Effect Of Coagulation Research Articles

Comparing the effectiveness of lumbar medial branch radiofrequency coagulation using 18-gauge and 16-gauge cannulae

Comparing the effectiveness of lumbar medial branch radiofrequency coagulation using 18-gauge and 16-gauge cannulae

Study on Dynamic Characteristics of Magnetic Coagulation of Fe-Based Fine Particles in Iron and Steel Industry

Fine dust, represented by Fe-based fine particles and emitted from the production process of the iron and steel industry, is the primary factor causing many diseases represented by industrial pneumoconiosis, and ultra-low dust emission has always been a thorny problem to be solved urgently. To explore the magnetic coagulation effect of Fe-based fine particles in the magnetic field when removing them from industrial flue gas by the magnetic field effect in the iron and steel industry, using FLUENT software, magnetic dipole force was added between particles through user defined function (UDF) based on the computational fluid dynamics-discrete phase model (CFD-DPM) method so that the collision process of particles was then equivalent to their mutual trapping process. Next, the effects of particle size, particle volume fraction, external magnetic field strength, and particle magnetic susceptibility on the magnetic coagulation process were comprehensively studied. Meanwhile, the proton balance equation (PBE) was solved using the partition method on the basis of the computational fluid dynamics-population balance model (CFD-PBM) to compare the coagulation removal effect under random and aligned orientations of magnetic dipoles, respectively. The results showed that the magnetic coagulation strength under the random orientation of magnetic dipoles was greater than that under the aligned orientation. When the particle size of Fe-based fine particles increased from 0.5 μm to 1.5 μm, the magnetic coagulation coefficient decreased from 0.5414 to 0.2882, and the difference in the removal efficiency under the two different orientations of magnetic dipoles became smaller. When the particle volume fraction increased from 0.01 to 0.03, the magnetic coagulation coefficient increased from 0.2353 to 0.5061, and the difference in the removal efficiency under two orientations was enlarged. When the applied external magnetic field strength increased from 0.5 T to 1.0 T, the magnetic coagulation coefficient increased from 0.3940 to 0.5288, and the magnetic susceptibility increased from 0.0250 to 0.0500, the coagulation coefficient increased from 0.3940 to 0.5288, and the difference under two orientations basically stayed unchanged.

Enhancement of hemostatic properties of Cyclotella cryptica frustule through genetic manipulation

BackgroundThe silicified cell wall of diatoms, also known as frustule, shows huge potential as an outstanding bio-nanomaterial for hemostatic applications due to its high hemostatic efficiency, good biocompatibility, and ready availability. As the architectural features of the frustule determine its hemostatic performance, it is of great interest to develop an effective method to modify the frustule morphology into desired patterns to further improve hemostatic efficiency.ResultsIn this study, the gene encoding Silicalemma Associated Protein 2 (a silicalemma-spanning protein) of Cyclotella cryptica (CcSAP2) was identified as a key gene in frustule morphogenesis. Thus, it was overexpressed and knocked down, respectively. The frustule of the overexpress lines showed no obvious alteration in morphology compared to the wild type (WT), while the size, specific surface area (BET), pore volume, and pore diameter of the knockdown strains changed greatly. Particularly, the knockdown frustules achieved a more pronounced coagulation effect and in vivo hemostatic performance than the WT strains. Such observations suggested that silicalemma proteins are ideal genetic encoding targets for manipulating frustule morphology associated hemostatic properties. Furthermore, the Mantel test was adopted to identify the key morphologies associated with C. cryptica bleeding control. Finally, based on our results and recent advances, the mechanism of frustule morphogenesis was discussed.ConclusionThis study explores a new strategy for enhancing the hemostatic efficiency of the frustule based on genetic morphology modification and may provide insights into a better understanding of the frustule morphogenesis mechanism.

Sludge-derived iron-carbon material enhancing the removal of refractory organics in landfill leachate: Characteristics optimization, removal mechanism, and molecular-level investigation

Mature landfill leachate is a refractory organic wastewater, and needs physical and chemical pretreatments contemporaneously, e.g. iron-carbon micro-electrolysis (IC-ME). In this study, a novel iron-carbon (Fe-C) material was synthesized from waste activated sludge to be utilized in IC-ME for landfill leachate treatment. The pyrolysis temperature, mass ratio of iron to carbon, and solid-liquid ratio in leachate treatment were optimized as 900 °C with 1.59 and 34.7 g/L. Under these optimal conditions, the chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiency reached 79.44 %, which was 2.6 times higher than that of commercial Fe-C material (30.1%). This excellent COD removal performance was indicated to a better mesoporous structure, and uniform distribution of zero-valent iron in novel Fe-C material derived from sludge. The contribution order of COD removal in IC-ME treatment for landfill leachate was proven as coagulation, adsorption, and redox effects by a contrast experiment. The removal of COD includes synthetic organic compounds, e.g. carcinogens, pharmaceuticals and personal care products. The contents of CHO, CHON, and CHOS compounds of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in the leachate were decreased, and both the molecular weight and unsaturation of lipids, lignin, and tannic acids concentration were also reduced. Some newly generated small molecular DOM in the treated leachate further confirmed the existence of the redox effect to degrade DOM in leachate. The total cost of sludge-derived Fe-C material was only USD$ 152.8/t, which could save 76% of total compared with that of commercial Fe-C materials. This study expands the prominent source of Fe-C materials with excellent performance, and deepens the understanding of its application for leachate treatment.

Enhanced sludge dewatering by PDMDAAC coupled with Fenton-like reaction initiated by Fe-rich sludge biochar with in-situ generation of H2O2: Fe/C structure as an electron shuttle

Fenton-like reaction has been used to enhance sludge dewaterability effectively. However, the unstable characteristic, ignitability, and corrosivity of H2O2 make it difficult for application. To address this challenge, a novel process of in-situ H2O2 generation by Fe-rich sludge biochar under aeration condition combined with poly-diallyldimethylammonium chloride (PDMDAAC) was proposed to enhance sludge dewaterability. Under optimized conditions, the capillary suction time and specific resistance to filterability of the conditioned sludge were reduced significantly compared with raw sludge (54.2 vs. 351 s, 0.249×1013 vs. 2.68×1013 m/kg, respectively). The carbon skeleton in Fe-rich sludge biochar can reduce the charge transfer impedance between Fe and O2, promoting in-situ generation of H2O2. The degradation of hydrophilic organics in extracellular polymeric substances of sludge floc and the PDMDAAC coagulation effect promoted the release of bound water. This study provides a strategy to enhance sludge dewaterability by Fenton-like reaction initiated by Fe-rich biochar with no H2O2 addition.

Dust Enrichment and Grain Growth in a Smooth Disk around the DG Tau Protostar Revealed by ALMA Triple Bands Frequency Observations

Characterizing the physical properties of dust grains in a protoplanetary disk is critical to comprehending the planet formation process. Our study presents Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) high-resolution observations of the young protoplanetary disk around DG Tau at a 1.3 mm dust continuum. The observations, with a spatial resolution of ≈0.″04, or ≈5 au, revealed a geometrically thin and smooth disk without substantial substructures, suggesting that the disk retains the initial conditions of the planet formation. To further analyze the distributions of dust surface density, temperature, and grain size, we conducted a multiband analysis with several dust models, incorporating ALMA archival data of the 0.87 and 3.1 mm dust polarization. The results showed that the Toomre Q parameter is ≲2 at a 20 au radius, assuming a dust-to-gas mass ratio of 0.01. This implies that a higher dust-to-gas mass ratio is necessary to stabilize the disk. The grain sizes depend on the dust models, and for the DSHARP compact dust, they were found to be smaller than ∼400 μm in the inner region (r ≲ 20 au) while exceeding larger than 3 mm in the outer part. Radiative transfer calculations show that the dust scale height is lower than at least one-third of the gas scale height. These distributions of dust enrichment, grain sizes, and weak turbulence strength may have significant implications for the formation of planetesimals through mechanisms such as streaming instability. We also discuss the CO snowline effect and collisional fragmentation in dust coagulation for the origin of the dust size distribution.

Effect of Laparoscopic Suturing versus Bipolar Coagulation on Ovarian Reserve in Patients Undergoing Endometriotic Ovarian Cystectomy. A Randomized Controlled Trial

Background Women enter menarche with approximately 500000 primordial follicles, which slowly drop in number throughout their reproductive lifetimes. Aim of the Work to determine which hemostatic procedure (hemostatic suture or electrocautery) may be less harmful after laparoscopic cystectomy, based on the status of the ovarian reserve. Patients and Methods The study was conducted at Ain Shams University Maternity Hospital, Obstetric and Gynecology Department, Faculty of medicine. The study population comprised females in childbearing period undergone laparoscopic endometriotic ovarian cystectomy at Ain Shams University Maternity Hospital, Obstetric and Gynecology Department, Faculty of medicine. Results There was no statistically significant difference found between the two studied groups regarding AMH, AFC and FSH preoperative with p-value = 0.188, 0.533 and 0.812 respectively. While there was statistically significant increase in AMH and AFC in suturing group than cautery group postoperative with p-value < 0.001 and 0.005 respectively and also statistically significant decrease in FSH in suturing group than cautery group postoperative with p-value 0.004. Results of this study showed that there was statistically significant increase in the percentage of change of FSH in cautery group (61.59 ± 39.29) than suturing group (23.46 ± 17.87) with p-value < 0.001 while there was statistically significant lower rate of change in AFC and AMH in suturing group than cautery group with p-value = 0.001 and < 0.001 respectively. Conclusion laparoscopic cystectomy reduces the ovarian reserve, which is more affected by hemostatic electrocoagulation than hemostatic sutures.

Effects of coagulants on peptide profiles and ACE-inhibitory activity in ultrafiltered white (Beyaz) cheese

The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of two different enzymes, one derived from microbial sources and the other from animal sources, on the peptide profile with low molecular weight (<3 kDa) and ACE-inhibitory activity of White (Beyaz) cheese produced from ultrafiltered (UF) milk. The control group's cheeses were produced using pasteurized milk. Throughout the 90-day ripening period, the coagulating enzyme demonstrated no significant effects on the dry matter and protein values (p > 0.05). The protein content of < 3 kDa peptide extracts changed ripening, with no statistically significant effects attributed to the enzyme variation (p > 0.05). ACE inhibition increased in all cheeses by the end of the ripening process (p < 0.05). The ACE-inhibitory activity of < 3 kDa peptide extracts obtained from the UF White cheese produced using the microbial enzyme exhibited an increase corresponding to the observed increase in the total area of RP-HPLC peaks. The LC-MS/MS analysis revealed that the animal-sourced control group yielded the highest number of β-casein and αS1-casein peptides. Many < 3 kDa peptides described in the present possessed proline and positively charged amino acids at their C-terminal, contributing to ACE inhibition.

Low-density granulocytes display immature cells with enhanced NET formation in people living with HIV

While the protective role of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) in limiting human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) spread to susceptible cells has been documented, there is comparatively little insight into whether NET formation is harmful in people living with HIV (PLWH). To gain insight into neutrophil dysregulation and the pathological role of NETs in HIV, we examined expressions of NET-associated markers [cell-free DNA (cfDNA) and citrullinated histone H3 (CitH3)] in the plasmas from a cohort of the Hawaii Aging with HIV-cardiovascular and HIV-seronegative (HIV−) individuals. In a subset of participants, circulating low-density granulocyte (LDG) levels and their maturation and activation status were analyzed via flow cytometry. We demonstrated higher plasma levels of CitH3 in PLWH compared to HIV- individuals. LDGs from PLWH had heightened CD66b, but reduced CD16 expression. The percentages and counts of CD10+ LDGs were significantly decreased in PLWH. In addition, the CD16Lo LDG subsets were enriched in PLWH, compared to HIV− group, indicating that immature LDGs are increased in PLWH. Moreover, LDGs from PLWH exhibited significantly higher NET forming capacity. In summary, our study presents evidence that LDGs from PLWH on ART display an immature and altered phenotype with increased NET formation. Among PLWH, plasma NET levels as well as LDG parameters correlated with blood markers for inflammation and coagulation, suggesting that neutrophil activation and NETs may exert proinflammatory and coagulation effects. Our data provide insights into the pathologic role of LDGs at least in part mediated through NET formation in PLWH.

Algae removal characteristics of the ultrasonic radiation enhanced drinking water treatment process

Algal blooms have become a critical environmental problem and affect the water quality of drinking water treatment plants. This study investigated the effects of different ultrasonic methods on Microcystis aeruginosa and enhanced drinking water treatment processes. Results showed that the removal rate of algae cells increased with the extension of time and the removal effect of static ultrasound was better than that of dynamic ultrasound. However, the release of algae organics and algae toxins was less in dynamic ultrasound radiation. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) analyses showed that ultrasonic radiation destroyed parts of the cell structure but not the integrity of the algae cells' membrane and wall. The coagulation experiment found that short-time ultrasonic radiation can promote the coagulation effect and improve the removal efficiency of algae cells and organics. The 740 kHz ultrasonic enhanced water purification process significantly improves the removal efficiency of algae cells in the sedimentation tank, reduces the treatment pressure of the filter, and releases less algae cell substances, reducing the risk of disinfection by-products generation. This study provides a reference for the application of ultrasound in water purification technology and is of great significance in ensuring water quality safety.

Kaempferol from Moringa oleifera demonstrated potent antivenom activities via inhibition of metalloproteinase and attenuation of Bitis arietans venom–induced toxicities

Bitis arietans venom (BAV) can induce severe pathophysiological disorders after envenoming. However, studies have shown that the Moringa oleifera fraction is effective against BAV toxicities and contains bioactive compounds with significant antivenom potency. This research aimed to identify the main active antivenom compound in the M. oleifera fraction responsible for neutralizing the toxicities induced by BAV. The compounds identified from M. oleifera fraction were docked in silico against the catalytic site of the Snake Venom Metalloproteinase (SVMP) to determine the lead inhibitor compound. The antivenom potency of the lead inhibitor compound was tested against BAV toxicities and metalloproteinase isolated from BAV using in vitro and in vivo methods, while EchiTab-Plus polyvalent antivenom served as a standard drug. The in silico prediction revealed kaempferol as the lead inhibitor compound with a docking score of −7.0 kcal/mol. Kaempferol effectively inhibited metalloproteinase activity at 0.2 mg/ml, compared to antivenom (0.4 mg/ml) and demonstrated significant antihaemorrhagic, antihaemolytic and coagulant effects against BAV activities. Furthermore, kaempferol showed a significant dose-dependent effect on altered haematological indices observed in rats challenged with LD50 of BAV. Envenomed rats also showed an increase in oxidative stress biomarkers and antioxidant enzyme activity in the heart and kidney. However, treatment with kaempferol significantly (P < 0.05) decreased malondialdehyde levels and SOD activity with concomitant enhancement of glutathione levels. Severe histopathological defects noticed in the organ tissues of envenomed rats were ameliorated after kaempferol treatment. Kaempferol is identified as the main active antivenom compound in M. oleifera, and this research highlights the potential of the compound as an effective alternative to snakebite treatment.

Hydrophobic aerogel-modified hemostatic gauze with thermal management performance.

Current hemostatic agents or dressings are not efficient under extremely hot and cold environments due to deterioration of active ingredients, water evaporation and ice crystal growth. To address these challenges, we engineered a biocompatible hemostatic system with thermoregulatory properties for harsh conditions by combining the asymmetric wetting nano-silica aerogel coated-gauze (AWNSA@G) with a layer-by-layer (LBL) structure. Our AWNSA@G was a dressing with a tunable wettability prepared by spraying the hydrophobic nano-silica aerogel onto the gauze from different distances. The hemostatic time and blood loss of the AWNSA@G were 5.1 and 6.9 times lower than normal gauze in rat's injured femoral artery model. Moreover, the modified gauze was torn off after hemostasis without rebleeding, approximately 23.8 times of peak peeling force lower than normal gauze. For the LBL structure, consisting of the nano-silica aerogel layer and a n-octadecane phase change material layer, in both hot (70°C) and cold (-27°C) environments, exhibited dual-functional thermal management and maintained a stable internal temperature. We further verified our composite presented superior blood coagulation effect in extreme environments due to the LBL structure, the pro-coagulant properties of nano-silica aerogel and unidirectional fluid pumping of AWNSA@G. Our work, therefore, shows great hemostasis potential under normal and extreme temperature environments.

Combination of advanced coagulation Fe(VI) and UF membrane to effectively remove organic compounds and mitigate biofouling during harmful algal blooms

The effect of different coagulants on the performance of UF membranes to treat seawater containing algal blooms was investigated. The results highlight that using advanced coagulant ferrate (Fe(VI)) in the process prior to the UF process enhanced the membrane permeability and substantially reduced biofouling. Removal of UF process was enhanced with the use of ferrate and removal efficiency of 99 %, 71 %, 98 %, 99 %, and 100 % for turbidity, TOC, ATP, bacteria, and TEP, respectively was achieved. In addition, the treated feed with ferrate led to a thinner fouling layer on the UF membrane surface compared to the layer that was formed with the use of ferric chloride which was thicker and denser. High water flux with a value of 831.0 ± 27 L.m−2.h−1.bar−1 was obtained when algal-laden seawater was treated with the advanced coagulant before the UF process, compared to the value of 602 ± 11 L.m−2.h−1.bar−1when a traditional coagulant was used. Indeed, use of the advanced coagulant ferrate in a hybrid coagulation/UF process could be a promising system to substantially enhance seawater quality, decrease operational cost, and increase the membrane life-expectancy.

Coagulation effect of polyaluminum-titanium chloride coagulant and the effect of floc aging in fluoride removal: A mechanism analysis

Excessive discharge of fluoride can lead to environmental pollution and human hazards. Coagulation is a widely used process for the removal of fluoride. Existing research on the interaction between coagulants and fluoride has primarily concentrated on the removal of fluoride and the selection of coagulants, while studies on floc aging are lacking. Understanding the aging process of flocs can provide valuable insights into the mechanisms of interaction between coagulants and fluoride and further provide guidance for coagulation as well as sludge return processes. This study compares the fluoride removal efficiencies of two coagulants: polyaluminum-titanium chloride (PATC) and polyaluminum chloride (PACl), and examines the change patterns of fluoride ion during aging (0–120 h). Additionally, the study characterizes the impact of Ti or Al-Ti on the aging process using FTIR, XPS, XRD, and ESI-TOF-MS analyses. The results of the study demonstrate that the fluoride removal efficiency of PATC is 20.2% higher than that of PACl at a dosage of 0.8 mmol/L. The introduction of titanium provides additional binding sites for F−, resulting in a more intricate floc structure. Moreover, titanium promotes the hydrolytic polymerization of aluminum, increasing its positive charge and making it more attractive to F−. Upon the complete precipitation of the flocs, F− in the supernatant of PATC (0–6 h) and PACl (6–72 h) competes with -OH for binding sites, while F− attacks the Al-O or Al-O-Ti bond, leading to the disruption of the polymer. As time progresses, PATC flocs (6–120 h) are less affected by aging than PACl flocs (72–120 h). Throughout the aging process, PATC releases less F− at a slower rate, presumably because the introduction of titanium inhibited the dehydration and crystallization of the flocs to delay the release of F−.

Polydopamine-Coated Polycaprolactone Electrospun Nanofiber Membrane Loaded with Thrombin for Wound Hemostasis.

Hemorrhagic shock is the primary cause of death in patients with severe trauma, and the development of rapid and efficient hemostatic methods is of great significance in saving the lives of trauma patients. In this study, a polycaprolactone (PCL) nanofiber membrane was prepared by electrospinning. A PCL-PDA loading system was developed by modifying the surface of polydopamine (PDA), using inspiration from mussel adhesion protein, and the efficient and stable loading of thrombin (TB) was realized to ensure the bioactivity of TB. The new thrombin loading system overcomes the disadvantages of harsh storage conditions, poor strength, and ease of falling off, and it can use thrombin to start a rapid coagulation cascade reaction, which has the characteristics of fast hemostasis, good biocompatibility, high safety, and a wide range of hemostasis. The physicochemical properties and biocompatibility of the PCL-PDA-TB membrane were verified by scanning electron microscopy, the cell proliferation test, the cell adhesion test, and the extract cytotoxicity test. Red blood cell adhesion, platelet adhesion, dynamic coagulation time, and animal models all verified the coagulation effect of the PCL-PDA-TB membrane. Therefore, the PCL-PDA-TB membrane has great potential in wound hemostasis applications, and should be widely used in various traumatic hemostatic scenarios.

Multifunctional Sodium Hyaluronate/Chitosan Foam Used as an Absorbable Hemostatic Material.

Absorbable hemostatic materials have great potential in clinical hemostasis. However, their single coagulation mechanism, long degradation cycles, and limited functionality mean that they have restricted applications. Here, we prepared a sodium hyaluronate/carboxymethyl chitosan absorbable hemostatic foam (SHCF) by combining high-molecular-weight polysaccharide sodium hyaluronate with carboxymethyl chitosan via hydrogen bonding. SHCFs have rapid liquid absorption performance and can enrich blood cells. They transform into a gel when it they come into contact with blood, and are more easily degraded in this state. Meanwhile, SHCFs have multiple coagulation effects and promote hemostasis. In a rabbit liver bleeding model, SHCFs reduced the hemostatic time by 85% and blood loss by 80%. In three severe and complex bleeding models of porcine liver injury, uterine wall injury, and bone injury, bleeding was well-controlled and anti-tissue adhesion effects were observed. In addition, degradation metabolism studies show that SHCFs are 93% degraded within one day and almost completely metabolized within three weeks. The absorbable hemostatic foam developed in this study is multifunctional; with rapid hemostasis, anti-adhesion, and rapid degradation properties, it has great clinical potential for in vivo hemostasis.

Polysaccharide-based (kappa carrageenan/carboxymethyl chitosan) nanofibrous membrane loaded with antifibrinolytic drug for rapid hemostasis- in vitro and in vivo evaluation

This work aimed to establish a novel membrane consisting of hemostatic polysaccharides, kappa-carrageenan (KC), and carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC) in tandem with polyvinyl alcohol that spun together as a matrix and loaded with tranexamic acid (TXA) as antifibrinolytic agent for further coagulation effect during and after oral surgeries. The electrospinning of KC was done for the first time and in comparison of CMC has better hemostatic efficacy. The effect of the hemostat was investigated by its surface morphology (SEM), FTIR/ATR analysis, swelling behavior in both PBS and blood, hydrophilicity, porosity, mechanical properties, and cumulative release rate. The effect of materials and the drug concentration ratio were considered. The effect of acetic acid percent in aqueous solutions of CMC/PVA and KC/PVA on morphology was investigated. The cell culture assay showed that all membranes interacted well (98 %) with fibroblast cells attached and grown on the fabricated substrate. Furthermore, the membranes are evaluated by clotting time, whole blood clotting, hemocompatibility, and platelet and RBC adhesion tests. Also, the hemostatic performance of the membrane was analyzed in vivo, using the tail and liver bleeding model in rats.Therefore, TXA loading into CMC and KC dressing could be an attractive hemostatic system for various clinical applications.

Reprogramming the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment: exploiting angiogenesis and thrombosis to enhance immunotherapy.

This review focuses on the immunosuppressive effects of tumor angiogenesis and coagulation on the tumor microenvironment (TME). We summarize previous research efforts leveraging these observations and targeting these processes to enhance immunotherapy outcomes. Clinical trials have documented improved outcomes when combining anti-angiogenic agents and immunotherapy. However, their overall survival benefit over conventional therapy remains limited and certain tumors exhibit poor response to anti-angiogenic therapy. Additionally, whilst preclinical studies have shown several components of the tumor coagulome to curb effective anti-tumor immune responses, the clinical studies reporting combinations of anticoagulants with immunotherapies have demonstrated variable treatment outcomes. By reviewing the current state of the literature on this topic, we address the key questions and future directions in the field, the answers of which are crucial for developing effective strategies to reprogram the TME in order to further the field of cancer immunotherapy.

A Study on Recyclability of AlSi7Mg0.3 Machining Waste

Aluminium products are widely used in the automotive industry. One of the important aluminium products in the automotive is wheel production. Turkish wheel production is expected to reach 360000 tons in 2025. The wheels are produced by Low-Pressure Die Casting at the first stage and the machining process in CNC machines is used to create the final form. A significant amount of machining waste (swarf, turnings, and chips) is created during the machining and the importance of secondary aluminium has been increasing due to environmental and economic concerns. This study focuses on the recycling of AlSi7Mg0.3 cast alloy machining waste. The turnings were sorted into two size fractions and remelted separately under a salt flux in a resistance heating furnace. Two different salt mixtures with different melting points and different salt factors were studied in this work. Metal yield and coagulation yield after remelting were discussed.

Effect of presowing treatments and growth regulators on the propagation of Strychnos potatorum L.F. – cleaning nut tree.

Strychnos potatorum L.F. (family Loganiaceae) is a medium-sized tree, which have high demand in traditional medicine to cure the variety of diseases such as jaundice, bronchitis, diabetes, and their coagulant effect is frequently utilized to clean dirty water. Seed exhibits physiological and morphological dormancy. In order to break their seed dormancy, various pre-sowing treatments were performed. The seeds were subjected to nine treatments which includes GA3 (100 ppm, 500 ppm, 1000 ppm, 1200 ppm, 1500 ppm), H2SO4 (5, 10 min) and cold stratification in three replications. Various parameters like germination and survival percentage, germination energy, germination period, root length, shoot length, number of leaves, collar diameter, dry weight of shoot and root, shoot: root for seedlings were studied. Highest germination percentage, germination energy, germination period, shoot length, root length, number of leaves, collar diameter were observed in the seeds of Strychnos potatorum when the seeds are treated with GA3 of 1000 ppm for 24 h while dry weight of shoot and root and shoot: root ratio was maximum with GA3 of 1200 ppm for 24 hrs treatment.