Effect Of Nanoparticles Addition Research Articles

Determination of the effect of low concentration titanium dioxide nano fuel additive in biodiesel on performance and emissions

In this study, the effect of nanoparticle addition into rapeseed methyl ester (R0) produced by the transesterification method on engine performance and emissions was experimentally investigated. Titanium dioxide was used as a nano fuel additive and was added to the test fuels at rates of 50 ppm (RTi50) and 75 ppm (RTi75) using an ultrasonic mixer. The effect of titanium dioxide on engine performance and exhaust emissions was experimentally determined by taking advantage of its photocatalysis effect and chemical reaction accelerator properties. Additionally, titanium dioxide additive reduced the viscosity and density of biodiesel fuel, resulting in higher micro explosion. According to the test results carried out at 4 different engine loads, brake specific fuel consumption decreased by 7.51% and 8.62% in RTi50 and RTi75 fuels compared to R0 fuel. Brake thermal efficiency increased by 2.47% and 6.21%, respectively. The improvement in combustion achieved by the nano additive increased the conversion of CO emissions into CO2, increased NOX emissions, reduced smoke emissions and caused more complete combustion products to come out of the exhaust.

Nanocomposite Provisional Resin: Effect of Nanoparticles Addition on the Physical Properties and Antimicrobial Activities In Vitro

Nanocomposite Provisional Resin: Effect of Nanoparticles Addition on the Physical Properties and Antimicrobial Activities In Vitro

Thermal and Mechanical Investigations of (Bi, Pb)-2212 Superconductor Added with Different Oxide Nanoparticles

Abstract The current study reports the synthesis of nano-(CdO)x/Bi1.6Pb0.4Sr1.9Ca1.1Cu2.1Oy, nano-(Cd0.95Mn0.05O)x/Bi1.6Pb0.4Sr1.9Ca1.1Cu2.1Oy, and nano-(Cd0.95Fe0.05O)x/Bi1.6Pb0.4Sr1.9Ca1.1Cu2.1Oy composites, with x = 0.00, 0.01, 0.02, 0.05, and 0.10 wt. %, respectively, using the classical solid-state reaction technique. X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) confirmed the formation of an orthorhombic structure of the (Bi, Pb)-2212 as the major phase. Thermogravimetric analysis was utilized to evaluate the thermal stability of the pure sample throughout the different stages of phase formation and the effect of nanoparticle addition. The weight loss/gain from the three additions is related to the excess of oxygen, as confirmed via iodometric titration analysis and from the findings of oxygen diffusion energy. Room temperature Vickers microhardness (HV) measurements were conducted at various applied loads (0.49–9.8 N). Based on the Vickers microhardness (HV) measurements, the optimum addition of nanoparticles for increasing the microhardness of the (Bi, Pb)-2212 phase was at x = 0.05 wt. % for all superconducting composites. Iron doped Cadmium Oxide (CdFeO) nanoparticles have the greatest enhancement on the Vicker hardness values (HV) at the plateau region. Furthermore, various mechanical parameters for potential applications, such as elastic modulus (E), yield strength (Y), and fracture toughness (K) of the samples under study, were consequently extracted from HV as a function of nanoparticle addition. Moreover, CdFeO addition outperformed CdO and Manganese doped Cadmium Oxide (CdMnO) addition in improving the parameters of E, Y, K, and B, which display better ductility and an enhanced capacity to resist indentation fractures and facilitate (Bi-2212) manufactured in the form of round wires that can be used in high magnetic field magnets, nuclear magnetic resonance instruments, and large hadron colliders. Different models were theoretically used to analyze the measured HV data in the plateau limit regions. The indentation-induced cracking model offered the most accurate theoretical model at the plateau limit region based on Vickers microhardness (HV) observations.

Ionogel impregnated glass ionomer cement and the effect of nanoparticle additives

The ionogel reduce the formation of inter or intramolecular hydrogen bonding between polyalkenoic acid chains and improve the availability of free carboxylic acid to react with the cations leached out of the glass powder (e.g. Al3+, Ca2+).

Insight on the Effect of Nanoparticles addition in Oil Lubrication: A Review

Insight on the Effect of Nanoparticles addition in Oil Lubrication: A Review

The Effect of Nanoparticle Additives on the Lubricity of Diesel and Biodiesel Fuels

Fuel lubricity is an essential property that ensures the longevity end efficiency of diesel CI engines. Nanomaterials have been shown to have the potential to improve lubricity in many different lubricating substances, including fuels. Moreover, the combustion process has also been shown to improve with the introduction of nanomaterials. This study investigated a series of nanoparticles, including carbon nanoplates, carbon nanotubes, aluminum oxide, zinc oxide, and cerium oxide, as lubricity-enhancing additives for selected fuels. Conventional diesel fuel and rapeseed oil methyl ester, referred to as biodiesel, were chosen as base fuels for modification. The lubricity was evaluated according to the standard test method ASTM 6079 using the HFRR tribometer. The leading lubricity indicators were the wear scar diameter, wear volume, and coefficient of friction. In addition, the worn surface analysis was performed to elucidate the lubrication mechanism. The results show that the addition of nanoparticles can improve the lubricity of both investigated fuels. However, the effect differed among nanoparticles and fuels. In summary, carbon nanotubes could be a rational choice for both fuels. In addition, zinc oxide improved the lubricity of diesel fuel, while carbon nanoplatelets and aluminum oxide nanoparticles showed improvements in the lubricity of biodiesel.

Effects of Nanoparticle Addition on the Reliability of Sn-Based Pb-Free Solder Joints Under Various Conditions: A Review

In order to satisfy the needs of electronic industries for high-reliability joints, different kinds of nanoparticles were incorporated into conventional Pb-free solders to enhance the performance of solder joints by researchers for decades. It is reported that doping certain nanoparticles to the solder can promote the wettability and strength of the solder, refine the grain size of solder and intermetallic compounds, and inhibit IMC layer growth. In this paper, the effects and the corresponding mechanism of nanoparticle addition on the reliability of Sn-based Pb-free solder joints in various conditions are comprehensively analyzed and summarized such as under thermal aging, thermal cycling, thermal shock, electromigration and so on. In addition, directions for future study about the reliability of nanoparticles-doped solder joints were discussed, so as to provide theoretical support for developing high-reliability nanocomposite solder joints.

Cellulose derivative as protection coating: Effect of nanoparticle additives on load capacity

The cellulose derivative hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) has recently been extensively studied and used in mechanical applications. However, the softness and susceptibility to deformation of HPMC limited its further applications. In this study, metal nanoparticles (nano-aluminum and nano-copper) and nano-metal oxide particles (nano-alumina and nano-copper oxide) were used as additives to HPMC to form a composite film with improved mechanical properties, particularly load capacity. The addition of high levels of additives provided a higher load capacity. Among the nano-additives used in the study, Cu (2 wt.%) provided the composite with the highest load capacity, improving the load capacity of pure HPMC by 250%. The surface treatment of strengthening additives is an important step. Adding specific high-strength and high-modulus metal and metal oxide additives to the soft HPMC matrix can effectively improve the load-bearing capacity of the composite material. This study proposes a simple evaluation method for the load-bearing capability of the coating as well.

Effect of Nanoparticle Addition on Evaporation of Jet Fuel Liquid Films and Nanoparticle Deposition Patterns during Evaporation.

Jet fuel-based nanofluid fuel has been proposed for improving the energy density and utilization efficiency of jet fuel that is widely applied in aircraft powered by aviation turbine engines. To recognize the evaporation behavior of the formed liquid film as a jet fuel-based nanofluid sprayed onto the engine wall or blades, this paper presents the evaporation and deposition characteristics of the jet fuel-based nanofluid liquid film adhering on the hydrophilic substrate. The changes in contact line, contact angle, volume, and deposition pattern during liquid film evaporation under different substrate temperatures, different nanoparticle concentrations, and different kinds of nanoparticle additions were investigated. The effect of nano-Al addition on the evaporation kinetics and deposition pattern of the nano-Al/jet fuel (nAl/JF) nanofluid fuel liquid film was explored. Repeated pinning and de-pinning of contact lines during evaporation occurred, resulting in the formation of concentric multi-ring deposition patterns. The addition of nano-Al increased the evaporation rate and shortened the evaporation lifetime, demonstrating a promotion effect on jet fuel liquid film evaporation. The existence of an energy barrier shows that the movement of three-phase contact lines on the hydrophilic solid surface presented not a continuous sliding behavior but a "stick-slip" behavior, and there were multiple jumps in contact lines and contact angles. Finally, a comparison was made with the deposition pattern of jet fuel liquid films with different graphite and Fe nanoparticle additions during evaporation. The mechanism of deposition phenomena was deeply revealed by the analysis of capillary flow and Marangoni recirculation.

OPTIMIZATION OF THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES, COMBUSTION PERFORMANCE AND HARMFUL EXHAUST GASES OF BIODIESEL FUEL WITH NANOPARTICLE ADDITIVES

Increasing use of diesel products causes decrease of oil reserves, global warming, increase in the world average and adverse effects on human health and the environment. Emissions from combustion in engines are directly related to the quality, properties and combustion characteristics of the fuel. Since the physical and chemical properties of the fuel affect the atomization characteristics, it is important for increasing the combustion efficiency. The most important fuel properties affecting the combustion of diesel fuel are cetane number, viscosity, density and calorific value. There are many applications in improving the chemical and physical properties of fuel. One of them is nanoparticle (NPs) additives adding in fuel. In this study, it was aimed to improve fuel properties with optimum additive ratio by adding CeO2, TiO2 and Co3O4 nanoparticle additives into biodiesel which are produced from cotton and canola oil. The effects of NPs additives in fuel properties such as viscosity, density, lower calorific value and flash points were investigated.

The impact of employing carbon nanotube and Fe3O4 nanoparticles along with intermediate boiling fluid to improve the discharge rate of phase change material

Despite the fact that solid–liquid phase change materials (PCMs) have various applications in thermal energy storage systems, the low solidification rate of PCMs, which is due to the low thermal conductivity has limited the range of applications of PCMs. One of the methods of increasing the solidification rate of PCMs is using a boiling fluid as an intermediary between the solid–liquid PCM and the condenser to prevent the direct contact between the phase change material and the condenser tubes, this method is also known as the intermediate boiling fluid (IBF) method. The IBF method has been shown to significantly increase the solidification rate (2 orders of magnitude). In this study, the effect of nanoparticles addition on the solidification rate of PCM in the IBF method is investigated. Paraffin and acetone are used as the solid–liquid PCM and the IBF, respectively. Hence, Carbon nanotubes (CNT) and Fe3O4 as carbon-based and metallic nanoparticles, respectively, are dispersed in the acetone at three different concentrations of 1 wt%, 2 wt%, and 4 wt%. The results revealed that, compared to the case without using nanoparticles, the addition of Fe3O4 nanoparticles at concentrations of 1 wt%, 2 wt%, and 4 wt% decreases the total solidification time by 4%, 16%, and 20%, respectively. Likewise, the addition of CNT nanoparticles at the same concentrations decreased the total solidification time by 16%, 28%, and 36%, respectively. Furthermore, the addition of Fe3O4 and CNT at 4 wt% reduces the solidification start time by 20% and 30%, respectively.

Numerical Modeling of the Effect of Nanoparticle Concentration on Solidification Rate of Phase Change Materials in Thermal Energy Storage Systems

Considering the growing rate of energy consumption as well as significant enhancement in worldwide energy demand, it is necessary to improve the performance of energy storage, i.e., melting and solidification rates in thermal energy storage systems. Phase change materials (PCMs) with high latent heats of fusion and proper melting points can be used as alternatives in energy storage systems. The most serious shortcoming in the existing PCMs is low thermal conductivity which confines the rate of energy storage. This issue can be tackled using nanoparticles with much higher thermal conductivities conjugated with the existing PCMs. In this research, effect of nanoparticle addition into PCMs along with copper fins inside both un-finned and finned triplex-tube thermal energy storage systems on PCM solidification rate was investigated numerically. Furthermore, various parameters including nanoparticle type (Al2O3, Ag, CuO, and Cu), concentration (1 and 3%) and diameter (20 and 80 nm) were analyzed for augmentation of the solidification time. The obtained results revealed that the simultaneous presence of fins and 3% of nano-Al2O3 with a 20 nm average diameter can save solidification time up to 67.11%.

Electro and magnetoactive printed bi-functional actuators based on alginate hybrid hydrogels

Soft materials are attracting much attention for the development of biostructures able to mimic the movement of natural systems by remote actuation. Multi-sensitive hydrogels are among the best materials for obtaining dynamic and biocompatible soft structures for soft actuators and related biomedical devices. Nevertheless, bioinks based on naturally occurring and stimuli responsive hydrogels able to be 3D printed continues being a challenge for advanced applications. In this work 3D printable electrically and magnetically responsive, non-cytotoxic, hybrid hydrogels based on alginate and zero monovalent iron nanoparticles (NPs) are presented. The effect of NPs addition on the physico-chemical properties of the hydrogels is addressed, together with its effect on the functional electroactive and magnetoactive response. NPs concentration up to 10 % do not affect the mechanical stability of the gels, while promoting an increase actuation response.

Gas–Liquid Slug Flow Studies in Microreactors: Effect of Nanoparticle Addition on Flow Pattern and Pressure Drop

Colloidal suspensions of nanoparticles (e.g., metals and oxides) have been considered as a promising working fluid in microreactors for achieving significant process intensification. Existing examples include their uses in microflow as catalysts for enhancing the reaction efficiency, or as additives to mix with the base fluid (i.e., to form the so-called nanofluids) for heat/mass transfer intensification. Thus, hydrodynamic characterization of such suspension flow in microreactors is of high importance for a rational design and operation of the system. In this work, experiments have been conducted to investigate the flow pattern and pressure drop characteristics under slug flow between N2 gas and colloidal suspensions in the presence of TiO2 or Al2O3 nanoparticles through polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) capillary microreactors. The base fluid consisted of water or its mixture with ethylene glycol. The slug flow pattern with nanoparticle addition was characterized by the presence of a lubricating liquid film around N2 bubbles, in contrast to the absence of liquid film in the case of N2-water slug flow. This shows that the addition of nanoparticles has changed the wall wetting property to be more hydrophilic. Furthermore, the measured pressure drop under N2-nanoparticle suspension slug flow is well described by the model of Kreutzer et al. (AIChE J 51(9):2428–2440, 2005) at the mixture Reynolds numbers ca. above 100 and is better predicted by the model of Warnier et al. (Microfluidics and Nanofluidics 8(1):33–45, 2010) at lower Reynolds numbers given a better consideration of the effect of film thickness and bubble velocity under such conditions in the latter model. Therefore, the employed nanoparticle suspension can be considered as a stable and pseudo single phase with proper fluid properties (e.g., viscosity and density) when it comes to the pressure drop estimation.

The Effects of Nanoparticle Additives on Thermophysical Properties of Concrete Mixtures

In recent years, energy-retrofitting is becoming an imperative aim for existing buildings worldwide and increased interest has focused on the development of nanoparticle blended concretes with adequate mechanical properties and durability performance, through the optimization of concrete permeability and the incorporation of the proper nanoparticle type in the concrete matrix. In order to investigate the potential use of nanocomposites as dense barriers against the permeation of liquids into the concrete, three types of nanoparticles including Zinc Oxide (ZnO), Magnesium Oxide (MgO), and composite nanoparticles were used in the present study as partial replacement of cement. Besides, the effect of adding these nanoparticles on both pore structure and mechanical strengths of the concrete at different ages was determined, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images were then used to illustrate the uniformity dispersion of nanoparticles in cement paste. It was demonstrated that the addition of a small number of nanoparticles effectively enhances the mechanical properties of concrete and consequently reduces the extent of the water permeation front. Finally, the behavioral models using Genetic Algorithm (GA) programming were developed to describe the time-dependent behavioral characteristics of nanoparticle blended concrete samples in various compressive and tensile stress states at different ages.

The effect of nanoparticle additives on the tribological properties of various lubricating oils – Review

Eco-friendly lubricants are gaining more attention because of the environmental impacts caused by non-renewable petroleum products. Vegetable and synthetic oils are considered as a potential base-stock for bio-lubricants. It was observed that certain lubricant properties such as oxidative stability, tribological behavior of these bio-lubricants need to be improved. The addition of nanoparticles is considered as an effective solution to enhance the performance of the lubricant. This paper overviewed the effect of various nanoparticles as additives on the tribological properties of different lubricating base oils such as mineral oils, vegetable oils, and synthetic oils. The addition of multiple nanoparticles (0.1 to 0.5 wt%) has indicated an improvement of 3 to 50% in these lubricating oils' tribological properties under different testing conditions. The review has also explained the mechanism of nanoparticles by which the tribological properties are enhanced.

Synergetic effects of carbon nanotube and graphene addition on thermo-mechanical properties and vibrational behavior of twill carbon fiber reinforced polymer composites

The effect of carbon based nanoparticles addition, such as Multi Wall Carbon Nanotube (MWCNTs) and Graphene Nano Platelets (GNPs), on mechanical and thermal properties of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites (CFRPs) was experimentally investigated. 2/2 twill woven carbon textile was used to fabricate the CFRP samples. The main aim of this study was to improve the weak interface behavior of carbon fibers with polymers by using its own nanoparticles in the structure of CFRPs. The obtained results from thermal tests, such as storage modulus, loss factors, glass transition temperature and loss weight percentage, were compared to reveal the influence of nanoparticles in the structure of CFRPs. The effects of MWCNTs and GNPs addition on natural frequency and damping ratio of multi scale composites were studied by using vibrational tests. The effect of nanoparticles addition on water uptake nature of CFRPs was investigated by hydrophobicity test. The results showed that MWCNT and GNP nanoparticles improved the mechanical and dynamic behavior of CFRP composite materials by improving the modulus of elasticity, tensile strength, flexural modulus, strength, ILSS, critical buckling load, and natural frequency. Furthermore, the thermal characteristics of CFRPs, such as storage modulus, thermal stability and thermal conductivity, were improved by the addition of carbon based nanoparticles. It was observed that the MWCNT multi scale composites had better performance than the GNP. According to the results of hydrophobicity test, the addition of MWCNTs enhanced the hydrophobic nature while the GNPs increased the hydrophilic nature of CFRPs.

Enhancing the efficiency of a symmetric flat-plate solar collector via the use of rutile TiO2-water nanofluids

Flat-plate solar collectors are one of the cleanest and most efficient heating systems available. This experimental study explores the effect of replacing water with surfactant-free rutile TiO2–water nanofluids as the working fluid in a symmetric flat-plate solar collector. The efficiency of the collector was investigated in Aghajari, a city in the south of Iran. Analysis was performed according to the ASHRAE standard, taking into account the flow rate of the heat transfer fluid (HTF), the solar irradiance, and the temperature difference between the inlet and outlet. Results show that the use of TiO2–water nanofluids can improve thermal efficiency relative to water. As the solar irradiance or the HTF flow rate increases, the effect of nanoparticle addition on the collector efficiency gains becomes more pronounced. The maximum efficiency of the collector, when filled with a 1 wt% TiO2-water nanofluid, is found to be approximately 78%; this represents maximum and average efficiency gains of 9.80% and 6.64%, respectively, relative to the water baseline. In addition, the maximum efficiency gains are 17.41%, 27.09%, and 33.54% for 1 wt%, 3 wt%, and 5 wt% nanoparticle concentration, respectively.

Energy Transfer Enhancement Inside an Annulus Using Gradient Porous Ribs and Nanofluids

Abstract Porous media and nanofluid utilization are two passive heat transfer improvement tools, which have been employed extensively in recent years. Porous media with gradient properties result in both a higher effective thermal conductivity and better local convective heat transfer because of conducting the flow to the desired regions. In this study, distinct porous ribs are located on the internal border of an annulus. Four different conditions are considered for permeability change of ribs, including the minimum and maximum Darcy numbers and linearly increasing or decreasing variation in the radial direction, called LIV and LVD, respectively. In the first step, effects of porous rib relative height, porous rib porosity, and flow Reynolds number on the thermal efficiency and pressure drop are investigated. The results show that the configuration with Da = LVD and W/Rh = 0.25 has the maximum performance number PN = 2, that is the Nusselt improvement over pressure drop increment. Porous ribs arrangement with W/Rh = 0.25 and the minimum porosity (ɛ = 0.9) give the best PN. In the next step, the effects of nanoparticle addition with different volume fractions to the base fluid in different Reynolds numbers are investigated. In this step, porous rib relative height is set to W/Rh = 0.25. The results show that the maximum volume fraction has the highest heat transfer enhancement (about 2–2.5 times) but the lower volume fractions have higher PNs (PN ≈ 2.5 at ϕ = 1% and Re = 500).

Lipid-derived hybrid bionanocomposites from spent hens

A monomer was synthesized using the mixture of fatty acids obtained through the hydrolysis of triglycerides extracted from spent hens. The reaction conditions of temperature and time were studied to obtain a high molecular weight biopolymer using bulk polymerization. The bionanocomposites were then prepared with different ratios of nanoclay (0, 3, 5, and 10 %) addition using in situ polymerization. The bionanocomposite films were prepared using compression molding and the effect of nanoparticle addition, in terms of their dispersion, was investigated by different characterization techniques. Results showed enhanced thermal stability for nanoreinforced biocomposites. The flammability test showed substantial improvements in the flame retardancy of bionanocomposites compared to the neat homopolymer. These findings suggest that high-performance bionanomaterials can be prepared from spent hen lipids through in situ addition of nanoclay during polymerization.