Effects Of Training Research Articles

Can Eccentric-only Resistance Training Decrease Passive Muscle Stiffness while Increasing Size and Strength of Hamstrings?

Resistance training may be empirically believed to increase passive muscle stiffness. Meanwhile, a recent study showed that the passive stiffness of a specific hamstring muscle acutely decreased after eccentric-only resistance exercise at long muscle lengths with a long contraction duration (LL). To extend this finding, the present study investigated the chronic effects of eccentric-only resistance training with LL at different weekly frequencies on the passive stiffness of the biarticular hamstring muscles. Thirty-six healthy young males were assigned into two training groups with two and three weekly sessions (W2 and W3, n = 12, respectively) and a control group (CON, n = 12). The participants in both training groups performed eccentric-only stiff-leg deadlift at 50-100% of exercise range of motion (0% = upright position) with 5 s per repetition for 10 weeks. Before and after the intervention period, the shear moduli of the biarticular hamstring muscles, maximal voluntary isometric torque of knee flexion, and volumes of the individual hamstring muscles were measured. In W3, the shear modulus of the semimembranosus (-11.4%) significantly decreased, whereas those of the other biarticular muscles did not change. There were no significant changes in the shear moduli of the biarticular hamstring muscles in W2 or CON. The isometric torque (20.3 and 26.2%, respectively) and semimembranosus volume (5.7% and 7.4%, respectively) were significantly increased in W2 and W3. Passive stiffness of a specific muscle could be chronically decreased when eccentric-only resistance training with LL is performed at a relatively high weekly frequency with a high total training volume. Our training modality may be a promising strategy for decreasing passive muscle stiffness while increasing muscular strength and size.

Comparative effects of 8-week combined resistance exercise training and alternate-day calorie restriction on soluble epidermal growth factor receptor (sEGFR) and adipsin in obese men

This study investigated the combined effects of resistance exercise training (RET) and alternate-day calorie restriction (ADCR) on body composition, insulin resistance (IR), insulin resistance-related biomarkers (adipokine adipsin and hepatokine soluble EFGR), and weight loss in obese men. The findings revealed that RET + ADCR induced the greatest reductions in body weight, body fat percentage, and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) compared to RET and ADCR alone (p < 0.05). Additionally, RET + ADCR resulted in the most significant improvements in IR, as measured by HOMA-IR, and in circulating levels of adipsin and soluble EFGR (p < 0.05). These findings suggest that combining RET and ADCR may be a more effective strategy for improving metabolic health, including body composition, IR, and metabolic tissues’ functions, in obese men than either intervention alone.

Effects of high-intensity interval training on cardiometabolic biomarkers in patients with prostate cancer undergoing active surveillance: a randomized controlled trial.

To report the effects of a 12-week high-intensity interval training (HIIT) program on cardiometabolic biomarkers in patients with prostate cancer on active surveillance (AS) from the Exercise During Active Surveillance for Prostate Cancer (ERASE) Trial. Fifty-two men with prostate cancer on AS were randomized to either an exercise (HIIT; n = 26) or usual care (UC; n = 26) group. The HIIT intervention consisted of progressive, supervised, aerobic HIIT at an intensity of 85 to 95% VO2peak for 28 to 40 min per session performed three times/week for 12 weeks. Blood samples were collected at baseline and postintervention to analyze cardiometabolic biomarkers. Analysis of covariance was used to examine between-group mean differences. Blood data were obtained from 49/52 (94%) participants at postintervention. Participants were aged 63.4 ± 7.1 years and 40% were obese. The HIIT group attended 96% of the planned exercise sessions. No significant between-group changes in weight were observed after the intervention. Compared to UC, HIIT significantly improved total cholesterol (-0.40 mmol/L; 95% confidence interval[CI], -0.70 to -0.10; p = 0.011), non-high-density lipoprotein-c (-0.35 mmol/L; 95% CI, -0.60 to -0.11; p = 0.006), insulin (-13.6 pmol/L; 95% CI, -25.3 to -1.8; p = 0.025), insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 (-15.0 ng/mL; 95% CI, -29.9 to -0.1; p = 0.048), and IGF binding protein (IGFBP)-3 (152.3 ng/mL; 95% CI, 12.6 to 292.1; p = 0.033). No significant differences were observed for fasting glucose, HbA1c, other lipid markers, IGFBP-1, adiponectin, and leptin. The ERASE Trial showed that a 12-week aerobic HIIT program improved several cardiometabolic biomarkers in patients with prostate cancer on AS that may contribute to cardiovascular health benefits and potentially influence signaling pathways in the progression of prostate cancer. Further research is needed to confirm the effects of exercise on cardiometabolic markers in men with prostate cancer on AS and determine if these effects are associated with improved long-term clinical outcomes.

Prenatal affective cognitive training to reduce the risk of postpartum depression (PACT): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

BackgroundPostpartum depression (PPD) affects 30–50% of women with a history of previous depression or bipolar disorder and 8% of women with no history of depression. Negative cognitive biases in the perception of infant cues and difficulties with emotion regulation are replicated risk factors. Current interventions focus on detecting and treating rather than preventing PPD. The aim of this randomized controlled intervention trial is therefore to investigate the potential prophylactic effects of prenatal affective cognitive training for pregnant women at heightened risk of PPD.MethodsThe study will enrol a total of 292 pregnant women: 146 at high risk and 146 at low risk of PPD. Participants undergo comprehensive assessments of affective cognitive processing, clinical depressive symptoms, and complete questionnaires at baseline. Based on the responses, pregnant women will be categorized as either at high or low risk of PPD. High-risk participants will be randomized to either prenatal affective cognitive training (PACT) or care as usual (CAU) immediately after the baseline testing. The PACT intervention is based on emerging evidence for efficacy of affective cognitive training approaches in depression, including cognitive bias modification, attention bias modification, mindfulness-inspired emotion regulation exercises, and working memory training. Participants randomised to PACT will complete five individual computerised and virtual reality-based training sessions over 5 weeks. The primary outcome is the difference between intervention arms in the incidence of PPD, assessed with an interview 6 months after birth. We will also assess the severity of depressive symptoms, rated weekly online during the first 6 weeks postpartum.DiscussionThe results will have implications for future early prophylactic interventions for pregnant women at heightened risk of PPD. If the PACT intervention reduces the incidence of PPD, it can become a feasible, non-invasive prophylactic strategy during pregnancy, with positive mental health implications for these women and their children.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov NCT06046456 registered 21-09-2023, updated 08-07-2024.

Blood Flow Restriction Exercise as a Novel Conservative Standard in Patients with Knee Osteoarthritis—A Narrative Review

Knee osteoarthritis is a prevalent joint disease affecting millions of individuals globally. While total knee arthroplasty is an effective treatment for advanced stages of KOA, it may not be suitable for earlier stages or younger patients. Supervised exercise therapy has proven to be the first-line treatment of preference in tackling pain and disability caused by KOA. However, the high intensities required to induce positive muscle adaptations are not indicated in this population, as this is often accompanied by pain, discomfort, and frustration, leaving low-load resistance training as the only feasible method of treatment. Recently, the use of blood flow restriction training has begun to emerge as a substitute for high-load resistance training. With BFRT, a cuff is applied around the proximal aspect of the affected limb, causing partial arterial and full venous occlusion, thereby inducing localized hypoxia and the accumulation of metabolites, mimicking the effects of high-load resistance training, albeit with low loads. Consequently, BFRT might offer a suitable and more effective alternative for KOA patients who are not (yet) eligible for TKA compared to traditional exercise therapy. This review aims to summarize the current evidence as regards the application of Blood Flow Restriction in exercise therapy for knee osteoarthritis patients, with particular consideration of the underlying mechanisms and its safety, as well as general guidelines for practical implementation in clinical practice. In doing so, this narrative review aims to create a framework for translating from theory into practice.

Feeding Assistance Skill Score: development and verification of reliability and validity.

Feeding assistance should be safe and improve the assisted individual's ability to feed, yet objective tools for evaluating these skills are lacking. This study focuses on developing a tool for assessing feeding assistance skills. A group consisting of 25 experts employed the Delphi method to achieve a consensus on the essential items necessary for assessing feeding assistance skills. Subsequently, a draft score using a three-point scale was developed. To test the reliability of the draft scores, a group of 20 patients and 20 nurses was matched to record a meal assistance scene, which were independently evaluated by three raters. We computed the AC1 statistic to assess both intra- and inter-rater reliability, and further examined correlations between the Feeding Assistance Skill Score (FASS) scores and outcome items to verify validity. Initially, an 18-item draft score was generated using the Delphi method. Subsequently, seven items were omitted from the intra- or inter-rater reliability analysis. Furthermore, after discussion, researchers removed one item that assessed food cognition, because the agreement score between the two items was 91%. Finally, the 10-item FASS was developed, showing a correlation with dietary intake upon validation. We successfully developed a scoring system for peer evaluation of feeding assistance skills. Future studies should aim to validate the FASS. The implementation of the FASS aims to assess the effectiveness of feeding assistance training and care quality, potentially improving safety and satisfaction for those receiving feeding assistance.

Does clinical experience influence the effects of team simulation training in stroke thrombolysis? A prospective cohort study

ObjectivesAfter introducing a team simulation training programme at our hospital, we saw a reduction in door-to-needle times (DNT) for stroke thrombolysis but persisting variability prompting further investigation. Our objective is...

Effects of Lower Limb Proprioceptive Training on Balance and Trunk Control Among the Adult Stroke Population

Effects of Lower Limb Proprioceptive Training on Balance and Trunk Control Among the Adult Stroke Population

3D Hand Motion Generation for VR Interactions Using a Haptic Data Glove

Recently, VR-based training applications have become popular and promising, as they can simulate real-world situations in a safe, repeatable, and cost-effective way. For immersive simulations, various input devices have been designed and proposed to increase the effectiveness of training. In this study, we developed a novel device that generates 3D hand motion data and provides haptic force feedback for VR interactions. The proposed device can track 3D hand positions using a combination of the global position estimation of ultrasonic sensors and the hand pose estimation of inertial sensors in real time. For haptic feedback, shape–memory alloy (SMA) actuators were designed to provide kinesthetic forces and an efficient power control without an overheat problem. Our device improves upon the shortcomings of existing commercial devices in tracking and haptic capabilities such that it can track global 3D positions and estimate hand poses in a VR space without using an external suit or tracker. For better flexibility in handling and feeling physical objects compared to exoskeleton-based devices, we introduced an SMA-based actuator to control haptic forces. Overall, our device was designed and implemented as a lighter and less bulky glove which provides comparable accuracy and performance in generating 3D hand motion data for a VR training application (i.e., the use of a fire extinguisher), as demonstrated in the experimental results.

Effects of Cognitive Intervention and Rehabilitation Training on the Expression of miR-134-5p in Elderly Patients with Diabetes Mellitus and Cognitive Impairment

ABSTRACT Objective This study aimed to analyze the effect and potential mechanism of cognitive intervention and rehabilitation training in elderly patients with diabetes mellitus complicated with mild cognitive impairment. Methods In this study, 128 elderly patients with diabetes mellitus complicated with mild cognitive impairment were randomly divided into the control group and the training group. The effects of the two groups were compared before and after the cognitive intervention. The expression of miR-134-5p was assessed by qRT-PCR. The relationships between miR-134-5p and Mini-Mental State Examination Scale and Montreal Cognitive Assessment Scale were evaluated. Results After 3-month management, the Mini-Mental State Examination Scale, Montreal Cognitive Assessment Scale, the Chinese version of the diabetes self-efficacy rating scale, and WHO quality of life brief were improved in both control group and training group, and the training group showed better improvement. Cognitive intervention and rehabilitation training restricted the expression of miR-134-5p. The levels of miR-134-5p were pertinent to cognitive function. Conclusion Cognitive intervention and rehabilitation training might prevent the development of diabetes mellitus complicated with mild cognitive impairment by inhibiting miR-134-5p.

Safety and Effectiveness of Acceleration Training as Cardiac Rehabilitation Immediately After Open Heart Surgery - A Pilot Study.

We examined the safety and efficacy of acceleration training (AT) in patients immediately after cardiac surgery.Methods and Results: This randomized controlled study included patients who underwent open-heart surgery using cardiopulmonary bypass. Of these patients, 31 received regular cardiac rehabilitation (CR) and 39 received AT in addition to regular CR (AT group). AT was provided using a vibration platform (Power Plate®Pro7TMand Power plate®personal; Performance Health System, Chicago, IL, USA). The AT group performed 5 static resistance training sessions: squats, wide stance squats, toe stands, banded squats, and front lunges. Each vibration session lasted 30 s. We evaluated the short physical performance battery, anterior mid-thigh thickness, maximum voluntary isometric contraction of the knee extensors, and serum intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM-1) concentrations as indicators of endothelial function. The observation period was during hospitalization and lasted approximately 20 days. No adverse events occurred during AT. Ultrasound revealed a significantly lower reduction in muscle mass at discharge in the AT group. No significant differences were observed in ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 concentrations between the 2 groups preoperatively, postoperatively, or at discharge. AT is considered safe and effective for patients immediately after open-heart surgery. AT, along with regular CR, may prevent skeletal muscle mass loss, muscle weakness, and physical function loss immediately after open-heart surgery.

Effect of Blood Flow Restriction Training (BFRT) on Sleep Deprivation and Quality of Life in Restless Leg Syndrome – A Case Study

TITLE: Effect of blood flow restriction training (BFRT) on sleep deprivation and quality of life in restless leg syndrome – A case study BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: To see the effect of blood flow restriction training (BFRT) on sleep deprivation and quality of life in restless leg syndrome. MATERIAL AND METHOD: A 22-year-old female was considered for this research purpose. The subject was taken for the study's conduction and given the intervention protocol. The protocol was 28 days long and the subject was asked to perform the exercises 6 times in a week, for about 2 times in a day. A total of 3 sets were performed for almost all the exercises with 20 repetitions in the first set, 15 repetitions in the second set, and 10 repetitions in the third set. Pre and Post results were recorded based on outcome measures such as RLS-QOL, PSQI, and SQS. DESIGN: A case study involving pre- and post-intervention readings. RESULT: The study found that blood flow restriction training (BFRT) can lessen RLS symptoms, enhance sleep quality, extend sleep duration, and enhance quality of life. CONCLUSION: Through this study, we can conclude that the effect of Blood flow restriction training (BFRT) on RLS patients can improve symptoms of RLS, better sleep quality, increase sleep timing, and improve quality of life. The Pre &amp; Post reading value of RLSQOL on day 0 was 67, and on 28, it was 39. The pre- and post-reading value of PSQI on day 0 was 17 and on day 28 it was 07. And Pre &amp; Post reading value of SQS on day 0 was 62 and on day 28 it was 44. As suggested by the study it would improve the symptoms of RLS along with better sleep quality, along with ease of living.

Effects of Neuromuscular Training on Muscle Architecture, Isometric Force Production, and Stretch-Shortening Cycle Function in Trained Young Female Gymnasts.

Moeskops, S, Oliver, JL, Radnor, JM, Haff, GG, Myer, GD, Ramachandran, AK, Kember, LS, Pedley, JS, and Lloyd, RS. Effects of neuromuscular training on muscle architecture, isometric force production, and stretch-shortening cycle function in trained young female gymnasts. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2024-This study evaluated the effects of a 10-month neuromuscular training (NMT) intervention on muscle architecture, isometric force production, and stretch-shortening cycle (SSC) function. Thirty-seven girls aged 6-12 years were placed into gymnastics + NMT (gNMT; n = 15), gymnastics only (GYM; n = 10), or maturity-matched control (CON; n = 12) groups. The gNMT group followed a 10-month NMT program in addition to gymnastics training, whereas the GYM group only participated in gymnastics training. Isometric midthigh pull (IMTP) and drop jump (DJ) kinetics were measured, in addition to muscle thickness, fascicle length, and pennation angle of the gastrocnemius medialis at baseline and at 4, 7, and 10 months. A 3 × 4 (group × time) repeated-measures ANCOVA (covariate, % predicted adult height) was used to evaluate within-group changes. Significance level was set at p < 0.05. Significant interaction effects were observed in muscle thickness, absolute (PFabs) and relative peak force (PFrel) in the IMTP and various DJ variables. The gNMT group demonstrated improvements in muscle thickness, IMTP PFabs and PFrel, and DJ kinetics, most commonly evidenced from 7 months onward. The GYM group's muscle thickness also significantly improved, accompanied by improvements in some DJ kinetics. The CON group did not experience any desirable changes. Overall, NMT elicited positive changes in muscle thickness, PFabs and PFrel, and SSC function to a greater extent than gymnastics training alone or growth and maturation. As most adaptations took 7 months, longer-term NMT programs should be implemented with youth female gymnasts.

The Role of Leadership Training in Developing Effective Police Supervisors

The purpose of the article was to examine how well police supervisors are equipped to lead their teams effectively and morally by means of leadership training programs. The disparity between the abilities needed for efficient supervision and those needed for police officers was the main topic of discussion. The fundamental abilities that police supervisors must possess are teamwork, communication, decision-making, and conflict resolution. The effectiveness of leadership development programs in providing supervisors with these competencies. The possible advantages of efficient leadership development, such as higher officer safety, decreased misbehavior, and better public reputation. The Main Points/Determinations: Officers may not be sufficiently prepared for the intricacies of supervisory responsibilities by traditional police training. Supervisors who participate in excellent leadership development programs can acquire the skills needed to effectively lead their teams. Gaining these abilities can result in better decision-making, more communication, and a happier workplace. Good leadership development programs may help reduce police misconduct and provide a safer atmosphere for both the public and cops. Reviewing previous studies on the effects of police leadership training was the methodology/approach. Examine the fundamental abilities deemed necessary for police supervisors. Examine how these abilities are addressed in leadership training programs through curriculum analysis or participant/developer interviews. Examine any connections that might exist between good leadership development and outcomes that are favorable to the public or less wrongdoing (this could include data analysis or case studies). The study's significance and implications were that it made clear how crucial it is to fund thoughtfully crafted leadership development initiatives for police supervisors. Police agencies may cultivate a more professional, ethical, and community-focused force by providing supervisors with the required training. Good leadership development programs can increase public confidence, lower misbehavior, and make everyone's surroundings safer. The leaders of the police department (chiefs, training officers) were in attendance. Government officers and policymakers. scholars and researchers in criminal justice. Neighborhood groups that support police reform. This training prepares police officers for supervisory roles by equipping them with the skills necessary to lead effectively. Through communication, decision-making, and conflict resolution training, supervisors become better equipped to handle challenging situations. The program also fosters team building by teaching motivation, delegation, and trust- building techniques. Ultimately, effective leadership training enhances public perception of the police, reduces misconduct, and improves officer safety.

Effect of Inspiratory Muscle-Loaded Exercise Training on Ventilatory Response and Intercostal Muscle Deoxygenation During Incremental Cycling Exercise

ABSTRACT Purpose: This study evaluated the effects of exercise training (ET) and inspiratory muscle-loaded exercise training (IMLET) on ventilatory response and intercostal muscle deoxygenation levels during incremental cycling exercise. Methods: Twenty-one male participants were randomly divided into IMLET (n = 10) or ET (n = 11) groups. All participants underwent a 4-week cycling exercise training at 60% peak oxygen uptake. IMLET loaded 50% of maximal inspiratory pressure (PImax). Respiratory muscle strength test, respiratory muscle endurance test (RMET), resting hypoxic ventilatory responsiveness (HVR) test, and incremental cycling test were performed pre- and post-training. Results: The extent of improvement in the PImax was significantly greater in the IMLET group (24%) than in the ET group (8%) (p = .018), and an extended RMET time was observed in the IMLET group (p < .001). Minute ventilation ( V ˙ E ) during exercise was unchanged in both groups before and after training, but tidal volume during exercise increased in the IMLET group. The increase in the exercise intensity threshold for muscle deoxygenation was similar in both groups (p < .001). HVR remained unchanged in both groups post-training. The exercise duration for the incremental exercise until reaching fatigue increased by 7.9% after ET and 6.9% after IMLET (p < .001). Conclusion: The 4-week IMLET improved respiratory muscle strength and endurance but did not alter HVR. Respiratory muscle deoxygenation was alleviated by exercise training, with a limited impact of inspiratory load training.

Brain neuroplasticity in multiple sclerosis patients in functional magnetic resonance imaging studies. Part 2: Effect of aerobic training

PurposeThe aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of aerobic training on motor cortical areas in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients, based on task-based functional magnetic resonance imaging (t-fMRI) as well as on brain activity at rest, according to resting state functional MRI (rs-fMRI) studies.Material and methodsMultiple sclerosis patients were divided into 2 groups consisting of 14 participants each: the MS study group and the MS control group. All MS patients underwent clinical assessment and MRI examination, twice: in the MS study group at the time of inclusion in the study and after a 4-week period of aerobic training, whereas in the MS control group it happened at the time of inclusion and after a period of one month without exercise rehabilitation. The MRI study protocol included rs-fMRI and t-fMRI sequences, which were the grounds for an analysis of resting state networks (RSN) as well as peak level and cluster level parameters within motor cortex areas – the primary motor cortex, premotor area, and supplementary motor area, respectively.ResultsIn the MS study group, aerobic training improved the clinical condition and decreased the functional correlation between the sensorimotor network and the salience network. Also, significant decreases of the mean cluster level (72.42 vs. 38.35) and peak level values (10.89 vs. 7.64) were observed in the contralateral primary motor cortex in this group of patients between examinations.ConclusionsAerobic training not only improves physical performance but also contributes to changes in brain activity – both within RSN and motor cortex areas in MS patients.

Efficient musculoskeletal annotation using free-form deformation

Traditionally, constructing training datasets for automatic muscle segmentation from medical images involved skilled operators, leading to high labor costs and limited scalability. To address this issue, we developed a tool that enables efficient annotation by non-experts and assessed its effectiveness for training an automatic segmentation network. Our system allows users to deform a template three-dimensional (3D) anatomical model to fit a target magnetic-resonance image using free-form deformation with independent control points for axial, sagittal, and coronal directions. This method simplifies the annotation process by allowing non-experts to intuitively adjust the model, enabling simultaneous annotation of all muscles in the template. We evaluated the quality of the tool-assisted segmentation performed by non-experts, which achieved a Dice coefficient greater than 0.75 compared to expert segmentation, without significant errors such as mislabeling adjacent muscles or omitting musculature. An automatic segmentation network trained with datasets created using this tool demonstrated performance comparable to or superior to that of networks trained with expert-generated datasets. This innovative tool significantly reduces the time and labor costs associated with dataset creation for automatic muscle segmentation, potentially revolutionizing medical image annotation and accelerating the development of deep learning-based segmentation networks in various clinical applications.

Seasonal Variations in Performance and Asymmetry Data for Jump and Change of Direction Abilities in Female Soccer Players.

Mainer-Pardos, E, Bishop, C, and Gonzalo-Skok, O. Seasonal variations in performance and asymmetry data for jump and change of direction abilities in female soccer players. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2024-The study aimed to evaluate the progression of the percentage-based change of direction (COD) deficit (%CODD) over a competitive season, along with its correlation with performance tests and to examine the impact of the magnitude and direction of asymmetry at 4 stages of the season. Forty-seven (U-16, U-18, and U-20), highly trained, female soccer players performed unilateral vertical jumping (countermovement jump [CMJ]) and horizontal jumping (HJ), 10-m sprint, and 180° change of direction (COD180) tests. The %CODD was also calculated. Significant group and time effects (p < 0.05) were observed in CMJ, HJ, 10-m sprint, and COD180 tests, with U-20 players generally outperforming the U-18 and U-16 groups. Nonsignificant differences were reported in the %CODD between any time point or groups throughout the season. Moderate or large significant (r = 0.44-0.64; p < 0.05) relationships were found between %CODD and 10 m. The direction of asymmetry within and between tests at all time points was slight to moderate (k = -0.29 to 0.57). Notwithstanding, 51% of the players showed the best performance in the horizontal jump with the same leg throughout the season, whereas only 36% in %CODD. This study highlights the importance of developing strategies to improve %CODD depending on the player's position demands. Finally, individually monitoring the magnitude and direction of asymmetry can help practitioners monitor the effects of training and competition throughout the season.

Effects of visual neuroplasticity training on visual perception, visual quality, and macular blood flow in patients with strabismus.

To observe the effects of visual neuroplasticity training on visual perception, visual quality, and macular blood flow in patients with concomitant strabismus postoperatively. In total, 108 patients underwent binocular strabismus correction operation, and some patients underwent neuroplasticity training. All patients underwent clinical ophthalmic examination, including measurement of best-corrected visual acuity, spherical equivalent, axis length, optical coherence tomography angiography, optical quality analysis system, and visual perception examinations. A total of 78 patients received neuroplasticity training for 1 month postoperatively, and 30 patients did not receive training. All patients underwent a visual perception examination preoperatively and at 1 day, 1 week, and 1 month postoperatively. Macular blood flow and visual quality were examined preoperatively and at 1 month postoperatively. Postoperative visual perception was better than preoperative visual perception (P < 0.05). After neuroplasticity training, the visual perception of the trained subjects was better than that of the untrained subjects (P < 0.05), and the blood flow in the macular area of the trained patients was lower than that of the untrained subjects (P < 0.05). The visual quality of the untrained subjects was lower than that of the trained patients (P < 0.05). Visual inspection system could accurately evaluate binocular visual perception in patients with concomitant strabismus. After surgical alignment of the strabismus patient, training can stimulate and integrate the formation of stereovision in a short period of time, maintain the visual quality of patients after surgery, and provide conditions for the formation of binocular visual signals and binocular stereovision, but in the short term, it will lead to the decrease of macular blood vessel density and perfusion density. However, the long-term effects of training have not been proven.

Effectiveness of canine training using suit-mounted feeder

Enhancing Canine–Human communication during training is an important research. We aim to strengthen the communication between canines and humans during the training of canine remote control using robotic technology. Training using rewards is a widely known technique to boost canine ability. So far, this method has consisted of giving rewards from humans, thus creating a strong connection between humans and canines; however, this method can also cause canines to become overly fixated on the people who feed them. Fixation prevents canines from performing behaviors away from people. For that reason, this study explores the possibility of using robotic technology to reduce canine fixation on their trainer. This paper evaluates dog behavior during training with reduced human intervention using a backpack-like device, which provides food as a reward. This method of training is assessed in two dogs by comparing the training time, number of feedings, and number of times the dog looks at nearby humans, as compared to the traditional method. The suit-mounted feeder was used to train the two dogs to follow a spot-light, achieving a success rate of 96.4% in feeding during training. There was no significant difference in training time or number of feedings required for training with this method compared to traditional human-rewarded training methods. On the other hand, it was suggested that the device could reduce the number of times the dogs looked at their trainer by up to 84.7%. Changes in gait caused by the suit and feeder were also evaluated based on the percentage of the swing phase of gait. The results indicate that the presence or absence of the feeder device does not affect the dog's gait. Continued canine training without fixation on the feeder or the trainer could allow the working dogs to demonstrate its abilities in remote areas.