Effects Of Plyometric Training Research Articles

Pengaruh Latihan Playometrik Terhadap Peningkatan Power Otot Tungkai Pada Mahasiswa PGSD Atlet Bolavoli Putri SSC

The problem in this study is the low level of the explosive power of the athlete's limb muscles. This study aims to determine how much influence Plyometric training has on increasing leg muscle power in SSC Women's volleyball athletes. This research is an experimental study, in which the authors wanted to know the effect of Plyometric training on increasing leg muscle power in PGSD students, women's volleyball athletes, and SSC. The method used in this research is a field experiment method. The population used as the sample in this study was 10 PGSD students, so this research is called population research. The variables in this study consisted of the independent variable, namely plyometric training, and the dependent variable, namely the Power Test using the Jump MD measuring instrument. The instruments used in the training process consist of five forms of training. Based on the results of the pre-test and post-test which were processed using statistical formulas, the hypotheses in this study can be proven that there is an increase in leg muscle power in PGSD students, and SSC women's volleyball athletes through plyometric training.

The Effect Of Plyometric Training On Improving Smash Ability In Volleyball Athletes: Meta-Analysis Study

This study aims to determine the effect of several plyometric exercises on improving smash skills in volleyball. Many studies have conducted this research in the field of sports. Various kinds of studies explain that plyometric training has a very positive effect on improving volleyball smash abilities, but the results of the data presented tend to be different, with this it is necessary to re-analyze the data in order to provide comprehensive information about plyometric training on improving volleyball smash abilities. The meta-analysis method used in this study was assisted by Jeffreys's Amazing Statistics Program (JSAP) software version 0.16.0.0 by collecting data from research results that already exist in databases such as Google Scholar. Literature search from Google Scholar using the keywords: “plyometric” OR “plyometric” AND “smash” with a range of 2010-2022. The sampling technique used in the search for articles is fulltext articles and article research is carried out in Indonesia. The results of the search with these keywords found a population of 979 articles and 11 samples used, then this data will be retrieved according to the inclusion and exclusion that have been determined. The results of this study indicate that the RE model was identified as 1.15 from the results of studies that have been analyzed and there is no publication bias, therefore it can be concluded that plyometric training has a high effect on volleyball smash ability.

Effectiveness of plyometric training on agility in male collegiate foot-ball players, an experimental study

Effectiveness of plyometric training on agility in male collegiate foot-ball players, an experimental study

Effects of plyometric training on kicking performance in soccer players: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to determine the pooled effect size (ES) of plyometric training (PT) on kicking performance (kicking speed and distance) in soccer players depending upon some related factors (i.e., age, gender, skill level, and intervention duration). This study was carried out according to the PRISMA guidelines. Four electronic databases-EBSCO, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science-were searched for relevant studies. A total of n = 16 studies yielding 17 ES with n = 553 participants were finally included in the meta-analysis. A random-effects model was used to calculate Hedge's g with a 95% confidence interval (CI), which showed that plyometric training had a large-sized positive effect on soccer kicking performance (g = 0.979, 95% CI [0.606, 1.353], p < 0.001). Subgroup analyses were performed according to participants' characteristics (i.e., age, gender, skill level) and intervention duration, demonstrating no significant differences between these subgroups. The study pointed out that plyometric training is a generally effective method to improve soccer players' kicking performance, which plays a crucial role in passing and shooting actions during games. As for soccer players and strength and conditioning coaches, the plyometric training aiming to enhance kicking performance has valuable implications in practice. Therefore, besides well-known training methods like power training in the weight room, plyometric training could be incorporated into the overall strength and conditioning programs for soccer players to reach high standards of kicking performance.

The Effect of Plyometric Training on the Power and Reactive Agility of Karate Athletes

The Effect of Plyometric Training on the Power and Reactive Agility of Karate Athletes

The Effects of Plyometric Training with Elastic Band on Physical Fitness and Isokinetic Function in Fencing Foil Athletes

PURPOSE: This study aimed to investigate the effects of plyometric training (PT) with elastic bands on the physical fitness and isokinetic function in fencing foil athletes.METHODS: The study participants were 16 male and female foil fencers aged 20–35 who were selected as the national team in 2019 and classified into the PT with band (PTB) group (n=8) and PT group (n=8). The participants performed PT according to their elastic band status three times a week for four weeks. Both groups participated in the measurement of physical fitness and isokinetic function factors of the knee joint after 0 and 4 weeks.RESULTS: Hand grip strength decreased significantly after 4 weeks versus 0 week in both groups (respectively, &lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt;&lt;.05), and the changestep jump increased significantly after 4 weeks compared with 0 week in both groups (respectively, &lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt;&lt;.05). The number of front and back steps increased more significantly after 4 weeks in the PT group than in the PTB group (&lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt;&lt;.05). The right flexor strength of the knee joint increased significantly after 4 weeks compared to that at 0 week in both groups (respectively, &lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt;&lt;.05).CONCLUSIONS: Regardless of the use of elastic bands, the fencing-specific PT program improved agility factor and isokinetic function of knee joint.

The Effect of Plyometric Training on the Speed, Agility, and Explosive Strength Performance in Elite Athletes

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the speed, agility, and explosive strength performance of elite basketball players over an 8-week plyometric training program. Fifteen elite male college basketball players in Taiwan (average age 22.16 ± 0.85 years old) were publicly recruited. All participants received 24 plyometric training courses three times per week for 8 weeks, and the courses were implemented pre- and post-test. The speed and agility test items were divided into a 20 m sprint and a T-shaped run. In the explosive strength test, a force plate was used to measure countermovement jump to understand the pre- and post-test differences in all the test indicators, including the rate of force development, time of the rate of force development, ground reaction forces for the moment of jumping, duration of passage, and jump height. It was found that, after the participants underwent the plyometric training program, the body mass index and body fat percentage were significantly reduced, the skeletal muscle mass was significantly increased, and the post-test scores for speed and agility improved significantly. All the participants exhibited a steeper gradient for the rate of force development (r = −0.816~−0.963) and a shorter time for the rate of force development (0.107~0.232 s). The ground reaction forces reached 1509.61~2387.11 Newtons. The duration of passage reached 0.643 s, and the jump height reached 0.624 m. The conclusion was that the plyometric training program can increase muscle volume in the lower limbs and legs, increase the rate of force development, and shorten the jumping time, thereby enhancing explosive strength.

Effect of twelve weeks plyometric training on leg explosive strength for 14 to 19 year old athletes

Introduction: Plyometric training helps athletes to build muscle power. Several studies on the different sports disciplines proved that plyometric training activates the stretch reflex mechanism in the muscle and improves the leg explosive strength. The goal of this study was to determine whether systematic plyometric training improved explosive leg strength.Objective: To know the effect of plyometric training on leg explosive strength for 14–19-year-old athletes. Methods: Forty state level athletes (Age:15±2.37 years, Height:160±6.9cm, Weight:50±7.4 kg) from Barasat Athletic Club, North 24 Parganas district, West Bengal, India, were purposively selected as subjects for the present study. The subjects (n=40) were randomly assigned to three groups of ten subjects each groups- Group-I, II, III: Experimental (sprinters, jumpers and throwers) Group and Group-IV: Control Group which was formed randomly by taking 10 subjects. Pre-test was conducted for all the subjects on selected leg explosive strength (power) parameters. The leg explosive strength (power) parameters were measured by standing broad jump (meter) Test. The initial test score formed the pre-test score for the subjects. Experimental Groups-I, II, III (sprinter, jumper, thrower) were exposed to plyometric training (hurdles hops, squat jump, box jump, depth jump) and while the Control Group was not exposed to plyometric training other than their regular daily activities. The duration of the experimental period was 12 weeks. After the experimental treatment, all forty subjects in the form of three experimental and one control group were tested on leg explosive strength (power) parameters. These final test scores formed the post-test. The pre-test and post-test scores were subjected to statistical analysis using the t-test. The level of significance was judged at 0.05 level of significance. Result and Discussion: The above table indicates a significant difference between pre-test and post-test leg explosive strength (power) performance for the experimental group (sprinters, jumpers and throwers) who were involved in the plyometric training programme, whereas the table indicates an insignificant difference for the control group. Conclusion: After twelve weeks of plyometric training compares the experimental group with control group; the results showed that the plyometric training was more effective for the all experimental groups. The plyometric training of twelve weeks training duration leads to a significant effect on the leg explosive strength of 14-19 year old athletes.

Effect of plyometric training and SAQ training followed by detraining on selected bio-motor abilities of school level kabaddi players

The purpose of the study was to examine the effect of Plyometrics training and SAQ training followed by detraining on selected Bio-motor abilities of school level kabaddi players. The investigator selected a total of thirty (N=30) male kabaddi players between the age group of 12-18 years from CMS high school Olassa Kottayam Districts. 10 subject of them, as SAQ training (N=10), Plyometric training (n=10) and control group (n=10) were selected as subjects. Total duration was for 8week All the subjects were tested on selected criterion variables prior to and immediately after the six weeks of Kabaddi training programme. The de training effect had measured after the two weeks of training. The study aimed at mainly to find out the impact of Plyometric training and SAQ training followed by detraining on selected Bio-motor abilities of school level kabaddi players. The bio motor variables (dependent variables) selected for the study were explosive strength and agility. Thus data collected on the above variables from thirty kabaddi players were fit into three equal groups. Hence Analysis of covariance (ANACOVA) was applied for find out the significance level. The result indicates that there was significant difference in explosive strength Hence the research hypothesis first stated has been accepted in the case of explosive strength Further it was hypothesized that there would be a significant improvement on bio-motor abilities due six weeks of SAQ training. The pretest scores and post test scores were compared to find out effect of the training. The result indicates that there was significant difference in agility.

Effects of Plyometric Training on Sonographic Characteristics of Quadriceps Muscle and Patellar Tendon, Quadriceps Strength, and Jump Height in Adolescent Female Volleyball Players

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of plyometric training on vastus lateralis (VL) and patellar tendon size, quadriceps isokinetic strength, and vertical jump height in adolescent female volleyball players. Thirty players (age mean ± SD: 15.7 ± 1.1 years) participated in a 6-week Sportsmetrics™ plyometric training program. VL thickness, echo intensity, and patellar tendon cross-sectional area were assessed by real-time ultrasound. Isokinetic quadriceps strength and vertical jump were assessed. The VL thickness, quadriceps strength, and VJ height increased and VL–echo intensity decreased after training. We recommended that 6-week Sportmetrics plyometric training program may be implemented in adolescent female volleyball programs especially before the beginning of the volleyball season.

Effects of Plyometric Training on the Agility, Speed, and Explosive Power of Male Collegiate Badminton Players.

Plyometric training involves dynamic activities such as hopping, jumping, skipping, and bounding, and is used to improve dynamic muscle performance. The study aims to determine the effects of a 3-week plyometric training program on the explosive strength (standing broad jump [SBJ]), speed (30-meter sprint), and agility (t-test) of badminton players. The study recruited 102 eligible subjects who were randomly divided into two groups (51 per group). Both groups were initially tested for agility, speed, and strength. Thereafter, the experimental group underwent the plyometric exercise program twice per week for 3 weeks with a 2-day recovery period in between sessions. During the 3 weeks, the control group continued its routine exercise without plyometric training. After 3 weeks, the study tested both groups for agility, speed, and strength. The agility of the experimental group after plyometric training (pre = 10.51±0.35 vs. post = 9.74±0.39 s) was significantly improved [t (100) = 9.941, p < 0.001] compared with the control group (10.65±0.29 vs. 10.53±0.33 s). Performance in terms of speed was significantly increased [t (100) = 4.675, p < 0.001] for the experimental group (pre = 4.58±0.35 vs. post = 4.06±0.45 s) compared with the control group (pre = 4.62±0.29 vs. post = 4.47±0.34 s). The experimental group (pre = 181.17±6.05 vs. post = 178.30±5.97 s) exhibited a substantial improvement [t (100) = 4.95, p < 0.001] in terms of explosive power compared with that of the control group (pre = 183.02±3.89 vs. post = 183.88±3.91 s). The findings emphasize the benefits of plyometric training in increasing the performance level required during movements in badminton. Plyometrics can help badminton players enhance their agility, speed, and explosive power.

Positive Effects of Plyometric Training on Increasing Speed, Strength and Limb Muscles Power in Adolescent Males

The study purpose was to prove the effectiveness of a plyometric jumping jack, countermovement jump, and tuck jump training in increasing speed, strength, and limb muscle power in adolescent males. Materials and methods. A total of 33 subjects from Santri Pondok Pesantren An-Nur 2 Al-Murtadlo Malang Regency, males, aged 18-22 years voluntarily participated in the study. The subjects were divided into 3 intervention groups, namely PJJ (n = 11, plyometric – jumping jacks), PCJ (n = 11, plyometric – countermovement jump), and PTJ (n= 11, plyometric – tuck jump). Plyometric jumping jacks, countermovement jump, and tuck jump training was conducted for 30 minutes/session, intensity 70-90% 1-RM, frequency 3x/week for 6 weeks. Measuring limb muscle power used the Jump Meter Digital (MD) Test, measuring limb muscle strength used the Back &amp; Leg Dynamometer, and measuring speed used the 30 m running test. The data analysis technique used the Paired Sample T-Test with a significance level of 5%. Results. The results obtained were as follows: mean speed between pretest and posttest on PJJ (4.56±0.16 vs. 4.36±0.15 second, (p ≤ 0.001)), PCJ (4.61±0.15 vs. 4.54±0.14 second, (p ≤ 0.001)), PTJ (4.55±0.19 vs. 4.48±0.18 second, (p ≤ 0.001)), limb muscle strength between pretest and posttest in PJJ (111.45±18.94 vs. 139.27±20.23 kg, (p ≤ 0.001)), PCJ (117.73±21.03 vs. 129.55±19.24 kg, (p ≤ 0.001)), PTJ (115.46±17.66 vs. 125.91±18.62 kg, (p ≤ 0.001)), limb muscle power between pretest and posttest in PJJ (422.86±34.61 vs. 493.12±49.24 joule, (p ≤ 0.001)), PCJ (410.70±38.25 vs. 462.20±38.55 joule, (p ≤ 0.001)), PTJ (404.20±45.63 vs. 441.78±46.90 joule, (p ≤ 0.001)). Conclusions. Based on the results of the study, it was concluded that plyometric jumping jacks, countermovement jumps, and tuck jumps performed for 30 minutes/session, with an intensity of 70-90% 1-RM, frequency 3x/week for 6 weeks are effective in increasing limb muscle power, strength and speed.

Effect of Plyometric Training Conducted in Aquatic Medium on Speed and Explosive Strength of the Athletes

Background: Plyometric training (PT) are performed in different hard surfaces like dry land, hard court or grassy turf which is at the same time susceptible to muscle and joint injury of the lower limbs. To avoid this risk Aqua-based training gradually has become popular to the trainers. Therefore, in the present study the PT were conducted in an aquatic medium. Objective: The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of Aquatic plyometric training on speed and explosive leg strength ability of the young Indian athletes. Method: This study was quasi-experimental in nature. Twenty-four (N = 24) athletes aged between 14-16 years were selected. They were equally grouped into two: i) Aquatic Plyometric Training Group (APTG, N=12), and ii) Control Group (CG, N=12). Both the groups were involved in regular physical activity as usual in their academy which was not under the control of the researchers, however, in addition to that APTG underwent an aqua-based Plyometric training for fourteen weeks. The dependent variables were speed and explosive leg strength. Baseline (pre) and post intervention mean values for APTG and CG were analyzed through ANCOVA. The F-values were tested at p0.05 level of significance. Results: The APTG improved significantly with respect to the CG in speed (F = 70.890; p 0.00001) and explosive leg strength (F = 32.553; p 0.00001). Conclusion: Aquatic Plyometric Training was found as an effective training means for the development of speed and explosive leg strength of the athletes belongs to the age group of 14-16 years.

Meta-Analysis of the Effects of Plyometric Training on Lower Limb Explosive Strength in Adolescent Athletes.

Plyometric training is an effective training method to improve explosive strength. However, the ability to perform plyometric training in the adolescent population is still controversial, with insufficient meta-analyses about plyometric training on lower limb explosive strength in adolescent athletes. To investigate the influence of plyometric training on the explosive strength of lower limbs in adolescent athletes. We performed a search of six databases (Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, ProQuest databases, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), and Wan-fang database) from the starting year of inclusion in each database to April 4, 2022. The quality of the included literature was assessed using the Cochrane risk assessment tool, and data were analyzed using the Review Manager 5.4 software. Plyometric training had significant effects on the performance of adolescent athletes in countermovement jump (MD = 2.74, 95% CI: 1.62, 3.85, p < 0.01), squat jump (MD = 4.37, 95% CI: 2.85, 5.90, p < 0.01), standing long jump (MD = 6.50, 95% CI: 4.62, 8.38, p < 0.01), 10-m sprint (MD = -0.04, 95% CI: -0.08, -0.00, p = 0.03), and 20-m sprint (MD = -0.12, 95% CI: -0.20, -0.04, p = 0.03); all had positive and statistically significant effects (p < 0.05). Plyometric training can significantly enhance the explosive strength of lower limbs in adolescent athletes.

Effects of Plyometric Training with Resistance Bands on Neuromuscular Characteristics in Junior Tennis Players.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of 6 weeks (conducted twice per week for a total of 12 sessions) of plyometric training with resistance bands on different neuromuscular characteristics among the sample of junior tennis players. Thirty junior tennis players between the ages of 12 and 14 years (age 13.5 ± 1.8 years; weight 51.3 ± 12.5 kg; height 162.7 ± 12.6 cm) were allocated to either the control group (standard in-season regimen) (CG; n = 15) or the experimental group, which received additional plyometric training with resistance bands (TG; n = 15). Pre- and post-tests included: anthropometric measures; 20 m sprint time (with 5, 10, and 20 m splits), squat jump (SQ Jump); vertical countermovement jump (CMJ); vertical countermovement jump with arm swing (CMJ_free arms); single leg (left) countermovement jump (CMJ_L); single leg (right) countermovement jump (CMJ_R); standing long jump (L_Jump); single leg (left) triple jump (SLTH-L); single leg (right) triple jump (SLTH-R); generic change of direction speed (CODS) (20Y test and T-test); reactive agility test (WS-S). After the training intervention, the TG showed significant ("p &lt; 0.05") improvements in CMJ (F = 7.90, p = 0.01), CMJ_L (F = 5.30, p = 0.03), CMJ_R (F = 11.45, p = 0.00), and SLTH-L (F = 4.49, p = 0.04) tests. No significant changes were observed in the CG after the training intervention. Our findings provide useful information for coaches to create a wide range of tennis-specific situations to develop a proper performance, especially for their player's neuromuscular fitness.

THE EFFECT OF PLYOMETRIC TRAINING ON ATHLETIC PERFORMANCE AND OXYGEN SATURATION IN YOUNG MALE BASKETBALL PLAYERS

The aim of the study is to examine the effect of plyometric training on athletic performance and oxygen saturation in young male basketball players. 22 male basketball players who regularly practice basketball participated in the study. Participants were divided into two different groups as the experimental group (n:11 age: 20.41±3.27) and the control group (n:11 age: 21.78±2.32). A plyometric training program was applied to the experimental group 3 days a week for 6 weeks. Both groups continued their normal basketball training. Exercises known as drop jump, box jump, squat jump, split squat jump and overhead slam were applied to the plyometric training group. Anaerobic power, speed (20 m), flexibility (sit and reach) and oxygen saturation (SpO2) values were measured before and after the plyometric training. SPSS 22.0 package program was used for statistical evaluation. Shapiro-Wilk test was used for the normality of the data. Paired Sample t-test was used for within-group comparisons for statistical analysis of the data. The significance level was applied as p&amp;lt;0.05. Anaerobic power, speed, flexibility, and SpO2 values of the experimental group were found to be significant at the p&amp;lt;0.05 level. The values of the control group were not significant (p&amp;gt;0.05). As a result, it can be said that the 6-week plyometric training program applied to young male basketball players has a positive effect on athletic performance and SpO2 values.&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt; Article visualizations:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src="/-counters-/edu_01/0400/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

A Study to Find Out the Effect of Plyometric Training on Power and Agility Performance in High School Basketball Players: An Interventional Study

Introduction: Plyometric training is a training strategy designed to improve the performance by incorporatingthe basic needs of agility and power, allows muscle to reach exponential increase in the maximum strength andspeed of movement in the shortest duration. Basketball requires players to move forward, backward, laterally,diagonally and need to change Directions in a split second.Methodology: This study was an interventional study, where 30 high school basketball players with age group14-20 years were selected by inclusion and exclusion criteria. Players who were willing to participate in the studywere requested to fill the consent form. 30 high school basketball players received plyometric training. Outcomemeasurements vertical jump height and T-agility measured before 5 weeks and after of the training. RESULT &amp;Conclusion: Data were analyzed by Statistical package of social science (SPSS) 20.0 software applying paired t testfor pre treatment and post treatment comparison of vertical jump height and wilcoxon sign ranked test used forT-agility. The results revealed that vertical jump height showed significant improvement after training (t=-10.679,p&lt;0.05), and T-agility test also showed significant improvement after training (t=-5.295, p&lt;0.05) in high schoolbasketball players. The result showed significant difference of pre and post training. So, it can be concluded thatplyometric training effective on power and agility in high school basketball players.

Plyometric training programs in handball

This systematic scoping review aimed to comprehensively identify and analyze the available evidence pertaining to the effects of plyometric training interventions on handball players. The search for relevant literature was conducted across prominent databases, including PubMed, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science Core Collection. The eligibility criteria focused on healthy handball players, without restrictions on age, sex, or competitive level, who were exposed to plyometric training interventions, either alone or in combination with other training methods. A meticulous screening process was conducted, whereby 3,195 titles were carefully evaluated, resulting in the inclusion of 35 eligible studies in this systematic scoping review, involving a total of 891 participants. Most studies on plyometric training in handball focused on indoor settings, conducted during the in-season period, and involved tier two athletes. The training frequency typically ranged from twice per week, with a duration of between 5 and 12 weeks, and incorporated some form of progressive overload. The number of total floor contacts varied between 20 and 600. There was a considerable variation in outcomes across the included studies, but most of them demonstrated a positive impact of plyometric training on improving jumping ability, sprinting speed, change of direction, strength, and balance. In conclusion, the predominant focus of the studies was on the lower limb, specifically aiming to assess the intervention influence on variables associated with strength and power. Notably, these investigations consistently highlighted favorable effects on enhancing these parameters among handball players. However, further research is needed to explore the effects of plyometric training in handball, particularly regarding exercise selection, optimal volume and intensity, rest intervals, and tapering protocols.

Effects of Plyometric Training on Lower Limb Strength and Power in Young Postpubertal High Level Basketball Players

Background: Currently, the scientific evidence available on plyometric training in young basketball players is limited. Objectives: The aim of this study was to analyze the effects produced by plyometric training over a period of 8 weeks, with a frequency of two weekly training sessions, combining vertical and horizontal force vectors. Methods: The study involved 28 young men (14.54 ± 0.6 years, a height of 182.76 ± 7.1 cm and a body weight of 68.05 ± 9.8 kg) high-level basketball players and aimed to investigate the effects of this training program on athletes at different maturational states, specifically based on their peak height velocity (PHV) and post-pubertal (post-PHV) stages. Results: Substantial improvements were achieved in the subjects who have carried out this type of plyometric training in all the parameters evaluated related to the improvement of the jump, linear speed and change of direction. Conclusions: Therefore, it is crucial to provide valuable information to trainers and physical trainers, enabling them to improve and individualize the conditioning work for optimal performance of their athletes.

The Physical Performance Needs in Silat Olahraga

Combat sports have been classified as grappling, for example, karate, silat, taekwondo, jitsu, judo, wrestling) and striking, as silat, karate or taekwondo depending on their rules and technical actions. As the technical movement and rules vary depending on the sport, it is plausible that physical fitness necessities to achieve high-level in each combat sport are also different. Despite their determination and identity, the physical and physiological profiles of all combat sports, there were less investigation can be proven on the effects of plyometric training in silat. This current information could be useful for athletes’ detection programs for the different combat sports. Based on the past research that have been done, it’s have been proved that less research is being done on plyometric training in silat and predominantly on the main physical fitness performance needs (power, agility, cardiovascular endurance, and muscular strength).