Many naturally available materials are used for the biosorption of heavy metal pollutants, where most of them are physically or chemically modified. In this research work, DCP has been utilized without any pre or post chemical treatment. Thus it manifests the principle of green chemistry and proves to be an eco-friendly resin.

The effect of different salts (heavy metals) on the mycelium growth of Nematophagus fungi

Environmental pollution in addition to direct damage on plant growth, with the destruction of biological control agents, causes indirect damage to plants. The aim of this research was to study the effects of different concentrations (0, 500, 1000, 1500 and 2000 ppm) of heavy metals including Ag, Co, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Pb and Zn on the mycelial growth and to assess the fungicidal or fungistatic effects of these salts on five Nematophagus fungi including Trichoderma harzianum (T8), Trichoderma virens (T21), Trichoderma hamatum (T9), Pochonia chlamydosporia var. chlamydosporia and Arthrobotrys oligospora. The results show that Ag, Co, Cu, Fe and Hg could stop the mycelium growth of all fungi, but Mn, Pb and Zn cannot inhibit the growth of these fungi completely. Among the first group, Hg and Cu stopped the growth of fungi even in 500 ppm. Among these metals that inhibit the growth of fungi, Cu has fungistatic effect and others have fungicide effect. The experiment was conducted in vitro condition, using potato dextrose agar (PDA) under complete randomised design with four replications. The data of mycelium growth were recorded at seven days after inoculation at 25 ± 2°C.

Small-angle neutron scattering study of temperature vs. salt dependence of clouding in charged micellar system

Clouding is studied by small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) on a charged micellar system of sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) and tetrabutylammonium bromide (TBAB) with varying temperature and salt NaCl. We show that the clouding occurs as a result of increase in the attractive potential between the micelles mediated by the dehydrated TBA(+) counterions on increasing temperature and in the presence of salt. Both micelles and clusters coexist at cloud point temperature (CP) and beyond CP. The addition of salt can be used to obtain CP at room temperature (30° C). The relative effect of different salts on clouding has been found in the order CaCl(2) > MgSO(4) > Na(2)SO(4) > NaF > NaCl > KCl > CsCl > NaBr > NaNO(3). This order is explained on the basis of two important roles played by salt ions: i) counterion condensation that increases the size of the micelles and ii) dehydration of TBA(+) counterions by salt ions for bridging the micelles.

Interfacial tension between CO 2 and brine (NaCl + CaCl 2) at elevated pressures and temperatures: The additive effect of different salts

An extensive laboratory study was conducted to measure the interfacial tension (IFT) between CO 2 and brine consisting in equal molal concentrations of NaCl and CaCl 2. The experiments were repeated at various pressures, temperatures and salinities that are representative of conditions prevailing during CO 2 storage in deep saline aquifers. The dependence of CO 2/brine IFT on pressure and temperature is similar to that previously reported for the systems: CO 2/NaCl solution and CO 2/CaCl 2 solution. CO 2/brine IFT increases linearly with water salinity and the magnitude of this increase was found equal to the sum of the individual CO 2/NaCl solution and CO 2/CaCl 2 solution IFT increments, indicating a strong additive effect on IFT when the brine is composed of various salts.

Synergistic Effect of Different Salts on the Inhibition Efficiency of a Cationic Surfactant on Steel Corrosion in Acid Medium

Corrosion inhibition effect of cationic surfactant DTAB (Dodecyl Threemethyl Ammonium Bromide) on low carbon steel in 1M HCl was studied using weight loss and OCP (Open Circuit Potential) methods. Inhibition efficiency increases with increasing of surfactant concentration. Also synergistic effect between surfactant and different alkaline metals salts (KCl, NaCl, NaBr, NaI, LiCl, Na2SO4, and NaNO3) in 1 M HCl is investigated. The effect of different anions and different metal cations on inhibition efficiency is discussed. The inhibition efficiency increases with increasing of salts concentration and reaches the maximum value near 0.1 M. The results show that the synergistic effects of salts are in this order Na2SO4 >NaI > LiCl > NaCl > KCl > NaBr > NaNO3. This inhibitor system containing cationic surfactant and an alkaline metal salt is efficient and low-cast for steel corrosion inhibition in HCl medium, even when the concentration of DTAB is as low as 0.5 × 10-4 M.

Comparison of the effects of different salts on aerobic ammonia oxidizers for treating ammonium-rich organic wastewater by free and sodium alginate immobilized biomass system

Partial nitrification to nitrite by aerobic ammonium oxidizing bacteria (AOB) is an important pre-treatment step for subsequent denitrification and anammox. Ammonium-rich wastewater may contain different amounts of organic matter and salts, which can influent the growth and activity of AOB significantly. In this study we investigated the influence of various salts on the performance of a partial nitrification process with free and sodium alginate immobilized biomass. Immobilization of the AOB cells did not have a great effect on the activity of the biomass, and complete inhibition for the immobilized AOB was observed at sulfate, chloride and phosphate concentrations of 500, 1000 and 700 mM, respectively. Free biomass was already inhibited at 300, 500 and 500 mM concentrations of sulfate, chloride and phosphate. Both free and immobilized biomass contained Nitrosomonas europaea/eutropha-like AOB. Compared to free nitrifying biomass, immobilized biomass appeared to be less sensitive to salt stress (maximum 30%). Since no difference in the composition of the AOB was observed between free and immobilized biomass, the protection by the immobilization is the most likely factor explaining the observed differences.

Production and characterisation of novel injectable chitosan/methylcellulose/salt blend hydrogels with potential application as tissue engineering scaffolds

The properties of an injectable chitosan (CS)/methylcellulose (MC) blend hydrogel used as a three-dimensional synthetic matrix for tissue engineering were investigated. CS/MC hydrogels were prepared via blending of CS, MC and salts under mild conditions without organic solvent, high temperature or harsh pH. Such blends were liquid at low temperature (∼4 °C), but gel under physiological conditions (37 °C). The effect of different salts including NaCl, Na 3PO 4, NaHCO 3 and glycerophosphate (GP) on the CS/MC gelation process was investigated by rheological analysis from which possible gelation mechanisms were inferred. Viscoelastic characteristics indicated that CS/MC gels formed using different salts had different gelation temperature, gelation rate, and gel strength. Gelation temperature followed the order NaCl > GP > Na 3PO 4 > NaHCO 3, gelation rate followed the order GP > NaHCO 3 > Na 3PO 4, and gel strength followed the order GP > NaHCO 3 > Na 3PO 4 (at 37 °C). CS/MC hydrogels were also characterised by infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). CS/MS gels formed with different salts had different gel structures, ranging from nonporous to microporous. When used as a scaffold for chondrocytes, CS/MC/Na 3PO 4 hydrogel resulted in good cell viability and proliferation.

Effect of different salts on PVAc/PVdF‐co‐HFP based polymer blend electrolytes

AbstractSolid polymer electrolytes comprising poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc), and poly(vinylidene fluoride‐co‐hexafluoropropylene) (PVdF‐co‐HFP), low molecular weight plasticizer [Ethylene Carbonate (EC)] and different lithium salts (LiBF4, LiClO4, and LiCF3SO3) are prepared by solution casting technique. The electrolyte films are subjected to various characterization techniques such as XRD, FTIR, DSC, SEM and ac impedance analysis. Ionic conductivity is obtained as a function of frequency at various temperatures ranging from 302 to 363 K. The maximum room temperature ionic conductivity is found to be 1.18 × 10−3 S cm−1 for the film containing LiBF4 and the temperature dependent ionic conductivity values seem to obey VTF relation. Microstructure of the samples has been depicted by means of scanning electron microscope. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010

Synergistic Effect of Different Salts on the Inhibition Efficiency of a Cationic Surfactant on Steel Corrosion in Acid Medium

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Isolation of caseins from whey proteins by microfiltration modifying the mineral balance in skim milk

The objective of this work was to study the effect of different salts and salt concentration on the isolation of casein micelles from bovine raw skim milk by tangential flow microfiltration. Tangential flow microfiltration (0.22 μm) was conducted in a continuous process adding a modified buffer to maintain a constant initial sample volume. This buffer contained calcium chloride (CaCl2), sodium phosphate (Na2HPO4), or potassium citrate (K3C6H5O7) in concentrations ranging from 0 to 100mM. The concentrations of caseins and whey proteins retained were determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-PAGE and analyzed using the Scion Image software (Scion Corporation, Frederick, MD). A complete isolation of caseins from whey proteins was achieved using sodium phosphate in the range of 10 to 50mM and 20 times the initial volume of buffer added. No whey proteins were detected at 50mM but this was at the expense of low caseins being retained. When lower sodium phosphate concentrations were used, the amount of caseins retained was higher but a small amount of whey proteins were still detected by sodium dodecyl sulfate-PAGE. Among the salts tested, calcium chloride at 50mM and all volumes of buffer showed the higher retention of casein proteins. The highest casein:whey protein ratio was found at 30mM CaCl2, but no complete casein micelle isolation was achieved. Potassium citrate was the most ineffective salt because a rapid loss of caseins and whey proteins was observed at all concentrations and with low quantities of buffer added during the filtration process. Our results show the potential of altering the mineral balance in milk for isolation of casein micelles from whey proteins in a continuous tangential flow microfiltration system.

Ionic Conductivity of Polymer Electrolytes

AbstractIn this work, the effect of different salts: LiCF3SO3 (lithium triflate, LiOTf) and LiCl in 1:1 mole ratio in a methacrylate‐type polymer with zwitterionic pendant groups (PMBS‐4) used as host polymer, are evaluated. By means of X‐ray diffraction patterns, the formation of a homogeneous solution is observed in the case of PMBS‐4/LiCl and PMBS‐4/LiOTf. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) allows determination of glass transition temperatures (Tg) and thermal stability of the polymers. Tg values of the two polymer electrolytes are 293 ± 2 K against PMBS‐4 which is 291 K. The initial decomposition temperatures (IDT) for PMBS‐4 and PMBS‐4/Lithium salt are 483 K and 460 K, respectively. The ac ionic conductivity (σ) was obtained using the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). It was found that σ increases as temperature rises following a simple Arrhenius behavior and reaches a value of ∼6 × 10−4 S/cm in the case of PMBS‐4/LiCl and ∼2 × 10−2 S/cm in the case of PMBS‐4/LiOTf, both measured at 343 K.

The Dynamic Side of the Hofmeister Effect: A Single‐Molecule Nanopore Study of Specific Complex Formation

Beyond measurements of equilibria: An alpha-hemolysin nanopore is used as a single-molecule sensor to follow the effects of different salts on the complexation reaction of gamma-cyclodextrin and adamantane carboxylate (see picture). The kinetics underlying the dynamic equilibrium are studied to reveal qualitatively different dynamic actions of various cosolute salts.

Effect of different salts on the development of Fusarium solani var. coeruleum, a causal agent of potato dry rot

The objectives of this study were (1) to evaluate the effect of different salts on the in vitro development of Fusarium solani var. coeruleum, and (2) to evaluate the efficacy of the salts for reducing dry rot severity caused by the pathogen in potato tubers. The study showed that several salts significantly inhibited the mycelial growth of F. solani var. coeruleum. Aluminium acetate, aluminium chloride, sodium benzoate, sodium metabisulfite, potassium sorbate and trisodium phosphate completely inhibited mycelial growth. Exposure of F. solani var. coeruleum conidia to aluminium acetate, potassium sorbate, sodium benzoate, sodium metabisulfite or trisodium phosphate at 0.2 M resulted in 100% mortality of the conidia after 1 h while aluminium chloride and aluminium lactate caused 100% mortality after an exposure of 24 h. In order to evaluate the effect of salts on potato dry rot development, F. solani var. coeruleum-inoculated tubers were treated with the different salts and disease severity was evaluated following an incubation period of 7 d. Among the test salts, only aluminium chloride caused a significant reduction in potato dry rot compared with the control. The study points out the possibility of using aluminium chloride to control potato dry rot.

Selective Oil Agglomeration of Lignite

In this study, desulfurization and deashing of Adıyaman-Gölbaşı lignite by the agglomeration method were studied. For this purpose, three groups of agglomeration experiments were made. The effects of solid concentration, bridging liquid type and dosage, pH, and screen size on the agglomeration after desliming were investigated in the first group of experiments. The effects of lake water and sea water (the Mediterranean Sea water, the Aegean Sea water, and the Black Sea water) on the agglomeration were investigated in the second group of experiments. The effects of different salts (NaCl, MgCl2, and FeCl3) on the agglomeration were investigated in the third group of experiments. Agglomeration results showed that the usage of sea waters and soda lake water in the agglomeration medium had a positive effect on the reduction of total sulfur content of agglomerates. In addition, the usage of NaCl, MgCl2, and FeCl3 in the agglomeration medium had a positive effect on the ash content reduction of the agglomerates.

Intramolecular Charge Interactions as a Tool to Control the Coiled‐Coil‐to‐Amyloid Transformation

Under the influence of a changed environment, amyloid-forming proteins partially unfold and assemble into insoluble beta-sheet rich fibrils. Molecular-level characterization of these assembly processes has been proven to be very challenging, and for this reason several simplified model systems have been developed over recent years. Herein, we present a series of three de novo designed model peptides that adopt different conformations and aggregate morphologies depending on concentration, pH value, and ionic strength. The design strictly follows the characteristic heptad repeat of the alpha-helical coiled-coil structural motif. In all peptides, three valine residues, known to prefer the beta-sheet conformation, have been incorporated at the solvent-exposed b, c, and f positions to make the system prone to amyloid formation. Additionally, pH-controllable intramolecular electrostatic repulsions between equally charged lysine (peptide A) or glutamate (peptide B) residues were introduced along one side of the helical cylinder. The conformational behavior was monitored by circular dichroism spectroscopic analysis and thioflavin T fluorescence, and the resulting aggregates were further characterized by transmission electron microscopy. Whereas uninterrupted alpha-helical aggregates are found at neutral pH, Coulomb repulsions between lysine residues in peptide A destabilize the helical conformation at acidic pH values and trigger an assembly into amyloid-like fibrils. Peptide B features a glutamate-based switch functionality and exhibits opposite pH-dependent folding behavior. In this case, alpha-helical aggregates are found under acidic conditions, whereas amyloids are formed at neutral pH. To further validate the pH switch concept, peptide C was designed by including serine residues, thus resulting in an equal distribution of charged residues. Surprisingly, amyloid formation is observed at all pH values investigated for peptide C. The results of further investigations into the effect of different salts, however, strongly support the crucial role of intramolecular charge repulsions in the model system presented herein.

Hofmeister Effects in Colloidal Systems: Influence of the Surface Nature

The original Hofmeister series concerned the effectiveness of different salts in precipitating negatively charged proteins. Although the relative position of the species in the series has been demonstrated to be almost universal, reversed Hofmeister sequences have been observed in many systems. Most of them are directly related with the sign of charge (positive or negative) of the surface studied. In this paper, we show experimental evidence of alterations in the Hofmeister order induced not only by changing the sign of the surface charge, but also by varying the hydrophobic/hydrophilic character of the surface. We have worked with a wide variety of systems showing different hydrophilic/hydrophobic character and having a pH-dependent charge sign. Particularly, the effect of these two factors (the surface charge and the hydrophilicity/phobicity) on the ion ranking has been analyzed by studying the colloidal stability of the systems. The typical inversions induced by modifying the charge sign of the particle were observed; in addition and more noteworthy, the direct series observed with hydrophobic systems turned into reversed series as the surface became more hydrophilic for surfaces of identical sign of charge. The correlation found between these inversions and restabilization processes promoted by hydration forces at high salt concentrations evidenced the solvent-structural nature of such inversions. Useful conclusions about the origin of these specific ion effects have been drawn from a comparative analysis among our systems.