Polysaccharide-based (kappa carrageenan/carboxymethyl chitosan) nanofibrous membrane loaded with antifibrinolytic drug for rapid hemostasis- in vitro and in vivo evaluation

Abstract

This work aimed to establish a novel membrane consisting of hemostatic polysaccharides, kappa-carrageenan (KC), and carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC) in tandem with polyvinyl alcohol that spun together as a matrix and loaded with tranexamic acid (TXA) as antifibrinolytic agent for further coagulation effect during and after oral surgeries. The electrospinning of KC was done for the first time and in comparison of CMC has better hemostatic efficacy. The effect of the hemostat was investigated by its surface morphology (SEM), FTIR/ATR analysis, swelling behavior in both PBS and blood, hydrophilicity, porosity, mechanical properties, and cumulative release rate. The effect of materials and the drug concentration ratio were considered. The effect of acetic acid percent in aqueous solutions of CMC/PVA and KC/PVA on morphology was investigated. The cell culture assay showed that all membranes interacted well (98 %) with fibroblast cells attached and grown on the fabricated substrate. Furthermore, the membranes are evaluated by clotting time, whole blood clotting, hemocompatibility, and platelet and RBC adhesion tests. Also, the hemostatic performance of the membrane was analyzed in vivo, using the tail and liver bleeding model in rats.Therefore, TXA loading into CMC and KC dressing could be an attractive hemostatic system for various clinical applications.