Effects Of Salinity Research Articles

Numerical study on decomposition characteristics of natural gas hydrate based on molecular dynamics method

The molecular dynamics method is used to investigate decomposition characteristics of natural gas hydrate under different pressure and salinity. In this paper, the influence of pressure variation on the stability of natural gas hydrate under high pressure is studied from the molecular point of view based on the seabed pressure in Shenhu sea area. At the same time, taking the real marine conditions in the South China Sea as a reference, the effect of the synergistic effect of various salt ions on the decomposition of natural gas hydrate under the effect of salinity is studied. Its decomposition behavior is discussed by analyzing the parameters such as cell conformation, radial distribution function, mean square displacement and self-diffusion coefficient. The results show that pressure and salinity influence the decomposition of natural gas hydrate through modifying stable its conditions, from solid state to gas-liquid state. And the reduction of pressure accelerates the decomposition of natural gas hydrate under high pressure, while the increase of salinity promotes the decomposition of natural gas hydrate under the condition of high salinity.

Biochar alleviates single and combined effects of salinity and drought stress in faba bean plants

Biochar alleviates single and combined effects of salinity and drought stress in faba bean plants

Effect of salinity on arsenic uptake, biotransformation, and time-dependent speciation pattern by Sargassum species

The arsenic (As) content of seaweed has been extensively studied due to its toxicological concerns. As a primary producer, seaweed plays a vital role in the biochemical cycling of As in marine environments. Several studies have focused on the growth and behavior of seaweed under a salinity gradient; however, information related to the impact of salinity on As uptake, biotransformation mechanism, and time-dependent speciation patterns of these plants is limited. This study aimed to investigate the temporal effects of salinity on these factors in seaweed. Three seaweed species, Sargassum fusiforme, Sargassum thunbergii, and Sargassum horneri, were maintained in a 1% Provasoli-enriched seawater medium for 14 d under 5‰, 15‰, 25‰, and 34‰ salinities. The results revealed that the high salinity media promoted a rapid uptake of As by all three species. Arsenic accumulation inside the cell approached 100% within seven days of culture for S. thunbergii, irrespective of the salinity content of the media. In addition, As(V) biotransformation and release by S. fusiforme and S. thunbergii were time-dependent, while S. horneri released dimethylarsinic acid (DMAA) from day 3 of the culture. All seaweed species showed methylation of As(V) to DMAA during the culture period. Furthermore, S. thunbergii released DMAA when As(V) was completely depleted from the culture media, whereas the release by S. fusiforme and S. horneri was relatively earlier than that of S. thunbergii. S. horneri showed minimal tolerance to low salinity, as the cells revealed significant damage. Based on the results of this study, a conceptual model was developed that demonstrated the effects of salinity on As uptake and the biotransformation mechanism of seaweed.

Soil salinity regulates spatial-temporal heterogeneity of seed germination and seedbank persistence of an annual diaspore-trimorphic halophyte in northern China

Background and aimsSeed heteromorphism is a plant strategy that an individual plant produces two or more distinct types of diaspores, which have diverse morphology, dispersal ability, ecological functions and different effects on plant life history traits. The aim of this study was to test the effects of seasonal soil salinity and burial depth on the dynamics of dormancy/germination and persistence/depletion of buried trimorphic diaspores of a desert annual halophyte Atriplex centralasiatica.MethodsWe investigated the effects of salinity and seasonal fluctuations of temperature on germination, recovery of germination and mortality of types A, B, C diaspores of A. centralasiatica in the laboratory and buried diaspores in situ at four soil salinities and three depths. Diaspores were collected monthly from the seedbank from December 2016 to November 2018, and the number of viable diaspores remaining (not depleted) and their germinability were determined.ResultsNon-dormant type A diaspores were depleted in the low salinity “window” in the first year. Dormant diaspore types B and C germinated to high percentages at 0.3 and 0.1 mol L-1 soil salinity, respectively. High salinity and shallow burial delayed depletion of diaspore types B and C. High salinity delayed depletion time of the three diaspore types and delayed dormancy release of types B and C diaspores from autumn to spring. Soil salinity modified the response of diaspores in the seedbank by delaying seed dormancy release in autum and winter and by providing a low-salt concentration window for germination of non-dormant diaspores in spring and early summer.ConclusionsBuried trimorphic diaspores of annual desert halophyte A. centralasiatica exhibited diverse dormancy/germination behavior in respond to seasonal soil salinity fluctuation. Prolonging persistence of the seedbank and delaying depletion of diaspores under salt stress in situ primarily is due to inhibition of dormancy-break. The differences in dormancy/germination and seed persistence in the soil seedbank may be a bet-hadging strategy adapted to stressful temporal and spatial heterogeneity, and allows A. centralasiatica to persist in the unpredictable cold desert enevironment.

Effect of Salinity and Substrate on the Emergence and Growth of Propagules of the Mangrove Species Rhizophora racemosa in the Sassandra-Dagbego Ramsar Complex, Côte d’Ivoire

This study aimed to evaluate the behaviour of seeded propagules of Rhirophora racemosa (R. racemosa) on different substrates and under different salinity levels. Three substrates including sand, mud and a mixture of the two were tested together with tree salinity levels (low 5%, moderate 10% and high 25%). R. racemosa seedlings were more likely to emerge and grow under moderate and low salinity conditions. The propagules had significant early growth in mud compared to sand and mud-sand mixture. The combined effect of salt and substrate influenced significantly propagules performance in nursery (p<0.001). High propagules emergence and growth were observed in the combination mud and salt treatments as compared to sand and san-mud mixture substrates. These results provide valuable information for the management and restoration of mangroves, highlighting the optimal environmental conditions for the successful regeneration of this species.

Delithiation and lithiation of LiFePO4: Implications for direct Li extraction from synthetic solutions and geothermal brines

The demand for Li is and will be increasing in the future, and the development of a direct Li extraction (DLE) technology from unconventional resources, like geothermal brines, may contribute to a resilient supply in the future. This study investigates the deintercalation from and intercalation of Li in LiFePO4 (LFP) at 25–80 °C, near neutral to acidic pH and the effect of high salinity on the Li extraction performance. The (de-)lithiation is a fully reversible redox process between triphylite and heterosite. Lithium is delithiated from LFP using 0.1 M Na2S2O8 at 42–43 mg/g. The lithiation kinetics increase with temperature, but show a complex relationship to reducing agent (Na2S2O3) concentration. The maximum re-intercalation is achieved in synthetic LiCl + 0.5 M Na2S2O3 solution at 39 mg/g, 25 °C and 7 days, whereas 27 mg/g and 1.3 mg/g Li are intercalated to LFP within 3–4 h in experiments with Bruchsal and synthetic Neustadt-Glewe geothermal brines at 60 °C, respectively. At optimal parameters, >99 % Li are recovered from both geothermal brines in laboratory experiments. This shows that LFP can be used for DLE from geothermal brines under specific conditions in a purely chemical process.

Preparation of a low-temperature demulsifier derived from natural cottonseed oil

In this study, a low-temperature demulsifier (TEP-L) was synthesized by a simple method using polyethylene glycol 1000, and low-cost and readily accessible cottonseed oil as raw materials. The cottonseed oil was first hydrolyzed and then directly reacted with polyethylene glycol 1000 to obtain TEP-L. The chemical composition of TEP-L was determined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and nuclear magnetic resonance hydrogen spectroscopy (1H NMR). A comprehensive investigation was conducted to explore the demulsification performance of TEP-L in water-in-oil (W/O) emulsion. The investigation notably considered the effect of demulsifier dosage, temperature, settling time, pH value, and salinity on the demulsification process. The results demonstrated that the dehydration rate (DR) could reach 100 % with 1000 mg/L of TEP-L at 40 ℃ for 21 h, or a dosage of 500 mg/L at 60 ℃ for 240 min. Moreover, TEP-L exhibited a DR exceeding 90 % over a broad pH range of 8–12 and displayed remarkable resistance to salt. Characterization methods such as surface tension (SFT), dynamic interface tension (IFT), zeta potential, and optical microscopy observation were utilized to investigate the demulsification mechanisms.

Examining effects of elevated temperature, pH, and salinity on early growth of Zizania palustris L. to improve restoration outcomes in Michigan lakes

Examining effects of elevated temperature, pH, and salinity on early growth of Zizania palustris L. to improve restoration outcomes in Michigan lakes

Morphological and physiological features of genotypes of Zea mays towards salt tolerance influenced by mycorrhizal fungi

Soil salinity poses a significant constraint on plant growth and productivity of maize. Salinity causes reduction in water content in plant tissues, ultimately reducing the photosynthetic capacity and resulting in decreased productivity. Normally in saline soils, chloride ions (Cl−) are particularly considered toxic to certain crops, but in case of maize, sodium ion (Na+) is the main ion responsible for toxicity due to its competition with K+ for binding sites at the plasma membrane. Mycorrhizoremediation which is an enhanced form of phytoremediation is one of the key players in remediation saline soils. Inoculation of these beneficial arbuscular mycorrhizae fungi can alleviate growth inhibition and the adverse effects of salinity in both halophytes and glycophytes by establishing symbiotic relationships with plants. AM fungi colonize the roots of maize plants, perform a crucial role in nutrient cycles in terrestrial ecosystems and own highly efficient and various mitigation mechanisms. Under saline conditions, AM fungi restrict the absorption and translocation of Na+ to shoot tissues and enhance the uptake of K+ in plants. An experiment aiming to enhance salt tolerance in maize through AMF symbiosis was conducted. In this experiment three AMF were evaluated at two salinity levels 66 mM and 100 mM. analysis of data revealed that AMF Ri collect showed showed highest percentage of root colonization at all salinity levels. While plants inoculated with AMF Ce CdG showed highest shoot and root biomass. Furthermore, plants inoculated with Sc CdG and Ce CdG showed a significant reduction in Na+ accumulation and enhance K+ accumulation in shoot and root tissues as compared to non-mycorrhizal plants.

Effects of temperature and salinity on indoor preservation of in vitro holdfast of Sargassum fusiforme

Effects of temperature and salinity on indoor preservation of in vitro holdfast of Sargassum fusiforme

Effects of fluid composition and salinity on subcritical crack growth in granite

Using the double-torsion technique, the fracture mechanical response of granite specimens was investigated under the influence of fluid with different electrolyte types and salinities. The fracture toughness (KIC) and critical mechanical energy release rate (G0) of the granite in electrolyte solution are weakened compared to those in distilled water. The KIC in all electrolyte solutions is 2.08–2.28 MPa·m1/2, which is 8.4 % − 16.5 % lower than that in distilled water, and it is insensitive to ion type and salinity. In contrast, the subcritical crack growth index (n) shows different salinity dependence in three salt (AlCl3, CaCl2, and NaCl) solutions. The slight increase in n with rising salinity of the AlCl3 solution is attributed to crack tip blunting caused by over-dissolution of minerals. The n and G0 decrease and then increase with rising salinity of CaCl2 solution, which may be related to the salinity-dependent dissolution rate of quartz and the weakening of repulsive force between crack surfaces. The n and G0 shows a negative correlation with salinity and decrease by 26.4 % and 15.4 %, respectively as the NaCl salinity increases from 0.1 M to 1.0 M. Limitations in the dissolution reactions of the main minerals (albite, biotite and diopside) is accountable for enhancement of n in silica solutions. Experimental results emphasize the critical and subcritical fracture behavior of the granite in response to chemically reactive fluids with implications for both hydraulic fracture stimulations in geothermal fields and caprock integrity for CO2 sequestration. In these applications, the fracture properties of the reservoir rock can be enhanced or weakened by changing the electrolyte type and salinity of the fluid, depending on the actual requirements.

Impacts of elevated temperature, decreased salinity and microfibers on the bioenergetics and oxidative stress in eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica

Projected increases in temperature and decreases in salinity associated with global climate change will likely have detrimental impacts on eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica, as these variables can influence physiological processes in these keystone species. We set out to determine how the interactive effects of temperature (20 °C or 27 °C) and/or salinity (27‰ or 17‰) impacted the energetic reserves, aerobic and anaerobic metabolism, and changes to oxidative stress or total antioxidant potential as a consequence of an altered environment over a 21-day exposure. Gill and adductor muscle were used to quantify changes in total glycogen and lipid content, Electron Transport System and Citrate Synthase activities, Malate Dehydrogenase activity, Protein Carbonyl formation, lipid peroxidation, and total antioxidant potential. A second exposure was performed to determine if these environmental factors influenced the ingestion of microfibers, which are now one of the leading forms of marine debris. Elevated temperature and the combination of elevated temperature and decreased salinity led to an overall decline in oyster mass, which was exacerbated by the presence of microfibers. Changes in metabolism and oxidative stress were largely influenced by time, but exposure to elevated temperature, decreased salinity, the combination of these stressors or exposure to microfibers had small impacts on oyster physiology and survival. Overall these studies demonstrate that oyster are fairly resilient to changes in salinity in short-term exposures, and elevations in temperature or temperature combined with salinity result in changes to the oyster energetic response, which can be further impacted by the presence of microfibers.

Characterization of pore water microdynamics and microstructure of clays: The effect of pore fluid chemistry and temperature

It is crucial to figure out the microdynamics of pore water and the microstructure of clays under various thermal and chemical environments when characterizing the physical properties of clays. In this study water microdynamics in clay was investigated via the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) technique. The NMR measurements were performed on three clays saturated with distilled water and three salt solutions from 25 to 75°C. The saline and thermal effect on soil-water interaction, water microdynamics and microstructure of clays has been investigated through relaxation times by invoking the DDL theory and the ionic hydration mechanism. Number of jumps (τS/τm) for water molecule is 82 for soils A or C and 520 for soil B when saturated with distilled water, implying the larger surface molecular affinity of soil B. Salt solutions increase the values of τS/τm in the sequence of K+>Ca2+>Na+. Effective activation energy of pore waterΔE= 2.33 kcal/mol, 1.49 kcal/mol and 1.19 kcal/mol for soils A, B and C when saturated with distilled water are obtained. The effect of salt solution on ΔE depends on cation exchange capacity (CEC) and specific surface area (SSA), the larger the CEC and SSA, the smaller the saline effect. In addition, it is found that the pore size distribution of the compacted clay is bimodal, and inter-aggregate pores are greatly influenced by pore fluid chemistry, due to clay aggregation.

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Data from the current study was used to analyse the impact of marine heat waves on the quantity and distribution patterns of Iraqi marine fisheries following the recent change in the climate of the northwestern Arabian Gulf. The average annual water temperature and salinity were 26◦C and 38.6 psu, respectively, higher than the averages recorded during previous decades. The dissolved oxygen average was 8.65 psu, and the pH was 8.23. Principal components analysis (PCA) showed that temperature and salinity accounted for 66.93% of the effect of the studied factors, while the percentage of dissolved oxygen was 32.81% and the pH was 0.27%. The results showed a decrease in the weight, numbers, and diversity of the fish during the summer compared to the data from previous decades. Supplementary variable analysis showed that the number of species, individuals, and weights of commercial marine fisheries' catches were inversely correlated to water temperature and salinity. Autocorrelation analysis revealed temporal changes in the effect of temperature and salinity on the decline in the number of fish during the summer. It is extremely important that significant progress be made in understanding marine heat waves and the risks they pose to marine ecosystems in order to predict how these systems and the products they provide will be affected.

Ridge and Furrow Sowing Method with Close Spacing Reduces the Salinity Effect of Sunflower Production in the Ganges Delta

Ridge and Furrow Sowing Method with Close Spacing Reduces the Salinity Effect of Sunflower Production in the Ganges Delta

Biochemical Responses of Date Palm Phoenix dactylifera L. to Combined Stress of Salinity and Nickel

This study examined the effects of nickel (Ni) at 0, 25, and 50 mg.L-1 concentrations, applied alone or in combination with salinity (represented by NaCl at 0, 100, and 200 mM concentrations), on the biochemical traits of date palm. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), malondialdehyde (MDA), membrane stability index (MSI), peroxidase (POD) activity, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and proline content were among the parameters evaluated. The results revealed significant effects of nickel and salinity on the studied biochemical markers. Nickel at 50 mg.L-1 significantly increased H2O2 (0.87 µmol. L-1) and MDA (2.46 nmol.g-1) levels, while decreasing MSI (75.85%). Moreover, it enhanced POD (25.09 U.min-1.g-1) and SOD (3.78 U. min-1.g-1) activity, as well as proline content (4.35 µmol.g-1). Salinity at 200 mM significantly increased H2O2 (0.90 µmol L-1) and MDA (2.54 nmol.g-1) levels, decreased MSI (77.69%), and increased POD (27.61 U. min-1.g-1) and SOD (3.77 U.min-1.g-1) activity, along with increased proline content (4.54 µmol.g-1). Additionally, the combined application of nickel and salinity, particularly at higher concentrations, resulted in significantly increased biochemical responses compared to individual treatments. The findings highlight the interactive effects of nickel and salinity on the oxidative and antioxidant mechanisms in date palm plants. This study contributes to our understanding of plant responses to abiotic stressors and provides insights for optimizing date palm cultivation under challenging environmental conditions.

Natural metal contents and influence of salinization in deep Canadian Shield groundwater: Base level versus mineral deposit enrichment halos

Groundwater interacts with mineral deposits, making this secondary environment a medium of choice for geochemical exploration. With increasing depth, groundwater in Precambrian shields typically matures and increases in salinity through prolonged water–rock interactions and mixing with geologically old saline fluids. As the focus of mineral exploration is gradually shifting toward deeper targets, the influence of salinity on pathfinder background levels and anomalous thresholds must be considered. We compiled a deep background database (Deep Abitibi Groundwater database; DAGW) containing groundwater samples between depths of 0 m and 690 m from barren exploration boreholes in the Abitibi subprovince, Quebec, to evaluate the natural elemental levels at depth. The DAGW provides valuable knowledge of the base levels of a wide spectrum of elements and of the changes in these base levels along with the increasing salinity in bedrock aquifers of the deep Canadian Shield. This can serve to estimate background values during hydrogeochemical exploration campaigns. The regional Abitibi base level for Zn (median of 7.5 μg/L), a key pathfinder for VMS mineralization, is unaffected by the increasing salinity levels down to depths of 690 m. Hence, down to this depth, the Zn concentrations measured may be used directly for mineral exploration, and no further correction for the effects of salinization is necessary. We conducted a case study near an undisturbed VMS-type deposit (Daniel 25) and a Zn enrichment halo was observed. Within the halo, Zn concentrations increased with depth, indicating that Zn mobility was positively affected by the geochemical conditions of the deeper aquifer. Anomalous Zn thresholds representing the proximal (50–600 m from the mineralization) and direct contact (within 50 m of the mineralization) footprints of the Daniel 25 deposit were estimated at 50 μg/L and 380 μg/L, respectively. An anomalous threshold was also estimated for Co, a secondary pathfinder, at 0.5 μg/L. Unlike Zn, several other elements, which could be used to trace mineral deposits, are affected by salinization. As a final step, we applied a correction to the Daniel 25 data, based on elemental baseline trends observed in the DAGW. The aim was to remove the effects of salinity and enhance the statistical correlations caused by the presence of the mineralized body. This correction led to the emergence of new spatial correlations, notably with Na and Sr, that are coherent with the increasing hydrothermal alteration in proximity to the ore.

The Effect of Soil Salinization on ‎Agricultural ‎Production in the ‎Countryside of Al-Amiriya District

The Effect of Soil Salinization on ‎Agricultural ‎Production in the ‎Countryside of Al-Amiriya District

Effects of salinity, temperature, and pressure on H2–brine interfacial tension: Implications for underground hydrogen storage

Underground hydrogen (H2) storage is a long-term, clean, and sustainable solution for a large-scale H2 economy. Hydrogen geo-storage strategies in saline aquifers have gained considerable attention regarding meeting energy demand challenges. Rock-fluid interaction and interfacial tension (IFT) of any given gas determine the fluid flow, storage potential, and containment security. However, the literature lacks sufficient information on the IFT of H2-brine systems at various thermophysical and salinity conditions. This study experimentally measures density using an Anton Paar DMA-HP densitometer and IFT with a Kruss drop shape analyzer (DSA-100). The density and IFT measurements of H2-brine systems were evaluated at various pressures (0.1, 5, 10, 15, and 20 MPa), temperatures (25, 50, and 70 °C), and salinities, including deionized water, seawater (mixed brine), and individual brines (NaCl, KCl, MgCl2, CaCl2, and Na2SO4) at 1 and 3 M concentrations. The results indicate a significant decrease in H2-brine IFT by the increasing temperature at a constant pressure and salinity. A slightly decreasing trend is observed when the H2-brine IFT is plotted against pressure, maintaining a constant salinity and temperature. Increasing the salinity of the salt solutions (from 1 to 3 M), irrespective of the salt type, increases the H2-brine IFT at a constant pressure and temperature. Due to the screening effect, the monovalent and divalent cations behave differently in H2. To the best of our knowledge, this comprehensive dataset for H2-brine IFT is presented for the first time. The provided data are crucial for reservoir simulations and determining the H2 geo-storage potential under natural reservoir conditions.

Carnitine modulates antioxidative defense in ABI2 mutant under salt stress

Carnitine, a ubiquitous compound in living organisms, fulfills diverse roles in energy metabolism, stress resilience, and detoxification. Its antioxidant and osmolyte traits offer relief to stressed plants. Antagonizing abscisic acid (ABA), carnitine influences ABA-responsive genes. Our study, using Arabidopsis thaliana wild-type Ler. (Landsberg erecta) and ABA-insensitive abi2-1 mutants, explored carnitine’s impact on antioxidative responses and ABI2’s role in salt-induced carnitine metabolism. The application of 5 µM carnitine has alleviated the decrease in RWC, shoot weight, and rosette diameter WT plants caused by 80 mM salt stress for 4 days. Carnitine reduced cell membrane damage and salinity effects, evidenced by decreased lipid peroxidation and H2O2. In contrast, the impaired ABI2 of abi2-1, due to deficient phosphatase activity, further exacerbated the inhibitory effect of carnitine on the enzymes of the ascorbate-glutathione cycle, consequently reducing stress mitigation. While abi2-1 mutants exhibited unchanged superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, they demonstrated increased catalase and peroxidase activity following carnitine treatment under salt stress compared to WT plants. Conversely, wild-type WT plants treated with carnitine exhibited elevated total glutathione content under salt stress, a response not observed in abi2-1 mutants under carnitine treatment. These results underscore the crucial role of ABI2-dependent ABA signaling in regulating plant carnitine metabolism.