Effect Of Bias Research Articles

The magnetic characteristics of spinel-type MnCo2O4 at low temperatures

We report the magnetic properties of spinel oxide MnCo2O4 at low temperatures which is prepared through the sol-gel reaction process. The XPS results suggest that Mn3+ atoms exist in the octahedral sublattice originally occupied by Co3+ atoms. Afterwards, the AC susceptibility was measured at various frequencies, confirming a spin glass behavior at low temperatures. Additionally, analysis of the hysteresis loops revealed the presence of the exchange bias effect in our sample. The coexistence of spin glass behavior and the exchange bias effect in MnCo2O4 is attributed to the competition between ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic interaction. The disorders of magnetic atoms in the lattice will also provide synergy for these magnetic behaviors.

Confirmation Bias Effects on Healthcare & Patients: A Literature Review

Confirmation Bias Effects on Healthcare & Patients: A Literature Review

Effect of Patriarchal Biases on Female Financial Literacy in Rural India: A Review

Effect of Patriarchal Biases on Female Financial Literacy in Rural India: A Review

The impact of allocation bias on test decisions in clinical trials with multiple endpoints using multiple testing strategies

BackgroundConsidering multiple endpoints in clinical trials provide a more comprehensive understanding of treatment effects and may lead to increased power or reduced sample size, which may be beneficial in rare diseases. Besides the small sample sizes, allocation bias is an issue that affects the validity of these trials. We investigate the impact of allocation bias on testing decisions in clinical trials with multiple endpoints and offer a tool for selecting an appropriate randomization procedure (RP).MethodsWe derive a model for quantifying the effect of allocation bias depending on the RP in the case of two-arm parallel group trials with continuous multiple endpoints. We focus on two approaches to analyze multiple endpoints, either the Šidák procedure to show efficacy in at least one endpoint and the all-or-none procedure to show efficacy in all endpoints.ResultsTo evaluate the impact of allocation bias on the test decision we propose a biasing policy for multiple endpoints. The impact of allocation on the test decision is measured by the family-wise error rate of the Šidák procedure and the type I error rate of the all-or-none procedure. Using the biasing policy we derive formulas to calculate these error rates. In simulations we show that, for the Šidák procedure as well as for the all-or-none procedure, allocation bias leads to inflation of the mean family-wise error and mean type I error, respectively. The strength of this inflation is affected by the choice of the RP.ConclusionAllocation bias should be considered during the design phase of a trial to increase validity. The developed methodology is useful for selecting an appropriate RP for a clinical trial with multiple endpoints to minimize allocation bias effects.

Investor Sentiment and Corporate Governance: The Role of Behavioral Biases in Stock Price Volatility and Managerial Decisions

Behavioural biases influence investor sentiment and behaviour, which in turn influence stock returns, stock price volatility and corporate governance structures. This paper focuses on the role of three common behavioural biases (overconfidence, herding and loss aversion) on investor behaviour, and how these biases drive inefficiencies in financial markets. Using worldwide market data from 1970 to 2019 and focusing on key events such as the 2008 financial crisis and the dot-com bubble, we investigate how these behavioural biases cause market volatility. This analysis further reinforces the importance of strong corporate governance structures such as independent boards, executive pay structures and risk management protocols that help reduce the impact of investor sentiment. The role of speculative bubbles, market overreaction and volatility clustering is also examined further, and corporate governance mechanisms are proposed to help mitigate the effects of behavioural biases on stock prices. The findings demonstrate the importance of adopting long-term corporate goals, transparency and strategies to help better manage market sentiment and safeguard shareholder value.

Beyond the balance sheet: Assessing corporate governance through the Lens of debtholders

This study investigates the relationships between economic uncertainty (EU), corporate governance (CG), and the cost of debt (COD). Using an index-based measure of CG, this study investigates how CG influences debtholders' perspectives during periods of EU. The study utilizes a dataset of nonfinancial firms listed in European countries from 2013 to 2021. We find that EU and COD are positively associated, indicating that EU increases the COD of European firms. Second, while CG has an insignificant direct impact on COD, it has a significant negative moderating impact on the relationship between EU and COD, suggesting that although a strong CG mechanism does not have any significant direct impact on COD, it has the potential to reduce the uncertainty-induced COD of European firms. The results remain consistent with alternative proxies of COD and CG, as well as before and after the COVID-19 period. The results for CG subindices suggest that shareholder rights and compensation serve as reliable indicators for debtholders during periods of EU, while audit quality and board structure do not play any significant role in reducing uncertainty-induced COD. Our findings emphasize the key role that effective CG plays in mitigating EU's adverse effects on COD. Our results are robust to endogeneity issues such as reverse causality, selection bias, and time and industry effects.

The current state of affairs in infidelity research: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of romantic infidelity prevalence and its moderators

AbstractIn this systematic review and meta‐analysis, researchers' operationalizations of romantic infidelity and the techniques that they employed to measure it were surveyed along with the demographic characteristics of their respondent samples. A meta‐analytic synthesis of infidelity prevalence estimates and their moderators is provided. The APA PsycINFO, PubMed, ISI Web of Science, and ERIC databases were searched for peer‐reviewed, English‐language studies reporting infidelity prevalence rates that were published as of September 2022. Weighted aggregate estimates of different forms of infidelity were calculated and the moderating effects of certain methodological variables on these estimates were examined. Study‐level risk of bias was assessed using the Appraisal tool for Cross‐Sectional Studies (AXIS). A total of 305 studies met the inclusion criteria, with an aggregate sample size of 508,241 respondents across 47 countries. Multiple forms of infidelity were identified, with sexual infidelity receiving the most research attention and many studies lacking clear infidelity operationalization. Anonymous data collection and convenience sampling were found to result in greater report of sexual, but not emotional, infidelity. The findings indicate that nonsexual forms of infidelity remain underexplored. Additionally, operational ambiguity and sample demographic homogeneity are widespread in the existing infidelity research literature. Research practices in this field raise concern regarding the effects of impression management, self‐selection, and response biases.

Exploring the influence of pH on structural and magnetic properties of lead-free double perovskite, La2CoFeO6 nanoparticles

Lead free perovskite is at the center of the present study due to its multifunctional properties. In the present work, pH (0–5) of the solution during the synthesis of La2CoFeO6 (LCFO) nanoparticles has been varied to study its impact on structural and magnetic properties. X-ray diffraction(XRD) pattern confirms the formation of LCFO nanoparticle with pH variation. Rietveld refinement of the XRD patterns indicates that the LCFO is formed in mixed phase of orthorhombic and rhombohedral structure. The percentage contribution of orthorhombic phase decreases with an increase in the pH value. Morphological studies show the increment in the particle size with pH value (from ∼16 nm to ∼32 nm). Structural and morphological investigations indicate that LCFO prepared at pH 0 are highly agglomerated and may have some amorphous phases. Magnetization curves indicate the ferromagnetic response for the LCFO nanoparticles at pH-0. The maximum magnetization (M S ) is found to decrease whereas coercivity (H C ) increases with the increase in pH value. This could be attributed to the structural changes incorporated and presence of anti-site disorder due to the variation of pH. A large exchange bias effect has also been noticed at 60 K for all the LCFO samples.

Calibration Method for Relativistic Navigation System Using Parallel Q-Learning Extended Kalman Filter.

For the relativistic navigation system where the position and velocity of the spacecraft are determined through the observation of the relativistic perturbations including stellar aberration and starlight gravitational deflection, a novel parallel Q-learning extended Kalman filter (PQEKF) is presented to implement the measurement bias calibration. The relativistic perturbations are extracted from the inter-star angle measurement achieved with a group of high-accuracy star sensors on the spacecraft. Inter-star angle measurement bias caused by the misalignment of the star sensors is one of the main error sources in the relativistic navigation system. In order to suppress the unfavorable effect of measurement bias on navigation performance, the PQEKF is developed to estimate the position and velocity, together with the calibration parameters, where the Q-learning approach is adopted to fine tune the process noise covariance matrix of the filter automatically. The high performance of the presented method is illustrated via numerical simulations in the scenario of medium Earth orbit (MEO) satellite navigation. The simulation results show that, for the considered MEO satellite and the presented PQEKF algorithm, in the case that the inter-star angle measurement accuracy is about 1 mas, after calibration, the positioning accuracy of the relativistic navigation system is less than 300 m.

Effect of Substrate Bias on the Structure and Tribological Performance of (AlTiVCrNb)CxNy Coatings Deposited via Graphite Co-Sputtering

In the existing literature, there are few studies on the effect of deposition bias on the tribological properties of carbon-doped high-entropy alloy coatings. In order to further study the effect of the deposition bias on the properties of coatings, (AlTiVCrNb)CxNy coatings were deposited via unbalanced RF magnetron sputtering. The microstructure and tribological properties of carbon-doped high-entropy alloy ceramic coatings under different deposition biases were studied. The composition, morphology, crystal structure, and chemical morphology of each element of the coating were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The hardness, elastic modulus, friction, and wear properties of the coating were further characterized using a nanoindentation instrument, reciprocating sliding friction, a wear tester, and a white light interferometer. The coating density reached the optimal level when the deposition bias value was 90 V. The hardness and elastic modulus of the (AlTiVCrNb)CxNy coating increased first and then decreased with an increase in deposition bias, and the maximum hardness was 23.98 GPa. When the deposition bias was 90 V, the coating formed a good-quality carbon transfer film on the surface of the counterbody due to sp2 clusters during the friction and wear process. The average friction coefficient and wear rate of the (AlTiVCrNb)CxNy coating were the lowest, 0.185 and 1.6 × 10−7 mm3/N·m, respectively. The microstructure, mechanical properties, and tribological performance of the (AlTiVCrNb)CxNy coating were greatly affected by the change in deposition bias, and an (AlTiVCrNb)CxNy coating with excellent structure and friction properties could be prepared using graphite co-sputtering.

Design of CMOS Based LC-Voltage Control Oscillator Using Substrate Bias Effect and Current Mirror Technique

Design of CMOS Based LC-Voltage Control Oscillator Using Substrate Bias Effect and Current Mirror Technique

Understanding Behavioural Biases Driving Equity Investors in India: A Factor Analysis Approach

In the dynamic realm of equity investment decisions, this study challenges the traditional assumption of investor impartiality and rationality, arguing that investors’ choices are often shaped more by beliefs and psychological inclinations than by objective reasoning alone. Drawing from behavioural finance theory, which contests the adequacy of the standard finance model in capturing the nuances of decision-making, this research delves into the psychological forces influencing private investors. Recognizing the prevalent biases coloring their decisions, the study investigates common prejudices impacting investor choices. Leveraging survey data from 375 equity investors, the research employs exploratory factor analysis and regression models to disentangle the effects of cognitive biases, such as the gambler’s fallacy, overconfidence, aversion to ambiguity, lack of representativeness, aversion to loss, and anchoring. The findings challenge the assumption of investor rationality, offering valuable insights into the complexities of financial decision-making. Notably, the study underscores a robust and positive association between these biases and equity investment decisions, shedding light on the intricate interplay between psychological factors and investment behaviour.

Response is increased using postal rather than electronic questionnaires – new results from an updated Cochrane Systematic Review

BackgroundA decade ago paper questionnaires were more common in epidemiology than those administered online, but increasing Internet access may have changed this. Researchers planning to use a self-administered questionnaire should know whether response rates to questionnaires administered electronically differ to those of questionnaires administered by post. We analysed trials included in a recently updated Cochrane Review to answer this question.MethodsWe exported data of randomised controlled trials included in three comparisons in the Cochrane Review that had evaluated hypotheses relevant to our research objective and imported them into Stata for a series of meta-analyses not conducted in the Cochrane review. We pooled odds ratios for response using random effects meta-analyses. We explored causes of heterogeneity among study results using subgroups. We assessed evidence for reporting bias using Harbord’s modified test for small-study effects.ResultsTwenty-seven trials (66,118 participants) evaluated the effect on response of an electronic questionnaire compared with postal. Results were heterogeneous (I-squared = 98%). There was evidence for biased (greater) effect estimates in studies at high risk of bias; A synthesis of studies at low risk of bias indicates that response was increased (OR = 1.43; 95% CI 1.08–1.89) using postal questionnaires. Ten trials (39,523 participants) evaluated the effect of providing a choice of mode (postal or electronic) compared to an electronic questionnaire only. Response was increased with a choice of mode (OR = 1.63; 95% CI 1.18–2.26). Eight trials (20,909 participants) evaluated the effect of a choice of mode (electronic or postal) compared to a postal questionnaire only. There was no evidence for an effect on response of a choice of mode compared with postal only (OR = 0.94; 95% CI 0.86–1.02).ConclusionsPostal questionnaires should be used in preference to, or offered in addition to, electronic modes.

Effect of Behavioural Biases on Investment Decisions of Individual Investors in India

The current study "effect of behavioural biases on investment decisions of individual investors in India" aims to uncover and quantify the influence of behavioural biases on individual investors' investment decisions. The study's goal is to examine the influence of behavioural biases on individual investors' investing decisions. It is discovered that five components are formed from the thirteen items as a consequence of heuristics factor analysis, namely Availability, Representativeness, Overconfidence, Anchoring, and Gambler's Fallacy. The prospective factor analysis also reveals that three components are retrieved and loaded from the eleven items, namely Loss Aversion, Regret Aversion, and Mental Accounting. According to the findings of this study, behavioural biases affect individual investors while making investment decisions in the Indian securities market. Investor behaviour in making investment decisions is influenced to a larger extent by availability, representativeness, overconfidence, anchoring, and loss aversion. To be successful, an investor must first understand his or her own investment behaviour, which begins with recognising and avoiding behavioural biases from their own experiences, followed by setting realistic and achievable goals through a diversifiable portfolio, and taking into account all financial market mechanisms.

The causal effect of skin color bias in online dating

Despite the expansive literature on U.S. ethnoracial relations, issues such as reliance on observational data and inconsistent measures of skin color limit the research on skin color stratification and cross-ethnoracial relationships. These issues hinder researchers’ capacity to disentangle the causal effect of colorism in perpetuating discrepancies within intergroup relationships, specifically within the context of online dating, a popular form of modern dating. In May–June 2021, I fielded a survey experiment that features online dating profiles of Black daters in which skin tone is the treatment. While the multivariate analyses show no statistically significant differences between light- and medium-toned daters, profiles featuring dark-skinned daters consistently receive a penalty in comparison to profiles of light- and medium-skinned people. The results suggest that colorism can have a direct impact on how dark-skinned Black people navigate their romantic lives, independent of other influential factors (e.g., socioeconomic status, social networks, etc.).

Multi-Fidelity Modelling of the Effect of Combustor Traverse on High-Pressure Turbine Temperatures

As turbine entry temperatures of modern jet engines continue to increase, additional thermal stresses are introduced onto the high-pressure turbine rotors, which are already burdened by substantial levels of centrifugal and gas loads. Usually, for modern turbofan engines, the temperature distribution upstream of the high-pressure stator is characterized by a series of high-temperature regions, determined by the circumferential arrangement of the combustor burners. The position of these high-temperature regions, both radially and circumferentially in relation to the high-pressure stator arrangement, can have a strong impact on their subsequent migration through the high-pressure stage. Therefore, for a given amount of thermal power entering the turbine, a significant reduction in maximum rotor temperatures can be achieved by adjusting the inlet temperature distribution. This paper is aimed at mitigating the maximum surface temperatures on a high-pressure turbine rotor from a modern commercial turbofan engine by conducting a parametric analysis and optimization of the inlet temperature field. The parameters considered for this study are the circumferential position of the high-temperature spots, and the overall bias of the temperature distribution in the radial direction. High-fidelity unsteady (phase-lag) and conjugate heat transfer simulations are performed to evaluate the effects of inlet clocking and radial bias on rotor metal temperatures. The optimized inlet distribution achieved a 100 K reduction in peak high-pressure rotor temperatures and 7.5% lower peak temperatures on the high-pressure stator vanes. Furthermore, the optimized temperature distribution is also characterized by a significantly more uniform heat load allocation on the stator vanes, when compared to the baseline one.

Directional nature of technological progress in the petrochemical industry prompting energy marginal substitution

Technological progress does not uniformly benefit all industries or factors' productivity levels. The energy productivity and labour employment situation in the Chinese petrochemical industry have not witnessed substantial improvements in the last decade. The literature has overlooked the importance of recognizing the directional nature of technological progress, which could enable a more strategic approach to economic development, resource allocation, and policy formulation. This study, guided by the core principles of endogenous economic growth theory, aims to uncover the influencing mechanisms and effects of technological progress bias on energy and employment by extending a theoretical model to account for energy, capital, and labour factors. The results reveal: (1) From 2000 to 2021, the relationship between labour, capital, and energy factors in the Chinese petrochemical industry has been predominantly complementary, with technological progress favouring labour-augmenting that is increasing labour productivity; (2) The gross complementarity of production factors leads to labour-augmenting technological progress, ultimately biased towards energy and capital factors; (3) Energy-capital-biased technological progress encourages producers to invest more energy and capital to substitute for labour factors, leading to a limited improvement in energy productivity and a consistent decline in labour employment since 2011. This study further corroborates that without government intervention, it would lead to improper factor allocation in the industry, resulting in market failure. Finally, corresponding policy recommendations are proposed.

Multiple imputation Procedure for Record Linkage and Causal Inference to Estimate the Effects of home-delivered meals

To assess the impact of home-delivered meals programs offered by Meals on Wheels (MOW) a dataset that includes enrollment into MOW and healthcare utilization is required. Because of confidentiality restrictions this data is dispersed over MOW programs internal systems and Medicare claims. In the absence of unique identifying identifiers, MOW beneficiaries are linked to Medicare beneficiaries using probabilistic linking algorithm. However, this procedure may erroneously link individuals across the two datasets, which may result in biased treatment effect estimates and suboptimal interval estimates. We propose a two-stage multiple imputation framework to estimate causal effects when the covariates and outcome information are stored in Medicare claims and the treatment assignment is MOW program data. In the first stage, we create multiple datasets in which MOW beneficiaries are linked to Medicare beneficiaries using a Bayesian record linkage technique. In the second stage, we match Medicare beneficiaries that were not enrolled in MOW programs to those that did. Using these matches we multiply imputed for each MOW beneficiary their unobserved healthcare utilization if they did not receive MOW. This procedure propagates the errors in the linking process and the matching process, and can be used to estimate effects of interventions in other linked datasets when there are no unique identifiers.

Martensitic transformations and magnetic properties of Ni50−xMn37Sn13Fex(x = 0.5, 1, 1.5) melt-spun ribbons

AbstractThe present study investigates the influence of iron (Fe) doping on the martensitic transformation and magnetic properties of Ni50−xMn37Sn13Fex(x = 0.5, 1, 1.5) magnetic shape memory alloys in ribbon form. The ribbons were prepared using arc-melting followed by melt-spinning processes and were characterized using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and vibrating sample magnetometry. Our findings demonstrate that the addition of Fe shifts the martensitic transformation to lower temperatures and increases the Curie point of the austenitic phase, $$T_{c}^{\text A}$$ T c A , leading to an enhanced magnetism in the austenitic phase. Moreover, a significant increase in the magnetization jump $$(\Delta M)$$ ( Δ M ) is observed, from $$ 3.3\;{\text{emu\ g}}^{-1} $$ 3.3 emu\ g - 1 for $$x=1$$ x = 1 to $$17 \, {\text{emu\ g}}^{-1} $$ 17 emu\ g - 1 for $$x=1.5$$ x = 1.5 under a $$50 \, \text {Oe}$$ 50 Oe applied magnetic field. The structural transformations are also found to be sensitive to the external applied magnetic field. The isothermal magnetization curves exhibit the exchange bias effect, which confirms the coexistence of antiferromagnetic and ferromagnetic coupling in the samples. Furthermore, the exchange bias effect increases with the Fe content.

The transport properties and new device design: A case of doped armchair blue phosphorene nanoribbons

We design two p-n nanojunctions based on S- and Si- atoms doped armchair blue phosphorene nanoribbons (aBPNRs) including two semi-infinite electrodes and a scattering region and investigate their electronic and transport properties. Our calculations are based on density functional theory incorporated non-equilibrium Green's function approach. In impure aBPNRs, S/Si atoms substituted doping could greatly enhance the conductivity, and the S/Si doped aBPNRs show metallic properties. Based on the doped aBPNRs, devies D1 and D2 are constructed where the scattering region of D1 is formed by direct expansion of two electrodes, while the scattering region of D2 includes two undoped unit cells as buffer. The transport calculations show that both of D1 and D2 show excellent negative differential resistance (NDR) effect at low bias and significant rectification effects at high bias. Moreover, whether there is buffer in the scattering region has a great influence on the magnitude of current of the devices. Although the current of the device D1 without buffer is generally higher than that of the device D2, the NDR and rectification effects of D2 are better than D1 in terms of peak-to-valley ratio and rectification rate. These transport behaviors can be explained by the evolution of the transmission spectra, frontier molecular orbital and the symmetry matching between the band structures of the electrodes. This indicates that aBPNRs are a promising candidate for the future application of multi-functional electronic devices.