Effect Of Sintering Temperature Research Articles

Fabrication and characterization of foam ceramics from recycled waste concrete powder and waste glass powder

Incorporating multi-solid wastes to prepare foam ceramics has attracted widespread attention due to its excellent characteristics and environmental protection. In this study, foam ceramics were prepared by sintering method using recycled waste concrete powder (RWCP) and waste glass power (WGP) as the major material, Na2CO3 as foaming agent and borax as fluxing agent. The effect of sintering temperature on the physical properties and pore structure of foam ceramics were studied. The phase transformation and reaction mechanism were also discussed. The results reveal that when the RWCP content was 40%, the WGP content was 60% and the sintering temperature was 890 °C, the foam ceramics showed the best overall performance. The compressive strength, bulk density, water absorption and porosity were 2.39MPa, 0.83g/cm3, 8.27% and 66.68%, respectively. At this time, the pore size distribution was optimal, and mesopore occupied the vast majority. The fractal dimension of pore reached the minimum of 1.09. In addition, The XRD results showed that WGP and RWCP gradually depolymerized and reconstructed under the action of flux. Then the foam ceramics with mullite, pyroxene and wollastonite as the main phases were formed. The experimental results showed that it was feasible to prepare foam ceramics using RWCP. This study can provide a new train of thought for the reuse of RWCP.

Effects of sintering temperatures on the thermal conductivity and microstructural evolution of yttrium hydride monoliths by spark plasma sintering

In this study, YHx (where x represents the H/Y ratio) monoliths were fabricated using Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS), employing yttrium hydride powder as the raw material. The effects of different sintering temperatures (800 °C∼1200 °C) on the thermal conductivity and microstructural evolution of the YHx monoliths, including porosity, grain size, precipitated phases, and internal defects, were investigated. The results indicate that the sintering temperature exerts a significant influence on thermal conductivity and microstructural evolution. Notably, the thermal conductivity of these samples initially increases with rising sintering temperature, but subsequently decreases under identical testing conditions. This phenomenon is primarily attributed to the effects of porosity and precipitate phase. Furthermore, the presence of twin crystals also contributes to the reduction in thermal conductivity. The procedures provide an initial framework for understanding the relationship between thermal conductivity and the evolution of microstructure.

Sintering Behavior and Mechanical Properties of Ti–TiBw Composites Prepared with Pre‐alloyed Ti–TiBw Composite Powders

Prealloyed powders present a promising alternative to traditional ball milling processes in powder metallurgy, addressing challenges such as uneven powder mixing and incomplete reinforcement reactions. This study investigates the preparation of Ti–TiBw composites using spark plasma sintering (SPS) at temperatures ranging from 950 to 1050 °C, utilizing Ti–TiBw prealloyed composite powders. The effects of sintering temperature on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Ti–TiBw composites are studied, comparing prealloyed composite powders with ball‐milled premixed powders. As a result, the composites exhibit excellent strength and ductility, with an ultimate tensile strength of 676 MPa at 1000 °C and an elongation of 20.42% at 1050 °C. Comparatively, Ti–TiBw composites prepared from premixed powders achieve densification at 1050 °C, 50 °C higher than those prepared from prealloyed powders.

Synthesis of Sustainable Binary Calcium Monosilicate Ceramics from Bio-waste: Effect of Sintering Temperature on Microstructure and Electrical Properties

This study was conducted to synthesise calcium monosilicate ceramics using rice husks and raw eggshells and investigated the effect of sintering temperature on the physical,microstructure and electrical properties of the final product. The high content of calcium and silicon in eggshells and rice husks, respectively promote the use of waste materials in the production of calcium monosilicates by mixing in a molar ratio 1CaO:1SiO2 and fired at different sintering temperatures for 2 hours with a heating rate of 10°C/min. A good correlation between sintering temperature, structural, microstructure, and electrical properties of calcium silicate was observed. The structural and morphological evolutions were characterised by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) equipped with electron dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX). XRD analysis showed that the main crystalline phases of synthesised calcium monosilicate are pseudowollastonite (ICSD 98-005-2598) at 1250°C, and the phases of SiO2 also exist in different types of minerals. Besides, a small amount of larnite, Ca2SiO4 was traced at 1100°C and 1200°C. Fourier Transforms Infrared (FTIR) spectra showed the presence of characteristic functional groups in the precursor powder. In Nyquist plots, the summit frequency of the dominant arc decreases with increasing sintering temperatures. It may be attributed to the co-effect of the grain size and pore. A larger value of impedance at a lower frequency suggests an essential role of boundaries in governing the electrical properties of the sintered ceramics. As the sintering temperature increases, the microstructure of the sintered samples becomes denser while conductivity performance decreases. This is due to the reduction of particle interfaces and charge transfer.

Highly Robust, Pressureless Silver Sinter-Bonding Technology Using PMMA Combustion for Power Semiconductor Applications

This study presents the development of a highly robust, pressureless, and void-free silver sinter-bonding technology for power semiconductor packaging. A bimodal silver paste containing silver nanoparticles and sub-micron particles was used, with polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) as an additive to provide additional thermal energy during sintering. This enabled rapid sintering and the formation of a dense, void-free bonding joint. The effects of sintering temperature and PMMA content on shear strength and microstructure were systematically investigated. The results showed that the shear strength increased with rising sintering temperatures, achieving a maximum of 41 MPa at 300 °C, with minimal void formation due to enhanced particle necking facilitated by PMMA combustion. However, at 350 °C, the shear strength decreased to 35 MPa due to cracks and voids at the copper substrate–copper oxide interface caused by thermal expansion mismatch. The optimal PMMA content was found to be 5 wt.%, balancing sufficient thermal energy and void reduction. This pressureless sintering technology demonstrates significant potential for high-reliability applications in power semiconductor modules operating under high-temperature and high-stress conditions.

Preparation and characterization of quartz ceramic proppant replacing natural quartz sand by solid waste silica fume

AbstractThe improper disposal of industrial wastes will cause environmental pollution and economic losses due to the loss of active ingredients. Solid waste silica fume and pyrolusite powder were used to synthesize quartz ceramic proppant by pelleting and sintering to replace natural quartz sand for unconventional oil and gas exploitation. The effects of pyrolusite powder content and sintering temperature on the apparent density, breakage ratio, and acid solubility of the proppant were thoroughly studied. The phase composition and microstructure of the proppant were characterized by X‐ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy, respectively. The results revealed that the main crystal phase of the proppant prepared without pyrolusite was cristobalite, while that with pyrolusite was cristobalite and quartz, and the content of quartz phase increased gradually with increasing the pyrolusite content. The addition of pyrolusite remarkably increased the density and improved the performance of the proppant due to the resulting glass phase at high temperatures and the presence of andradite. As adding 20% pyrolusite, the apparent density of the proppant sintered at 900°C was 2.26 g/cm3, while the breakage ratio under 28 MPa closed pressure and acid solubility reached the minimum, 9.89% and 5.3%, respectively, meeting the industrial standard requirements.

Effects of heating rate and sintering temperature on the tensile properties of sintered γ-Ti/Al nanoparticle chains

Abstract This paper presents the results of molecular dynamics simulations that were performed to numerically study the laser sintering process and mechanical behavior of γ-Ti/Al bimetallic alloy nanoparticles (NPs). The study systematically investigates the effects of heating rate and sintering temperature on the resultant uniaxial tensile performances of the sintered NPs. A chain model was formed by connecting three pre-equilibrated Ti/Al NPs via necks during solid-state sintering. The solid-state sintered chain samples were heated to 1798 K using four different heating rates (0.04, 0.2, 0.5, and 1.0 K/ps). After high-temperature relaxation of selected sintering temperature cases (e.g., 398 K, 598 K, etc. with a 200 K interval) for 10 ns, the heat sintered chain samples underwent a solidification process with a cooling rate of 0.08 K/ps and maintained at 298 K for an additional 1 ns. The resulting sintered chain products were then subjected to uniaxial tension at a strain rate of 0.0001/ps. The thermodynamic properties and crystallographic deformation were investigated during the sintering and subsequent tension processes. Analysis of the yield strengths obtained from the tension tests revealed a statistically significant correlation between the tensile strength of the sintered NPs and the pre-established sintering temperatures at each temperature. This observation indicates that higher sintering temperatures strengthen the neck connections within the NP-chains, leading to greater tensile strength. The higher sintering temperatures can reinforce the neck during high-temperature relaxation. It is worth noting that the effect of heating rates on mechanical properties was less pronounced when the sintering temperature was constant.

Crystallite Size Effects on Electrical Properties of Nickel Chromite (NiCr2O4) Spinel Ceramics: A Study of Structural, Magnetic, and Dielectric Transitions

The effect of sintering temperature on the structural, magnetic, and dielectric properties of NiCr2O4 ceramics was investigated. A powder X-ray analysis indicates that the prepared nanocrystallites effectively inhibit the cooperative Jahn–Teller distortion, thereby stabilizing the high-temperature cubic phase structure with space group Fd-3m. Multiple transitions are confirmed by temperature-dependent magnetization M(T) data. Moreover, the magnetization value decreases and the Curie temperature increases with a decrease in the crystallite size. The low-temperature-dependent real permittivity (ε′-T) for a NiCr2O4 crystallite size of 78 nm exhibits a broad maximum at 40 K that is independent of frequency. This establishes a correlation between electric ordering and the underlying magnetic structure. The temperature dependency of the dielectric constant at fixed frequencies for both NiCr2O4 crystallite sizes rises with temperature for a certain range of frequencies. A significant improvement is evident: the dielectric constant (ε’) at room temperature reaches approximately 5738 for the sample with 28 nm crystallites, while the 78 nm crystallite sample shows a noticeable drop to ε’~174. The frequency-dependent conductivity curves for both types of NiCr2O4 nanocrystallites have different conductivity values. The lower-crystallite-size sample demonstrates higher conductivity values than the 78 nm crystallite size one. This observation is attributed to the decrease in crystallite size, which increases the number of grain boundaries and, consequently, scatters a higher number of charge carriers.

Influences of Ni/Cu/Cr3C2 composite additive on microstructure and properties of WC–10Co fine grained hardmetal

Aiming to save the high-priced Co resource, Ni, Cu and Cr3C2 were simultaneously used to modify WC–10Co fine grained hardmetal, and the effects of sintering temperature on microstructure, mechanical properties were investigated. The combined introduction of Cu/Cr3C2 can significantly inhibit the growth of WC grains caused by Ni. When sintered at 1420 °C, the hardness, strength and fracture toughness of WC–0.5Cr3C2–(5.4Co3.6Ni1Cu) alloy reach to 1652 HV30, 3301 MPa and 12.01 MPa·m1/2, respectively, which are higher than those of WC–10Co alloy (1601 HV30, 3193 MPa and 11.75 MPa·m1/2). In term of corrosion resistance, Ni and Cr3C2 can eliminate the adverse effect caused by Cu, as evidenced by the decreased passivation current density (Ipp) and the increased charge-transfer resistance (Rct). In this regard, Ni/Cu/Cr3C2 composite additive would be an effective method to conduct the partial replacement of Co by other low-priced metals without sacrificing the mechanical properties and the corrosion resistance of WC–Co hardmetal.

Effects of binary sintering additives (SmF3-Sm2O3) and sintering temperature on β-SiAlON ceramic tool materials

β-SiAlON ceramic tool materials were fabricated via spark plasma sintering using binary sintering additives (SmF3-Sm2O3). The effects of SmF3 addition and sintering temperature on the densification, phase composition, microstructure and mechanical properties were studied. Furthermore, the corrosion behavior of β-SiAlON ceramic tool materials due to excessive SmF3 at high sintering temperatures (≥1700 °C) was revealed. The results indicated that SmF3 could promote the densification and generation of β-SiAlON. Higher SmF3 content and sintering temperature increased the aspect ratio and average grain size of β-SiAlON, which made fracture toughness increase and Vickers hardness decrease. The best density, fracture toughness and hardness of β-SiAlON ceramic tool materials were 3.204 g/cm3, 6.45 ± 0.07 MPa m1/2 and 16.72 ± 0.09 GPa. However, β-SiAlON was corroded by excessive SmF3 during high temperature sintering, resulting in deterioration in densification and properties.

Exploring the influence of sintering temperature on the phase composition, mechanical strength, and dielectric constant of porous ca-stabilized zirconium dioxide ceramics

ZrO2 ceramics have wide applications as structural materials in industrial, scientific, and technological fields. Despite the large number of works devoted to the influence of synthesis parameters on the formation of different phases of ZrO2 and the properties of the obtained ceramics, the effect of sintering temperature on the characteristics of the porous ZrO2 ceramics has not been addressed sufficiently. This study focuses on examining how sintering temperature affects the phase composition, microstructure, dielectric properties, and mechanical properties of porous stabilized zirconium dioxide ceramics. Phase transformations during sintering at various temperatures were identified using powder X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy. The results indicate that fully stabilized cubic ZrO2 with satisfactory mechanical properties (HV0.5 = 580) and a porosity of 21.5% was achieved at temperatures of 1400 and 1500 ℃. At lower sintering temperatures, the obtained samples exhibited multiphase composition and high porosity. The reasons for the formation of the CaZrO3 phase at sintering temperatures of 1000–1200 ℃ were established using scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive analysis, and thermodynamic considerations of the solid-phase reactions. AC dielectric measurements showed that the synthesized samples have high-Q characteristics; and that the dielectric constant can be controlled by changing the sintering temperature.

Self-generated B-MAX phase composites: The effect of sintering temperature on surface morphology and phase composition

The use of metal-based MAX phase composites is widespread in the production of high-temperature structural materials, anticorrosive materials and electrode materials. Herein, novel B-Ti3AlC2 and B-Ti4AlN3 composites were prepared using the hot-pressing method at varying sintering temperatures ranging from 950 °C to 1325 °C. This study also explores the effect of sintering temperature on the surface morphology and phase composition of both B-MAX phase composites. The morphological and crystal phase composition of MAX phase composites were investigated through SEM coupled with EDS, FE-SEM, AFM, and XRD test analysis. The results revealed that higher sintering temperatures increase the clear formation of MAX phases and composites as compared to lower temperatures. The findings also expose that the in-situ formation of B-MAX composites significantly changes the structure, contributing to transforming the overall performance and making it suitable for high-stress applications like electronics, aerospace, and cutting tools.

Effects of sintering temperature on microstructure and varistor performances of ZnO-SrCO3-Co2O3 ceramics

Sintering temperature is decisive for optimizing the grain boundary environment to obtain the high performance ZnO based varistor ceramic. In this work, the impacts of sintering temperature on microstructure and electrical properties of ternary Zn-Sr-Co varistor were investigated. It was found that the distribution of Sr, the critical factor to form grain boundary, was heavily sensitive to sintering temperature. The considerable Sr ions precipitated at grain boundaries and formed the clusters of SrZnO2 while the sintering temperature increases from 1150 °C to 1190 °C. Besides, the precipitation of Sr led to the large segregation of Co at grain boundaries. The enrichment behavior of Sr and Co contributed to the optimization of grain boundaries, resulting in the enhanced barrier height. As a result, the excellent nonlinear current-voltage performances, i.e., the high nonlinear coefficient of 56.47 and the low leakage current density of 0.73 μA/cm2 were obtained in the ternary ZnO-SrCO3-Co2O3 varistor sintered at 1190 °C. However, the grain boundary environment would be destroyed by the excessive temperature of 1210 °C, resulting in the degradation of grain boundary barrier and especially a surge in the leakage current IL from 0.73 to 92.19 μA/cm2. In addition, varying sintering temperature has the important effects on impedance and dielectric properties of the ZnO-SrCO3-Co2O3 varistors. The findings provide new perspectives for developing the high-performance ternary ZnO-SrCO3-Co2O3 varistor ceramics by optimizing the initial grain boundary environment at different sintering temperatures.

Effects of sintering temperature on the microstructure and mechanical properties of double-hard-phase TiB2–TiC cermets

The mechanical properties and microstructure of double-hard-phase TiB2–25-wt.%-TiC–20-wt.%-CoNi cermets prepared at different temperatures were investigated by performing scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and transmission electron microscopy. The results showed that the transverse rupture strength, indentation fracture toughness, hardness, and relative density of the cermets reached the maximum values of 1654 MPa, 11.06 MPa m1/2, 90.1 HRA, and 99.42 %, respectively, when the sintering temperature was 1462 °C. Solid- and liquid-phase sintering occurred at temperatures below and above 1354.5 °C, respectively. The cermets were composed of TiB2, TiC, TiB, and CoNi phases when sintered at 1440 °C and below, but the TiB phase disappeared when sintered at 1462 °C and above. Both TiB2 core–(Ti, Co, Ni)B rim and TiC core–(Ti, Co, Ni)C rim structures appeared in cermets sintered at 1440 °C and above. In addition, a few TiC core–(Ti, W)C inner–(Ti, W, Co, Ni)C outer double rim structures were formed. A coherent interface was found between the (Ti, Co, Ni)B rim and TiB2 core. A thin CoNi amorphous metallic layer existed at the interface between the (Ti, Co, Ni)C rim and TiC core. In addition, amorphous CoNi was observed in the interfacial region between the CoNi binder and (Ti, Co, Ni)C rim phase and inside the CoNi binder phase. These multi-interface and core–rim structures resulted in excellent strength and toughness of the cermets.

The effect of sintering temperature on the microstructure and properties of 15wt.%Nd2Fe14Bp/2024Al composite

In this study, the 15wt.%Nd2Fe14Bp/2024Al composite was innovatively prepared using high-energy ball milling, cold isostatic pressing, and microwave sintering. The effect of sintering temperature on the microstructure, mechanical properties and magnetic performance were systematically studied. The results indicate that the microstructure of the prepared composite mainly consists of 2024Al matrix and Nd2Fe14B phase. When the sintering temperature is 490 °C, the microstructure of the composite is optimal, at which point the hardness, yield strength, and compressive strength reach their maximum values and the magnetic performance parameters also reach their optimal values.

Effect of ZrSiO4 as additive on the mechanical properties of DLP printing porous mullite ceramics

In order to satisfy the demand for mullite porous ceramics with complex geometries in the engineering field, the digital light processing (DLP) technology is employed to prepare mullite porous ceramics in this study. However, the poor mechanical properties of the mullite porous ceramics prepared using the DLP technology limits its further application in engineering field. In this work, the microstructure of mullite crystals was regulated by adding the sintering aid ZrSiO4 to enhance the mechanical properties of the mullite ceramics, and the effects of sintering aid ZrSiO4 content and sintering temperature on the internal microstructure evolutions of mullite porous ceramics were investigated. Results showed that the decomposition of ZrSiO4 promoted the generation of the silica-rich liquid phase at high temperatures, which effectively promoted the nucleation and growth of needle-like mullite crystals. When the sintering temperature was 1600 °C and the ZrSiO4 content was 10 wt%, the well-developed elongated crystals formed an interlocking nonwoven structure. The corresponding mullite porous ceramics exhibited a compressive strength of 2.52 MPa and a porosity of 74.51%. The strategy of this study can be a feasible route for preparing lightweight and high-strength mullite porous ceramics via digital light processing.

Sintering Driven Void Formation in PS@WO3 Core-Shell Composites: A Photodegradation Enhancement Strategy

Background: Polystyrene nanospheres are used as a substrate for the hydrothermal coating of tungsten trioxide (WO3) to form a core-shell composite of PS@WO3. The core-shell structure is used for the next sintering step. This produces porous WO3. The focus of this study is on the role of porous WO3 in enhancing photocatalytic performance. Methods: The hydrothermal method was employed for coating, and the surface morphology, as well as the structural properties of WO3-coated PS spheres, were systematically investigated using SEM and XRD analyses. Additionally, the sintering process was introduced to enhance the material by inducing rupture in the PS sphere core, creating voids that significantly increased the material's surface area. Results: The evaluation of the effect of sintering temperature on photodegradation efficiency highlighted the crucial role of sintering temperature. Un-sintered and 300°C sintered WO3, both having a hexagonal crystalline structure, exhibited superior degradation efficiencies compared to samples sintered at higher temperatures (400°C and 500°C). In particular, the 300°C sintered WO3 outperformed its un-sintered counterpart despite identical crystalline structures. The performance of the PS@WO3 composite was assessed to determine the enhanced role of porous WO3. The porous WO3 obtained, in particular by the sintering of the core-shell PS@WO3 composites at 300°C, showed a remarkable improvement in the degradation efficiency. These composite demonstrated over 95% efficiency within 10 minutes and achieved near complete (100%) degradation for a further 10 minutes, surpassing the performance of pure WO3. It is important to clarify that while the final product was predominantly WO3 after the sintering process, the inclusion of PS served a critical purpose in creating voids during sintering. The PS@WO3 composite structure used as a resource for the preparation of porous WO3, even with a potentially reduced PS composition, has been found to play a significant role in influencing the surface area of the material, and consequently the photocatalytic performance. Conclusion: The study has highlighted the importance of crystalline structure and sintering conditions in optimizing the efficiency of photocatalytic materials. The porous WO3 obtained, in particular by the sintering of the core-shell PS@WO3 composites at 300°C, showed promising potential for applications under UV and visible LED light irradiation. These results provide valuable insights for the development of advanced photocatalytic materials with improved performance, highlighting WO3 as the key contributor to the observed improvements.

Effects of Sintering Temperature on the Electrical Performance of Ce0.8Sm0.2O1.9–Pr2NiO4 Composite Electrolyte for SOFCs

Abstract Novel composite electrolyte Sm0.2Ce0.8O1.9–Pr2NiO4 (SDC–PNO) for solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) was prepared. The effects of sintering temperature on the performance of SDC–PNO composite electrolyte were studied. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirms that the composite samples sintering at different temperatures contain two pure phases corresponding to SDC and PNO, respectively. It indicates that there is no interfacial reaction between Sm0.2Ce0.8O1.9 and Pr2NiO4, and the composite electrolyte keeps regular grain boundaries after long-term operation. The results of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) show that a dense structure can be formed after sintering at 1250 °C. The electrical properties were tested in air by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy technique in the temperature range of 400–800 °C. Results show that an appropriate increase of the sintering temperature can effectively increase the conductivity of SDC–PNO composite electrolyte, and the maximum conductivity of 0.102 S/cm can be obtained in the sample sintered at 1250 °C and tested at 800 °C. In summary, the electrical conductivity of Sm0.2Ce0.8O1.9 can be significantly increased by adding Pr2NiO4, and SDC–PNO composite electrolyte is a promising electrolyte for solid oxide fuel cells.

Effects of Ni cation ratio and sintering temperature on microstructure and electrical properties of NiMnCoO4-based ceramics

Negative temperature coefficient (NTC) thermistors as temperature sensors play an important role in various electrical/electronic devices and are widely applied in the fields such as, automotive sensor modules, home appliances and control applications. The electrical properties of NTC thermistors can be effectively controlled by regulating the content of their chemical components or changing the microstructures. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of Ni cation ratio and sintering temperature on microstructures, crystal structures, and electrical properties of NiMnCoO4-based ceramics. With increasing Ni content, it was found that sinterability of NiMnCoO4-based ceramics was decreased with forming rock-salt phase of NiO, resulting in degrading resistivity. Furthermore, the spinel structures were detected by X-ray diffraction analysis regardless of sintering temperatures. Notably, values of average grain size for sintered samples were increased with increasing sintering temperature. Besides, it was clarified that electrical properties were significantly influenced by average grain size. The room temperature resistivity was increased from approximately 300 kΩ⋅cm for the sintered sample at 1100°C to about 600 kΩ⋅cm for for the sintered sample at 1300oC. On the other hand, the B(25/85) constant was not significantly influenced by the sintering temperature. Accordingly, it is expected that the results of this study are useful for controlling electrical properties of MnCoNiO4-based ceramics.

Characterization and ceramic properties evaluation of Lombok clay

Purpose. This research aims to assess the characteristics of ceramics made from Lombok clay to optimize the quality of ceramic products in the Lombok region and surrounding areas. Methods. Methods used to characterize Lombok clay include measuring its chemical composition, loss on ignition, plasticity level and conducting mineral analysis. Additionally, the influence of sintering temperature on clay properties and shrinkage is studied. Findings. The main mineral component of Lombok clay is kaolin, which has a high level of plasticity and a water absorption rate of 7 ± 0.6%. The ceramic body produced from this clay is classified as semi-porcelain, making it suitable for medium-sized tableware manufactured using the rotating technique. Originality. This research highlights the effect of sintering temperature on the mineral transformation of Lombok clay and provides valuable information on its optimal applications. It fills a gap in the literature by providing comprehensive data on clay properties and optimal processing conditions that have previously been underexplored. Practical implications. Lombok clay is used predominantly by small-scale ceramic craftsmen in Lombok and Bali due to its relatively low market price. With the findings of this study, these craftsmen can enhance the quality of their products to semi-porcelain standards by adjusting the sintering temperature.