Regenerative Braking Effect Research Articles

Artificial Intelligence in Regenerative Braking for Trains: A Systematic Review

The impact of Artificial Intelligence (AI) on different sectors, including railways, is now widely recognized. This paper shares the findings of a comprehensive literature review on how AI affects regenerative braking in railway transportation. The review focuses on various areas of regenerative braking, such as energy storage system, timetabling, and reversible substation.
 In the literature review, it was found that 57 scientific papers were published from 2017 to December 2022. The majority of these papers, specifically 70.2%, utilized AI to optimize the effectiveness of regenerative braking. However, the use of AI in reversible substation and a combination of methods for regenerative braking is still limited, even though several methods exist. With the continuous development of new AI innovations, it is anticipated that new strategies will be created to enhance energy efficiency in regenerative braking, particularly in rail transportation.
 Keywords: Artificial Intelligence, Regenerative Braking, Railway.

Enhancing Electric Vehicle Performance: A Co-Relation Study of Key Performance Parameters

The urgent issues of greenhouse gases and global warming have drawn more attention globally. The adoption of Electric Vehicle (EV) technology has altered the transportation industry and progressively decreased the market share of fossil fuel-powered automobiles as a crucial step to solve these pressing concerns. EVs provide emissions-free mobility since they run on chemical energy stored in rechargeable battery packs. These Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs) can recover kinetic energy lost while braking by utilizing regenerative braking technology, further boosting their environmental friendliness. Performance has significantly improved as a result of manufacturer’s ongoing advances to EV technology. The effectiveness of regenerative braking and battery capacity are two critical performance factors for EVs that have a substantial impact on their total performance. A thorough examination of key performance metrics and their connection becomes essential for achieving additional improvement. Industries use simulation tools for evaluation, but they frequently ignore the intricate relationship between many performance-influencing factors. In order to address this, we provide a Co-Relation research study on a number of commercially available electric vehicles, concentrating on the battery capacity, power, driving range, and pick-up as the key performance aspect. We determine the Co-Relation between these factors using Karl Pearson Co-Relation coefficient, which offers important insights regarding EV performance. The findings of this research will be a useful tool for EV makers, promoting a better knowledge of parametric connection and assisting them in optimizing the performance of their EV model. Additionally, the finding of post-sale analysis of performance indicators may provide crucial confirmation for the results of simulation. This study helps direct to the automobile sector toward a future that is more efficient and sustainable.

Effect of Regenerative Braking on Battery Life

It is a well-known fact that automotive industries in every country are shifting towards electric vehicles (EVs) and in the days to come it is expected that the industry will become dominated by them, along with hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). Unfortunately, the acceptance of EVs for mobility is affected by its poor range per charge. Thus, energy optimization and waste energy recuperation are currently in need. A promising method to recover energy that is lost during vehicle deceleration is regenerative braking, which extends the range of a vehicle by recovering the kinetic energy from braking and using it to recharge the battery. However, the intensity of the charging–discharging rate and the operating temperature of lithium–ion (Li–ion) batteries make them vulnerable to failure, making the rate of current delivered to the battery by regenerative braking a serious concern. Therefore, the focus of this review article is on how regenerative braking affects battery life and the precautions being taken to safeguard the battery against increased charge during regenerative braking. In this review paper, various research articles are referred to in order to examine how regenerative braking affects battery life. It is concluded that charging current obtained from long-term regenerative braking is the prominent factor in battery deterioration, regardless of the current intensity. Additionally, the rate of lithium plating is increased if the temperature and state of charge (SOC) are outside of the ideal range. By lowering the depth of discharge (DOD) and using shorter recharging times, higher levels of regenerative braking will extend a battery’s lifecycle even at high SOC and temperature.

Feasibility studies of micro wind turbines installed on electric vehicles as range extenders using real-time analytical simulation with multi driving cycles scenarios

The proposed work aims to generate electricity by utilising the air flowing around the vehicle through the micro wind turbines (MWTs). In this case, the electricity produced can be used to charge up the battery or power up additional vehicle accessories, which increases the efficiency or/and range of the vehicle. Three driving cycles have been conducted to examine the model’s performance in moderate, highly dynamic and highway driving scenarios. The analytical works resulted in an 8.38%, 4.6% and 1.01% efficiency increase for the case of the Highway driving cycle (FTP), the new European driving cycle (NEDC) and the standardisation random test aggressive driving cycle (RTS), respectively when adding the micro wind turbines model. In terms of range analysis, 16, 11 and 2 km of the range were added to the full battery charge range of the vehicle when the vehicle was simulated for the case FTP, NEDC and RTS driving cycles scenarios, respectively. The results conclude that the value of micro wind turbines is shimming with highway driving scenarios where the effect of regenerative braking is absent and the drag force acting on the vehicle is at its highest rate.

Design of downhill regenerative braking control method for hybrid electric vehicle

In order to improve the downhill regenerative braking control effect of hybrid electric vehicle (HEV), this paper designs a downhill regenerative braking control method for hybrid electric vehicle (HEV). Firstly, the structures of regenerative braking system, auxiliary braking system and eddy current retarder (ECR) are analyzed. Secondly, the braking torque of ECR when HEV downhill braking is calculated. Then, the braking process of HEV is dynamically analyzed, and the braking force distribution constraint of HEV is realized according to the relevant laws and regulations. Finally, the downhill regenerative braking control of HEV is realized based on the braking force distribution coefficient. The results show that when the vehicle speed is up to 120 km·h, the speed control can still be completed within 2 s by using the proposed method, indicating a good regenerative braking effect.

Limitation of Power Equipment Traction Substations Overload Due to the Use of Electricity Storage Systems

The issues considered in the article are related to the issues of increasing the traction substations power equipment load capacity. The efficiency of the technical solution for the use of electric power storage systems connected in parallel to the converter units of traction substations is investigated. The storage systems operation modes control is implemented on the basis of the power equipment overload level limiting. The above calculation results show that the use of electric power storage systems makes it possible to increase the traction substations power equipment load capacity and limit overloads. The permissible level of overload capacity affects the parameters and operating conditions of storage systems. The article provides an assessment of changes in the degree of charge, depth of discharge and accumulation systems load factor. Calculations are given to assess the effect of regenerative braking on the charge degree graph and the accumulation system discharge depth, the rectifier converter load factor.

A pulse‐and‐glide ‐driven adaptive cruise control system for electric vehicle

As the adaptive cruise control system (ACCS) on vehicles is well-developed today, vehicle manufacturers have increasingly employed this technology in new-generation intelligent vehicles. Pulse-and-glide (PnG) strategy is an efficacious driving strategy to diminish fuel consumption in traditional oil-fueled vehicles. However, current studies rarely focus on the verification of the energy-saving effect of PnG on an electric vehicle (EV) and embedding PnG in ACCS. This paper proposes a pulse-and-glide-driven adaptive cruise control system (PGACCS) model which leverages PnG strategy as a parallel function with cruise control (CC) and verifies that PnG is an efficacious energy-saving strategy on EV by optimizing the energy cost of the PnG operation using Intelligent Genetic Algorithm and Particle Swarm Optimization (IGPSO). This paper builds up a simulation model of an EV with regenerative braking and ACCS based on which the performance of PGACCS and regenerative braking is evaluated; the PnG energy performance is optimized and the effect of regenerative braking on PnG energy performance is evaluated. As a result of PnG optimization, the PnG operation in the PGACCS could cut down 28.3% energy cost of the EV compared to the CC operation in the traditional ACCS which verifies that PnG is an effective energy-saving strategy for EV and PGACCS is a promising option for EV.

МЕТОДИКА ОЦІНЮВАННЯ ЕФЕКТИВНОСТІ РЕКУПЕРАТИВНОГО ГАЛЬМУВАННЯ ДЛЯ ЕЛЕМЕНТАРНОГО СПРОЩЕНОГО ЦИКЛУ РУХУ

The article analyzes the elementary simplified cycle of a vehicle with an electric motor during its acceleration and regenerative braking, the dependence of specific energy consumption on vehicle speed and the equation of specific energy consumption, to develop a mathematical model that characterizes the energy efficiency of a vehicle with traction traffic conditions on an elementary simplified cycle. The object of the study is the process of determining the specific energy consumption during the movement of a vehicle with an electric traction unit. The aim of the article is to develop a mathematical model that characterizes the energy efficiency of wheeled and rail vehicles with electric traction. Research methods - information-analytical. According to the results of the study, a method for evaluating the effectiveness of regenerative braking for an elementary simplified motion cycle is obtained. KEY WORDS: ELECTRIC TRACTION INSTALLATION, ENERGY EFFICIENCY, ENERGY CONSUMPTION, RECOVERATIVE INHIBITION, ELECTRODYNAMIC HALAMENE GALAMATE, MATHEMATICAL MODEL

ВЛИЯНИЕ РЕКУПЕРАЦИИ ЭНЕРГИИ ТОРМОЖЕНИЯ НА ВЫБРОСЫ ТВЕРДЫХ ЧАСТИЦ ОТ АВТОТРАНСПОРТА

The main objectives of the study are to establish the effect of regenerative braking on emis-sions of fine particles from the wear of brake mechanisms. The main objective is to develop assess-ment methods. In the experimental studies involved vehicles with a hybrid engine, which performed a series of acceleration and braking cycles with recovery, and then only mechanical braking. The presented results allow us to draw conclusions about the effect of regenerative braking on emis-sions from wear on brake linings.

Energy Regenerative Damping in Variable Impedance Actuators for Long-Term Robotic Deployment

Energy efficiency is a crucial issue towards longterm deployment of compliant robots in the real world. In the context of variable impedance actuators (VIAs), one of the main focuses has been on improving energy efficiency through reduction of energy consumption. However, the harvesting of dissipated energy in such systems remains under-explored. This study proposes a novel variable damping module design enabling energy regeneration in VIAs by exploiting the regenerative braking effect of DC motors. The proposed damping module uses four switches to combine regenerative and dynamic braking, in a hybrid approach that enables energy regeneration without a reduction in the range of damping achievable. A physical implementation on a simple VIA mechanism is presented in which the regenerative properties of the proposed module are characterised and compared against theoretical predictions. To investigate the role of variable regenerative damping in terms of energy efficiency of longterm operation, experiments are reported in which the VIA equipped with the proposed damping module performs sequential reaching to a series of stochastic targets. The results indicate that the combination of variable stiffness and variable regenerative damping is preferable to achieve the optimal trade-off between task performance and energy efficiency. Use of the latter results in a 25% performance improvement on overall performance metrics (incorporating reaching accuracy, settling time, energy consumption and regeneration), over comparable schemes where either stiffness or damping are fixed.

Parametric design and regenerative braking control of a parallel hydraulic hybrid vehicle

Hydraulic hybrid technologies improve the fuel economy of city-use medium duty vehicles by recovering braking energy and reusing it for driving, most notably vehicle launching. In this paper, a parametric design of hydraulic driving system for a medium duty truck is conducted based on its power demand in typical urban driving cycles. The braking control strategy is designed considering both the safety regulations and braking energy recovery rate. The proportional relationship of hydraulic pump/motor output torque and its working pressure is considered when designing the braking control strategy. The influence of the high pressure accumulator minimum working pressure and the corresponding gas volume at the minimum pressure on the braking energy recovery rate is analyzed. The simulation results show that the proposed hydraulic driving system and braking control strategy helps greatly increase the braking energy recovery rate. Besides, different vehicle mass and load distributions are investigated to analyze the regenerative braking effect on various loading conditions.

Анализ эффективности применения рекуперативного торможения с учетом разработки энергетического паспорта участка

Анализ эффективности применения рекуперативного торможения с учетом разработки энергетического паспорта участка

The influence of driving patterns on energy consumption in electric car driving and the role of regenerative braking

Abstract: Electric mobility is seen as a major means to improve energy efficiency and to reduce CO2 emissions in the traffic sector. But so far, little is known about the vehicle specific factors that influence energy consumption. This paper investigates whether the driving pattern parameters that have proved to be relevant for the fuel consumption of internal combustion vehicles (ICVs) also apply to battery electric vehicles (BEVs). The effect of the BEVs’ ability to regenerate energy from braking is examined in particular. In order to measure driving patterns, four commercially used BEVs were equipped with tracking devices to record GPS and energy data over the course of several months. The driving patterns are described in 45 parameters that are calculated for segments of the logged driving profiles. Suitable correlation coefficients are calculated to check for dependencies with energy consumption. The most significant correlations were found for combined speed and acceleration parameters, in particular the relative positive acceleration. The correlations identified, however, were smaller than expected. The regenerative braking effect appears to be one responsible aspect.

Regenerative Braking Capability Analysis of an Electric Taxiing System for a Single Aisle Midsize Aircraft

This paper investigates the effect of regenerative braking on the overall energy consumption of an electric taxiing system (ETS), which is integrated in the main landing gear of a single aisle midsize aircraft. Besides predicting the electric taxiing energy consumption for the selected aircraft, a system-level analysis of the proposed system is presented that ultimately yields main powertrain component performance requirements. In the evaluated system, electric motors are responsible for the aircraft’s propulsion while taxiing on ground. First, the system’s modeling process is analyzed to size an electrified traction system that matches conventional taxi performances. Based on the aircraft’s mass and the interaction between the wheels and the tarmac, a simulation model for an ETS is developed. This model is simulated across four real taxiing drive cycles to evaluate and characterize the energy and power requirements of the traction system. Moreover, the power and energy ratings of the traction system (electric motors, power electronics, and energy storage device) are determined by the consideration of four real taxiing scenarios. The assumptions, made to size the powertrain, and especially the electric motor specifications are confirmed by the simulation results. Furthermore, the results of the considered drive cycles display that regenerative braking can potentially enable a reduction in the overall energy use to electrically taxi the aircraft on ground of up to 15% on average.

Analysis of Regenerative Braking Effect to Improve Fuel Economy for E-REV Bus Based on Simulation

Emission regulations are strict globally and oil price goes up continuously. There are many researches for eco-friendly vehicle to solve these problems. Among them, extended-range electric vehicle (E-REV) utilizes electric energy directly and can drive extended range by generating additional energy. It has characteristics of both an electric vehicle (EV) and hybrid electric vehicle (HEV). According to state of charge (SOC) for battery, E-REV can drive either EV mode or HEV mode. In this study, effect of regenerative braking is analysed to improve fuel economy for the E-REV bus when vehicle drives as EV mode. In advance, sizing of components is conducted to develop forward simulator for calculating fuel economy. The forward simulator is developed using Matlab/Simulink. Considering performance for battery, limited regenerative braking is applied in the forward simulator and the effect of regenerative braking is analysed when driving cycles are determined. And then effect of coast driving is analysed by comparing to constant speed driving. Effect of regenerative braking when vehicle is coasting is verified and this result can be utilized to develop control logic for regenerative braking in further research.

Optimal Sizing of Energy Storage for Regenerative Braking in Electric Railway Systems

<?Pub Dtl=""?> The problem of optimally sizing hybrid energy storage systems (HESS) installed in electric railway systems, considering the effect of regenerative braking is studied in this paper. HESSs combine traditional batteries and newly developed ultracapacitors, taking advantage of the high energy capacity of batteries and of the flexibility and ability to capture high power density of ultracapacitors. A novel mixed integer linear programming formulation that includes the counting of battery cycles is presented. Some particularities of battery operation are included in the model, like the dependence of its performance on the number of cycles and the depth of discharge (DOD). Results are reported first for a illustrative case study, allowing us to perform sensitivity studies for several parameters; results are also reported and for a larger case, closely resembling the problem faced by railway energy systems planners and operators.

Evaluation of regenerative braking effect for E-REV bus according to characteristic of driving cycle

The extended-range electric vehicle (E-REV) is an electric vehicle concept that has a light engine to allow an extended driving range. One of the most important features of these vehicles, based on electricity, is their ability to recover significant amounts of braking energy in a process known as regenerative braking. The more driving motor operates widely as generator, the more braking energy can be absorbed. However, it is not realistic in terms of performance for components. This study proposes three regenerative braking torque maps as the constraints to consider their performance. The results of fuel economy for simulations while applying proposed torque maps are compared with those of simulations without any constraints to evaluate effect of regenerative braking for E-REV bus according to characteristic of driving cycle. The characteristics of driving cycles are analyzed to find relationship between driving cycle and fuel economy. The aggressiveness of the driving cycles shows a linear relationship with regard to the difference in the fuel economy. This result can be used to develop power distribution control strategies with regenerative braking models to improve fuel economy levels.

Turbulent drag reduction through oscillating discs

AbstractThe changes in a turbulent channel flow subjected to sinusoidal oscillations of wall flush-mounted rigid discs are studied by means of direct numerical simulations (DNS). The Reynolds number is ${Re}_{\tau }=180$, based on the friction velocity of the stationary-wall case and the half-channel height. The primary effect of the wall forcing is the sustained reduction of wall-shear stress, which reaches a maximum of 20 %. A parametric study on the disc diameter, maximum tip velocity, and oscillation period is presented, with the aim of identifying the optimal parameters which guarantee maximum drag reduction and maximum net energy saving, the latter computed by taking into account the power spent to actuate the discs. This may be positive and reaches 6 %. The Rosenblat viscous pump flow, namely the laminar flow induced by sinusoidal in-plane oscillations of an infinite disc beneath a quiescent fluid, is used to predict accurately the power spent for disc motion in the fully developed turbulent channel flow case and to estimate localized and transient regions over the disc surface subjected to the turbulent regenerative braking effect, for which the wall turbulence exerts work on the discs. The Fukagata–Iwamoto–Kasagi identity is employed effectively to show that the wall-friction reduction is due to two distinguished effects. One effect is linked to the direct shearing action of the near-wall oscillating-disc boundary layer on the wall turbulence, which causes the attenuation of the turbulent Reynolds stresses. The other effect is due to the additional disc-flow Reynolds stresses produced by the streamwise-elongated structures which form between discs and modulate slowly in time. The contribution to drag reduction due to turbulent Reynolds stress attenuation depends on the penetration thickness of the disc-flow boundary layer, while the contribution due to the elongated structures scales linearly with a simple function of the maximum tip velocity and oscillation period for the largest disc diameter tested, a result suggested by the Rosenblat flow solution. A brief discussion on the future applicability of the oscillating-disc technique is also presented.

Evaluation Method of Regenerative Braking for Electric Vehicles

Regenerative braking is one of the key technologies to improve the energy efficiency of electric automobile, but there is no available scientific method to evaluate the effectiveness of regenerative braking for electric automobile. The paper research regenerative system conformation and control strategy .An efficiency evaluation index of regenerative braking system is introduced based on brake energy flow model.

Study on Hybrid Vehicle Regenerative Braking Control Parameters Affecting to Vehicle Performance Analysis and Simulation

In the hybrid vehicle applied basic research and engineering development, regenerative braking is to reduce energy consumption, reduce emissions and increase the driving range of the important means. According to the different hybrid vehicle driving conditions, how to use regenerative braking control parameters, thereby enhancing the braking energy recovery, is a hybrid car regenerative braking system of the heart. In this paper, the regenerative braking control parameters of the hybrid electric vehicle, by a reasonable choice of regenerative braking of the hybrid vehicle control parameters can increase the regenerative braking energy recovery, for reducing fuel consumption and maintain SOC are benefits. Computer Numerical simulation and simulation results show that the regenerative brake control parameters for hybrid vehicle fuel consumption and greater impact on the SOC, and the regenerative braking may affect the minimum speed limit of the regenerative braking effect, the lower the minimum speed limit the greater the braking energy recovery, thesis research is regenerative braking hybrid vehicle control parameters selected to provide a reference.