Effect Of Different Irrigation Levels Research Articles

The response of field-grown mango (cv. Keitt) trees to regulated deficit irrigation at three phenological stages

The objective of the current study was to examine the effect of different irrigation levels at different phenological stages on fruit yield, fruit size, vegetative growth, and subsequent season crop yield of mango trees growing in sub-tropical weather conditions. Three independent experiments were conducted in parallel in three phenological stages: main fruit growth (MFG)—from fruit set to pit hardening; final fruit growth (FFG)—from pit hardening up to harvest; and post-harvest (PH)—after harvest until the first meaningful rain. Each experiment was consisted of four irrigation levels that were determined as crop coefficients of Penman–Monteith evapotranspiration. Differential irrigation levels were applied in each phenological stage, where commercial irrigation levels were applied in the rest of the season. Crop yield in the MFG stage was unaffected by the irrigation treatments. The number of fruit in the MFG stage increased slightly with increasing water quantities. Average fruit size in the MFG stage decreased with increasing the number of fruit per tree, indicating that the number of fruit rather than irrigation regime is the main determinant of the final fruit size. The number of fruit per tree in the FFG stage was unaffected by the lowest irrigation treatment; however, the same treatment had the lowest fruit size, significant only in 2013. Post-harvest shoot growth in the FFG stage experiment increased with irrigation level (significant in 2013), indicating that water stress in the FFG stage had a carryover effect. The crop yield in the PH stage increased with increasing irrigation rate in the former season, significant in 2011 and 2013. The higher yields in the high irrigation treatments in the PH stage were associated with larger fruit size. The number of post-harvest vegetative flashes increased with increasing crop coefficient (K c) in the PH stage in the same season, except for the 2011. Crop yield in the PH stage increased with increasing number of post-harvest vegetative flashes in the former season. The results obtained in the current study indicate that the mango in Israel is sensitive to deficit irrigation in both the FFG in an “ON” season and in the PH stage towards an “ON” season.

Flowering, fruiting and physiology of apple tree under different irrigation levels in the Brazilian semiarid region

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different irrigation levels on flowering, fruit set, carbohydrate and protein content and gas exchange, of apple varietiesin the Brazilian semiarid region. The experimental design was a randomized block with split plots with five replications and four plot irrigation levels (60, 80, 100, and 120% of the reference evapotranspiration (ETo)) and the subplots with two cultivars (Juliet and Princess). As a result, it was found that the number of flowers (NFL), fruits (NFR), shoot percentage (SP) and fruit set (FS) were higher in cv. Juliet. The number of buds (NB) and the fertility index (FI) were higher in cv. Princess. With regard to metabolites, reducing sugar content (RS) had no significant effect among cultivars. The non-reducing sugar content (NRS), total soluble sugar (TSS) and total soluble proteins (TSP) were higher in cv. Princess. As for irrigation depths, TSP, sprouting, flowering and fruit set increased along with the amount of water applied, while the RS, NRS and TSS contents had the opposite behavior.

Impacts of crop level, soil and irrigation management in grape berries of cv ‘Trincadeira’ (Vitis vinifera L.)

ABSTRACTBerry size and crop yield are widely recognized as important factors that contribute to wine quality. The final berry size indirectly affects the phenolic concentration of the wine due to skin surface-to-berry volume ratio. The effects of different irrigation levels, soil management and plant crop level on growth of ‘Trincadeira’ berries were studied. In order to test the influence of different irrigation levels (rainfed, pre-veraison and post-veraison), different soil management (tillage and natural cover crops) and different plant crop levels (8 and 16 clusters per vine), leaf water potential, skin anthocyanin, polyphenols, berry skin and seed fresh weight were measured in fruits. The segregation of berries into three different berry classes: small, medium and large, allowed to identify different levels of contribution of soil management and irrigation level into berry, skin and seeds ratios. As expected, higher water availability due to irrigation and soil tillage management during berry development induced an increase in berry flesh weight and this was more evident in larger berries; however, berry skin and seed fresh weight remained unchanged. Also, anthocyanins did not show significant differences.

INFLUENCE OF IRRIGATION LEVELS AND PLANT DENSITY ON "SECOND-SEASON" MAIZE

ABSTRACT This study assessed the effect of different irrigation levels and plant densities on maize crops cultivated during the second season in the Western Border region of the State of Rio Grande do Sul. This work was conducted at the Federal Institute of Farroupilha - Alegrete Campus/RS - between January and June 2014. Treatments were arranged in a completely randomized 5 × 4 factorial design, with 3 replicates each. Irrigation of fixed amounts of water that were based on the evapotranspiration of the culture (Etc): 0, 50, 75, 100, and 125% of Etc were applied at 5-day intervals. Four densities of plants were defined (4, 7, 10, and 13 plants m-2). We assessed number of maize ears per plant, number of grains per ear, aboveground dry matter, mass of 100 grains, harvest index, and grain productivity. The number of grains per ear, mass of 100 grains, and grain yield were influenced by irrigation levels. Plant density and water depth influenced the number of grains per ear, the mass of 100 grains, and grain productivity. The highest yield of winter maize grain was achieved with a combination of 13 plants per m-2 and an irrigation level of 100% of Etc. Specific densities of plants maximized the yield of maize at each irrigation level, demonstrating that choice of plant density is a critical variable in the second crop of maize, and significantly influences the components of production.

Canopy Temperature and Water Relations of Kiwifruit Cultivar Allison in Response to Deficit Irrigation and <i>in situ</i> Moisture Conservation

The present article discusses the effect of different irrigation levels and in situ moisture conservation on canopy temperature and water relations, viz. leaf water potential, stomatal resistance, transpiration rate, leaf photosynthetic rate and chlorophyll content in kiwifruit cultivar Allison during the years 2011 and 2012 in Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India. The kiwifruit vines were subjected to seven treatments, viz. irrigation at 80% FC (field capacity); irrigation at 60% FC; irrigation at 40% FC; irrigation at 60% FC plus mulching with grass; irrigation at 60% FC plus black polythene mulching; irrigation at 40% FC plus mulching with grass and irrigation at 60% FC plus black polythene mulching applied from March to October with three replications in randomized block design. The deficit irrigation treatments resulted in increased canopy temperature and stomatal resistance and decrease the leaf water potential, transpiration rate, leaf photosynthetic rate and chlorophyll content in the leaves of kiwifruit cv. Allison, whereas the application of mulches (grass and black plastic) along with deficit irrigation levels resulted in mitigation of the effect of deficit irrigation. Application of black plastic mulch along with irrigation at 60% field capacity was observed to be the best treatment as its effect nearly similar to that of standard irrigation.

Produtividade e composição bromatológica de Panicum maximum cv. Mombaça sob irrigação e adubação azotada

The effects of different irrigation levels and doses of nitrogen (N) on yield, nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and chemical composition of Mombasa grass (Panicum maximum) were evaluated. The experimental design was randomized blocks in a 2x4 factorial, with three replicates, two water levels (50% and 80% of Class A pan evaporation, ECA) and four levels of N (200, 400, 600 and 800 kg / ha / year). The water depth applied showed similar behaviors regarding NUE, total dry matter yield (TDMY), leaves (DMYL) and stems (DMYS), and levels of neutral detergent fiber (NDF). The nitrogen fertilization influenced positively TDMY, DMYL and DMYS, however, decreased NUE. Crude protein (CP) of the leaves and stems were influenced by the interaction of blades irrigation x nitrogen fertilization. There was a linear effect of N on the PB. The levels of acid detergent fiber (ADF) had negative influence of greater water depth. Concentrations of ADF were reduced by nitrogen fertilization. Irrigation of 50% of ECA, associated with application of 800 kg N / ha / year, showed the best results, considering productivity, chemical composition and water savings.

Grain yield and water use efficiency of maize as influenced by different irrigation regimes through sprinkler irrigation under temperate climate

In Vojvodina region, water deficit during the growing season is a major factor limiting maize production. Therefore, to achieve the ideal soil water content in this region, it is of crucial importance to optimize irrigation. The effects of different irrigation levels with sprinkler irrigation system on crop yield, yield components, water use, water (WUE) and irrigation water use (IWUE) efficiency of maize (Zea mays L.) were investigated in Vojvodina (northern Serbia), on a Calcaric Chernozem soil in temperate environment for 3 consecutive years (2006–2008). Maize was subjected to four irrigation regimes, as follows: non-limited irrigation (I100), 75% of non-limited irrigation (I75), 50% of non-limited irrigation (I50), and rainfed (non-irrigated) as the control (I0). The irrigation treatments were arranged in a complete randomized block design with 4 replicates. Results showed that maize grown in rainfed conditions had high annual variability, mainly due to amount of rainfall and its distribution during the crop-growing seasons. A significant irrigation effect was found for yield, yield components and others investigated parameters under study. Water stress had significant impact on yield response: as an average of the three years, a grain yield increase of 47.8, 32.8, and 22.9% was observed in I100, I75 and I50 treatments compared to rainfed (I0) treatment, respectively. Yield increased linearly with seasonal crop evapotranspiration and irrigation amount. Furthermore, WUE is maximized with a moderate water deficit (I50), while IWUE is the highest in I100 treatment. The deficit irrigation stress index, DISI, decreased with increasing irrigation rate. The results revealed that irrigation is necessary for maize cultivation because rainfall is insufficient to meet the crop water needs in Vojvodina. In addition, the study indicated that the irrigation regime of 25% water saving (I75) could ensure satisfactory grain yield of maize and increment of WUE.

Improvement of water use efficiency in pomegranate (Punica granatum) cv. Bhagwa under micro-irrigation system

A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of different irrigation levels (10 to 50 and 20 to 60%) and mulches (No mulch, dry lawn mulch, dry lawn mulch + hydrogel and hydrogel alone) on growth and yield of Bhagwa pomegranate (Punica granatum L.). The actual pomegranate evapotranspiration in l/day/tree was estimated by using the reference crop evapotranspiration, pan coefficient, crop coefficient, wetted area, area occupied by one tree and micro-irrigation efficiency. The study revealed that mulch + hydrogel enhanced vegetative growth and yield contributing characteristics. However, 30 and 40% irrigation levels for three and four years pomegranate plants, respectively, produced results at par with respect to yield attributing traits, quality, juice content and TSS. Based on statistical analysis of vegetative and yield characteristics, it was inferred that the treatment combination comprising of dry lawn mulch + hydrogel and irrigation levels at 30 and 40% with alternate day irrigation resulted into higher yield with good quality fruits as compared to other treatments.

THE EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT NITROGEN DOSES AND IRRIGATION LEVELS ON YIELD, NUTRITIVE VALUE, FERMENTATION AND GAS PRODUCTION OF CORN SILAGE

The study was conducted to investigate the effects of different irrigation levels and nitrogen doses on yield, yield parameters, silage characteristics, digestibility, gas and methane production of corn silage. Three different irrigation levels (50%, 75% and 100% of depleted water) and 3 different nitrogen doses (100, 200 and 300 kg ha-1 N) were applied to corn silage. Experiments were implemented in split-split plots design with three replications during the growing seasons of 2013-2014. Plants were harvested at milk-dough stage and yield and morphologic characteristics were determined. Then, harvested plants were silaged and chemical characteristics were investigated. Irrigation level x nitrogen dose interaction was not found to be significant. Increasing nitrogen doses increased plant height, plant diameter, green herbage yield, crude protein, metabolic energy, gas production and organic matter digestibility and decreased pH levels, ADF and NDF ratios. Increased irrigation levels positively affected green herbage yield, plant height, plant diameter and increased ADF and NDF ratios. Gas production, metabolic energy and organic matter digestibility decreased with increasing irrigation levels. Increasing irrigation levels improved corn yields, but reduced the quality. On the other hand, increasing nitrogen doses had positive contributions both to yield and quality characteristics.

Effect of different irrigation levels on quality and storability of kohlrabi (Brassica oleracea var. gongylodes,L.)

Effect of different irrigation levels on quality and storability of kohlrabi (Brassica oleracea var. gongylodes,L.)

Water Use Efficiency of Durum Wheat (Triticum durum Desf) under Deficit Irrigation

Wheat production in semi-arid area of Tunisia is limited by low rainfall (200-400 mm year -1 ), and by the irregularity of the distribution of precipitation and intensification of drought during cropping season. Therefore, irrigation is proposed as alternative to improve production and to maximize water-use efficiency (WUE) of wheat. So, rational irrigation is important for increasing crop yields and decrease water use. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of different irrigation levels on water consumption, water use efficiency of total dry matter and water use efficiency of grain yields. The study was conducted for three consecutive cropping seasons (2005-2008). Results showed thatthe daily water consumption was varied through phonological stage. In fact, the maximum water consumption was observed at anthesis and grain filling stages. The cumulative water consumption was decreased between 3% and 37% respectively, from D1 (100% ETM) to D2 (70% ETM) and From D1 to D4 (rainfed). The relationship between total dry matter (TDM) and water consumption (WC) was in linearly regression with a high correlation coefficient (R 2 ) witch varied from 0.89 to 0.99. The water use efficiency of total dry matter (WUE-TDM) gradually decreased when irrigation levels increased. The highest, WUE-TDM (3.24 kg/m 3 , 3.65 kg/m 3 and 2.82 kg/m 3 ) was recorded under rainfed condition (D4 treatment), respectively for 2005-2006, 2006-2007 and 2007-2008. On the contrary, water use efficiency of grain yield (WUE-GY) increase considerably when irrigation levels increase. In the first year of experiment, no significant difference between treatments was observed. Therefore, the moderate irrigation (D2) recorded the highest WUE-GY (1.63 kg/m 3 ) in the second cropping season (2006-2007). In 2007-2008, D1 and D3 irrigations regimes recorded the highest WUE-GY, respectively 1.17 kg/m 3 and 1.11 kg/m 3 . Deficit irrigation regimes (D2 and D3) were considered as rational irrigation levels to improve grain yield of wheat and to maximize WUE in the semi-arid area of Tunisia.

Simulation of sugarcane yield under salinity and water stress conditions with the OPDM model

Limitation of water resources and decline in the quality of soil and water have led to the use of saline water and application of management systems for reducing irrigation water. The subject of this study was to determine the effect of salinity and water stress on sugarcane yield in Iran with an operational and planning distribution model (OPDM) for 7 years (2002–2008). Irrigation scenarios consisted of the full irrigation (I1), 85% (I2) and 70% (I3) of the sugarcane water requirement, and salinity scenarios were the average salinity of the Karun River, S1 (dS m−1), S2 = S1 +2 and S3 = S1 +4. The root mean square error and mean bias error (0.04 and 0.02, respectively) show the low error percentages and the values of EF = 0.65 and d = 0.71 indicated the high accuracy of the yield simulation with OPDM. Significant differences were observed among the different irrigation levels and this difference in I3 was more than in I2. The effect of different salinity levels on yield reduction was not significant. Overall, results showed that there was an individual and combined effect of salinity and water deficit on sugarcane yield; however, the effect of different irrigation levels on the yield was more than the salinity.

Sustainable Production of Cabbage Using Different Irrigation Levels and Fertilizer Types Affecting Some Soil Chemical Characteristics

A field experiment was carried out during the two successive autumn seasons of 2013 and 2014 under open field conditions in protected cultivation site, Agriculture Research Centre , Giza governorate, Egypt. The study was investigating the effects of different irrigation levels (50, 75 and 100% of crop evapotranspiration (ETc)) and different sources of fertilizers (inorganic fertilizers (control), cattle manure, compost and vermicomp ost) on some soil chemical characteristics and vegetative growth, yield and water use efficiency of head cabbage. Obtained results showed that soil pH decreased at the end of experiment with a range of 0.08 - 0.30, compared with before cultivation, with high decreases by 50% of ETc combined with vermicompost. EC e , on the other hand, increased due to different agricultural activities such as adding chemicals and fertilizers, with

Crescimento do milho BRS catingueiro irrigado no cariri cearense

Corn is grown throughout Brazil, has great economic importance due to various forms of use, from food and feed to the high-tech industry and use in biofuel production, and productivity of corn in Northeast It is low due to the predominance of production systems that use little or no technology and have insufficient rainfall and irregularity. Based on the foregoing, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of different irrigation levels calculated by evaporation percentage of tank class “A” (20, 30, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120 and 140% ECA) the growth of the corn BRS catingueiro in Ceará cariri region. The growth variable, stem height, was influenced by irrigation levels used, with higher value with a blade referring to 80% of the ECA and the variables stem diameter and dry mass of shoots (stems and leaves) were not affected by blades Irrigation used.

Physiological and yield response of almond to different drip irrigation regimes under temperate conditions

An experiment was conducted eight-year-old almond (Prunus dulcis Mill.) cv. Shalimar plants to determine the effect of different irrigation levels vis-à-vis various phenological stages on growth and yield parameters. The study revealed that irrigation applied at different phenological stages improved yield and yield contributing attributes of almond significantly. Highest nut yield (2.69 kg/tree) was recorded at 100% Etc (I1) during the first year of experimentation, which rose to the tune of (2.91 kg/tree) at the same irrigation level during the subsequent year. The leaf nutrient status (N, P & K) of almond increased significantly with irrigation. Similarly, the leaf Relative Water Content (RWC) increased significantly with increase in the irrigation level. However, Water Use Efficiency (WUE) decreased with increase in the irrigation level. Maximum WUE (0.60 kg m−3) was observed at 0% ETc (I0) level of irrigation followed by 50% ETc (I3) level (0.46 kg m−3), which was statistically at par with 75% ETc (I2). The highest yield attributes, leaf nutrient concentration and RWC of almond recorded at 100% ETc (I1) level of irrigation and found to be statistically at par with 75% ETc level, when applied throughout the growth stages.

Sustained Deficit Irrigation and Mulching on Growth of Sourani Olive Trees in Kuwait

Olea europaea, a native plant of the Mediterranean region, is of great interest to agronomists worldwide, owing to its health beneficial properties and tolerance to harsh environmental conditions, along with its economic importance. The productivity and production efficiency of olive is linearly related to both the level of transpiration and the amount of water supplied. Under conditions of limited supply of good quality water for irrigation in Kuwait, deficit irrigation applied at selected phenological stages can maximize economic gains and minimize environmental damage. Moreover, mulching contributes to a significant reduction in water requirements via reducing soil water losses and increasing soil water retention. In this study, the effects of different irrigation levels, a restitution of 50%, 75% or 100% of the estimated evapotranspiration rate (ETc), and the application of mulching on plant growth under the Kuwait environmental conditions were determined to evaluate the possibilities of reducing the amounts of water supplied with irrigation. Various parameters determining the vegetative growth of the trees such as average height, stem girth and number of branches were recorded at three months intervals. Both the irrigation level and mulching were shown to possess a significant impact on growth of Sourani olive cultivar under the Kuwait environmental conditions. Statistical analysis revealed no significant difference in the height of the trees under all the three irrigation treatments with mulch and trees under 100% ETc devoid of mulch. In contrast, a significant difference was exhibited by trees under 100% ETc with mulch and 50% ETc without mulch. Within each irrigation treatment, trees with mulch presented higher values for plant height, stem girth and number of shoots. Thus deficit irrigation of 50% ETc along with organic mulch was shown to enhance vegetative growth close to its maximum potential by conserving the scarce water resources.

Effects of vermicompost on growth parameters, water use efficiency and quality of Zinnia bedding plants (Zinnia elegance 'Dreamland Red') under different irrigation regimes.

The drastic decline of precipitation over the past decade along with overuse of chemical inputs and consequent soil fertility reduction are the most important problems in the approach to agricultural expansion, particularly in urban landscaping. Therefore, an experiment was designed to examine the effects of different irrigation levels (40, 70 and 100 % of field capacity, or FC) and different vermicompost (VC) levels (0, 2.5 and 5 %) on the morphophysiological parameters of Zinnia elegance ‘Dreamland Red’ in a factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with three replications. Results indicated a significant reduction in root/shoot ratio, flower diameter, flower longevity, water use efficiency (WUE), photosynthetic pigments and nutrient uptake, along with reduction in the FC, while VC application improved these features. Based on the results, the highest electrolyte leakage and free radicals were observed in the 40 % of FC level without VC treatment, while the highest antiradical property and phenolic compounds were obtained at the same FC level along with 2.5% VC. Moreover, the highest WUE was observed at 2.5% VC with 70% FC, compared to 40% FC with no VC application. The flower diameter and longevity, as the most important indicators of the zinnias’ quality, were significantly affected by the interaction effects of irrigation and organic fertilizers.

Proteções contra queima solar de frutos de abacaxizeiro submetido a diferentes lâminas de irrigação

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o uso de proteção contra queima solar e o efeito de diferentes lâminas de irrigação na qualidade dos frutos de abacaxizeiro 'Pérola'. O experimento foi conduzido na área experimental, no município de Janaúba-MG. O sistema de irrigação utilizado foi o gotejamento e a quantidade de lâmina de irrigação aplicada foi calculada com base na evaporação do Tanque Classe-A (ECA). A proteção dos frutos contra queima solar foi realizada após o fechamento das últimas flores. O delineamento foi em blocos casualizados, segundo o esquema de parcelas subdivididas 5 x 5, tendo nas parcelas cinco lâminas de irrigação (30 %, 50 %, 70 %, 100 % e 150 % da ECA) e nas subparcelas 4 tipos de proteção: jornal, saco de papel marrom, TNT branco nº 40 e solução contendo cal a 10 %, além da testemunha, com quatro repetições. Avaliaram-se porcentagem de frutos com queima solar, firmeza, sólidos solúveis totais (SST), acidez total titulável (ATT), pH e relação SST/ATT da polpa. Os frutos protegidos com TNT apresentaram menor porcentagem de queima solar. A lâmina referente a 77 % da ECA, associada à proteção com TNT ou com a cal proporcionam maiores valores de SST.

Effect of Different Irrigation Levels on the Yield and Traits of Memecik Olive Trees ( Olea europaea L.) in the Aegean Coastal Region of Turkey

AbstractAlthough olive trees are well known to be resistant to drought, the economic advantages of irrigation have been clearly demonstrated. Today, the olive growing areas in the Mediterranean Basin suffer from water shortages and increased competition from other sectors for the available water resources. This study was conducted in an olive tree plantation in western Turkey in 2008–2010. In the study, the effects of different irrigation levels on yield and the physiological and morphological development of olive trees (Olea europaea L. cv. Memecik) were investigated, and the optimal irrigation schedule was determined according to the findings of the study. Six different irrigation treatments were created using a drip irrigation system. The treatments were: a control (SC) in which irrigation amounts were scheduled based on the soil moisture content of the top 90 cm of root depth by the gravimetric method and five treatments that received an amount of water equivalent to 25% (S0.25), 50% (S0.50), 75% (S0....

Growth and Quality Responses of Tall Fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) to Different Irrigation Levels and Nitrogen Rates

A 2-year experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of different irrigation levels and nitrogen rates on visual turfgrass colour and quality and clipping yield of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) under subhumid climatic conditions. The treatments consisted of five levels of irrigation, 25% (I1), 50% (I2), 75% (I3), 100% (I4) and 125% (I), of the evaporation measured from a Class A pan and two rates of nitrogen, 25 kg N ha-1 (N1) and 50 kg N ha-1(N2). The N rates were applied as a monthly rate during growing seasons (MaySeptember). The experimental area was irrigated by a pop-up sprinkler irrigation system. The irrigation was applied at 3-day intervals during May-September for both years. The seasonal crop evapotranspiration (ETc) under the treatments ranged from 315 to 1154 mm in 2007 and from 363 to 1100 mm in 2008. The ETcincreased with increasing the both N rate and irrigation level, and the best seasonal turf quality of tall fescue was obtained for the I4 and I5 treatments under N2 rate. This study demonstrated that, when the level of irrigation and nitrogen rate were evaluated together, the NI4 treatment ensured sufficiently dark turf colour and quality. Based on the results of this study, it is concluded that an acceptable turf quality can be sustained under the N(or N2I2 treatment in September) according to water conservation. When rainfall amountis high (132.2 mm) in September, the N1I1 treatment may sustain acceptable turf quality for this month. treatment in May, N1I2 treatment in June, July and August and N1I4 treatment in September