Abstract
BackgroundA decade ago paper questionnaires were more common in epidemiology than those administered online, but increasing Internet access may have changed this. Researchers planning to use a self-administered questionnaire should know whether response rates to questionnaires administered electronically differ to those of questionnaires administered by post. We analysed trials included in a recently updated Cochrane Review to answer this question.MethodsWe exported data of randomised controlled trials included in three comparisons in the Cochrane Review that had evaluated hypotheses relevant to our research objective and imported them into Stata for a series of meta-analyses not conducted in the Cochrane review. We pooled odds ratios for response using random effects meta-analyses. We explored causes of heterogeneity among study results using subgroups. We assessed evidence for reporting bias using Harbord’s modified test for small-study effects.ResultsTwenty-seven trials (66,118 participants) evaluated the effect on response of an electronic questionnaire compared with postal. Results were heterogeneous (I-squared = 98%). There was evidence for biased (greater) effect estimates in studies at high risk of bias; A synthesis of studies at low risk of bias indicates that response was increased (OR = 1.43; 95% CI 1.08–1.89) using postal questionnaires. Ten trials (39,523 participants) evaluated the effect of providing a choice of mode (postal or electronic) compared to an electronic questionnaire only. Response was increased with a choice of mode (OR = 1.63; 95% CI 1.18–2.26). Eight trials (20,909 participants) evaluated the effect of a choice of mode (electronic or postal) compared to a postal questionnaire only. There was no evidence for an effect on response of a choice of mode compared with postal only (OR = 0.94; 95% CI 0.86–1.02).ConclusionsPostal questionnaires should be used in preference to, or offered in addition to, electronic modes.
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