Effect Of Grandparents Research Articles

Worrying Across the Generations: The Impact of Adult Grandchildren's Problems on Grandparents' Well-Being.

The intergenerational stake hypothesis and theories of the life course posit that older generations are invested in the well-being of younger generations. Consistent with this, previous research has shown that adult children's problems are associated with worse parental well-being. Because multigenerational ties have become increasingly important in the 21st century, we propose that adult grandchildren's problems may also impact grandparents' well-being. In this paper, we test this hypothesis and investigate the moderating effects of grandparents' race and maternal/paternal status. The analytic sample includes 206 grandparents aged 65-95 who participated in the second wave of the Family Exchanges Study. Adult grandchildren's problems were operationalized as the proportions of adult grandchildren who experienced (1) physical-emotional problems and (2) lifestyle-behavioral problems. Main effects multilevel analyses suggested that adult grandchildren's problems did not predict grandparents' well-being. However, moderation analyses revealed that the association between grandparents' depressive symptoms and adult grandchildren's physical-emotional problems was larger among Black than White grandparents, and maternal than paternal grandparents. Adult grandchildren's lifestyle-behavioral problems did not predict grandparents' depression, and these effects were not conditioned by race or maternal/paternal status. These findings expand research on the importance of grandparent-adult grandchild relationships and contribute to research on multigenerational relationships and health by considering how problems experienced by members of younger generations impact the psychological well-being of older adults.

Partnership Histories Shape the Grandparenting Happiness Bonus

Evolutionary theory predicts that returns on investments in family relations will vary by sex and life stage and that there can be a trade-off between mating and (grand)parenting. Family sociology has shown that whereas couple relations are central to happiness in older age, the effects of grandparenting are more mixed and context dependent. Here, we merge these two perspectives and study how partnership histories over the life course relate to happiness among Europeans aged 50+ and whether grandparental investment moderates these associations. Of particular interest is whether there are signs of trade-offs, cumulative benefits, or compensatory benefits between the type of couple relations and grandparenting in postreproductive age.We employed the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe with data from 26 European countries and Israel for the years 2004–2020. The analyses distinguish between respondents who are in their first, second, or third union through marriage or cohabitation; are divorced; are widowed; are living apart from a partner; or are single. We investigated how quality of life and life satisfaction are associated with these seven types of partnership histories and whether the associations are moderated by grandparental status and provision of grandchild care.Europeans with a partner, and especially those in their first union, were happier than those in other partnership groups, and grandparents were happier than individuals without grandchildren. Grandparental investment was associated with being happier in most partnership groups. The “grandparenting bonus” was greatest among unpartnered respondents, suggesting a compensatory effect. We found no signs of a cumulative effect, nor of costs to happiness from grandchild care.Our results illustrate how reproductive strategies over the life course shape happiness returns to grandparenting. Being a grandparent and, especially, providing care for grandchildren may compensate for the lower happiness associated with the loss or lack of a partner.

Grandparents’ Retirement and Mother’s Employment Quality: The Mediating Role of Intergenerational Caregiving

The grandparents’ retirement behavior has important support on mother’s employment quality. This paper aims to estimate the influence of grandparents’ retirement behavior on mother’s employment quality, based on the China Family Panel Studies of 2018. The findings reveal a significant enhancement in mother’s employment quality resulting from grandparents’ retirement behavior. The mediating effect of grandparents’ intergenerational caregiving explains approximately 68.77% of this improvement. Furthermore, the positive effect of grandparents’ retirement behavior on mother’s employment quality is more pronounced in families where the grandchild is older and in better health. Notably, the involvement of paternal grandparents yields more favorable outcomes compared to maternal grandparents. Findings from this study suggest that grandparent’s retirement behavior play an important role in mother’s employment quality through the provision of childcare assistance. Moreover, these findings highlight that the effectiveness of such support varies depending on the characteristics of both grandchildren and grandparents.

(Grand)childlessness and depression across men and women’s stages of later life

ABSTRACT The literature on how family status and health in later life relate is extensive. Although research has focused on the health effects of grandparenthood and grandparenting, explorations of whether ageing without children can lead to mental health impairments have achieved mixed results. We bridge empirical traditions to investigate the relationship between family status and mental health in Europe by using data from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) and sampling roughly 160,000 men and women aged 50–89 from 17 European countries. Mental health is evaluated through depressive symptoms on the EURO-D scale and compared between childless or grandchildless people and grandparents at different ages. To identify the association between (grand)parenthood and mental health status net of confounders, we perform inverse probability-weighted regression adjustment (IPWRA). The rich information SHARE provides facilitates considering the common factors that may influence (grand)parenthood and depressive symptoms. Results show that the three groups hardly differ in mental health: grandchildless men and grandfathers reported fewer depressive symptoms, if any, than childless men aged 70–79. Overall, while mental health does not seem to relate to family status per se, it could be crucial when accounting for the entire individual life course.

Multi-generational educational mobility in China in the twentieth century

Two essential strategies to understand the mechanisms of intergenerational mobility are to compare mobility across countries and across time. However, for multi-generational mobility, estimates for developing countries are mostly missing, and trend studies are rare. This paper uses education to measure social status and provides nationally representative estimates of social mobility over three generations in China that are suitable for international comparison. Results show that grandparents’ education positively correlates with children’s education, controlling for the parents’ education. This grandparent effect is comparable to what is found in Western countries, despite differences in cultures and institutions. During the sample period, the correlation between grandparent and child education is relatively stable. When exploring mechanisms, we find that the observed grandparent effect is primarily due to omitted information from the parents’ generation, not direct interactions between grandparents and children.

The practice of consanguineous marriage and the risk of diabetes among offspring in the province of Tetouan (Morocco)

PurposeThe practice of consanguinity has been culturally preferred in most Arab countries, including Morocco. This behavior leads to an increase in genetic abnormalities, such as hypertension and diabetes. This paper examines the prevalence and determinants of first-cousin marriages and their impact on diabetes among offspring.Design/methodology/approachData on 882 couples were collected through face-to-face interview via a pre-established questionnaire based on the variables selected within the objectives of this study. The authors used the multiple logistic regression modeling procedure in this study.FindingsThe results of the study indicate that the prevalence of first-cousin marriages were 15% among students’ parents. From the multiple logistic regression modeling, the authors found a significant effect of paternal and maternal grandparents’ first-cousins marriage on that of parents (aOR = 3.27 and aOR = 3.36, respectively). However, an 11-fold higher risk of first relative marriages among parents once the paternal and maternal grandparents were first-cousins and the father was illiterate (aOR = 11.01). Moreover, the authors reported a diabetes risk of more than 14 times when the effects of first-cousin maternal grandparents and parents and the hypertension among mother or her sibling were combined (aOR = 14.48) or when the effects of first-cousins maternal grandparents, first-cousin parents and mother’s age at marriage between 21 and 29 years were combined (aOR = 14.56).Originality/valueFirst-cousin marriage depends on the father’s illiteracy and the consanguinity of grandparents’ factors. The cumulative effect of first-cousin marriage among grandparents, parents and a family history of hypertension among mother or her sibling increase the risk of diabetes among these mothers.

GRANDPARENTING AND DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS IN URBAN CHINA: LIVING ARRANGEMENTS AND WORK STATUS AS MODERATING EFFECTS

Abstract Scholars worldwide are divided as to whether grandparenting can benefit to older adults’ well-being. Evidence from rural China supports that custodial grandparenting worsens grandparents’ psychological well-being. However, given the great urban-rural gap, the situation in urban China might be different. To clarify this, we use CHARLS 2011-2013 (900 respondents) and examine the association between length and intensity of grandchild care and depressive symptoms among older adults living in urban China. We also explore the moderating effect of grandparents’ living arrangements and work status. Multiple linear regression with interaction analysis is applied in our analysis. We find that moderate levels of grandchild care, without distinguishing between living arrangements and work status, are associated with reduced depressive symptoms (β = -1.146，p < .05). Grandparents are likely to have more depressive symptoms when working full-time and providing care at the same time. Comparing with not living with grandchildren, living with grandchildren is beneficial to grandparents’ mental health. Findings suggest that psychological counseling services and economic support policies should be launched to relieve the work pressure of grandparents in financial difficulties.

Italian grandparenthood within the European context: an introduction

This thematic collection seeks to reflect and push forward the current state of the art in the study of grandparenthood and grandparenting in Italy in a comparative European perspective. Starting from the demography of grandparenthood, intergenerational transfers, contacts and living proximity between grandparents, parents and children and the characteristics of such exchanges are analysed. Furthermore, the consequences of grandparenting and especially of grandchild care provision in terms of fertility behaviour and work participation and well-being are investigated. The research articles aim to shed light on the complexity of factors which shape the effects of grandparents’ availability and the behaviour and well-being of each of the three generations involved.

The Effects of Grandparents’ Parenting Stress on Life Satisfaction - Moderating effect of parenting compensation -

The Effects of Grandparents’ Parenting Stress on Life Satisfaction - Moderating effect of parenting compensation -

Does Living with Grandparents Affect Children's and Adolescents' Health? Evidence from China.

The level of nutritional health of children and adolescents is an important indicator of social development, and grandparents, as common co-caregivers, may have a considerable impact on the health level of their grandchildren. In this paper, we investigated the effects of grandparents’ coresidence on children’s and adolescents’ nutritional health levels using the CHNS (China Health and Nutrition Survey) database using the PSM (Propensity Score Matching) method’ and identified heterogeneity in the effects of grandparents’ coresidence by PSM grouping in terms of urban and rural areas, age, and the mothers’ education level. It was found that grandparents’ coresidence is beneficial for children’s and adolescents’ health to a certain extent. Overfeeding and spoil that many people worried when grandparents involved in childcare did not happen in our samples. Moreover, grandparents’ coresidence had a more significant effect on the health level of children and adolescents in rural areas at a younger age and with a lower level of maternal education. Government and families should put more effort into equipping caregivers with knowledge on how to raise their grandchildren better.

Do Grandparents Matter? Multigenerational Mobility in the United States, 1940–2015

We assess the biases induced by measurement error in a study of correlations in educational attainment across two and three generations in the United States using linked data spanning 1940–2015. Although multigenerational regressions show an economically meaningful “grandparent effect,” we find that this effect is overstated and likely not statistically or economically significant after we correct for measurement error. However, that same measurement error means that inferences derived using only two generations of data understate persistence in educational attainment by roughly 20%. We find an 18% decline in the intergenerational correlation of educational attainment over the twentieth century.

The Effect of Grandparental Care on Men’s and Women’s Parenting Practices in Taiwan

Although some studies have revealed a generational conflict over childrearing, few quantitative empirical studies have examined whether the care provided by grandparents affects the parenting practices of their adult sons and daughters. Using data from the Panel Survey of Family Dynamics (PSFD), this study investigates the effect of grandparents’ caregiving on the parenting practices of their adult children in Taiwan. Our results show that the care assistance provided by grandparents significantly affects both fathers’ and mothers’ childrearing practices. All else being equal, when their own parents provide more than 20 days of care per month, fathers and mothers are both more likely to be highly authoritative. Interestingly, the care assistance from parents-in-law only significantly leads to mothers’ more likely to show authoritative but also some permissive practices. The findings suggest that, while grandparents are an important source of care help, the differences in child-rearing practices between generations might entail inconsistent parenting practices. Our results also suggest the differential effect of care from paternal and maternal grandparents on mothers might be linked to different experiences of authority structures between men and women.

조부모의 양육효능감이 양육스트레스에 미치는 영향 - 성인 자녀관계의 매개효과를 중심으로 -

본 연구는 조부모의 양육효능감이 양육스트레스에 미치는 영향에서 성인 자녀와의 관계가 가지는 매개효과를 검증하는데 그 목적이 있다. 연구대상은 부산에 소재한 현재 손자녀를 돌보고 있는 조부모 120명이었으며, SPSS 23.0을 사용하여 데이터를 분석하였다. 수집된 자료는 Pearson의 상관분석과 Baron and Kenny(1986)의 매개 회귀분석 3단계를 사용하여 분석하였다. 연구결과는 첫째, 주요 변인들의 상관관계를 분석한 결과 조부모의 양육효능감과 성인 자녀관계 간에는 정적 상관을, 성인 자녀관계와 양육스트레스 간에는 부적 상관을 나타냈다. 둘째, 조부모의 양육효능감이 양육스트레스에 미치는 영향에서 성인 자녀 관계의 매개효과를 살펴본 결과, 성인 자녀와의 관계는 조부모의 양육효능감이 양육스트레스에 미치는 영향에서 부분 매개 효과를 가지는 것으로 나타났다. 이는 손자녀를 돌보는 조부모의 양육효능감에 대한 지원과 성인 자녀와의 관계에 대한 상담지원, 조부모 교육 등의 프로그램 개발에 필요한 기초적인 자료를 제공한다.

Direct and Indirect Effects of Grandparent Education on Grandchildren's Cognitive Development: The Role of Parental Cognitive Ability

The social stratification literature is inconclusive about whether there is a direct effect of grandparent resources on grandchildren's educational outcomes net of parental characteristics. Some of this heterogeneity may be due to differences in omitted variable bias at the parental level. Our article accounts for a more extensive set of parent characteristics and explores the mediating role of parental cognitive ability in more detail. It further tackles methodological challenges (treatmentinduced mediator–outcome confounders, treatment–mediator interaction) in assessing any direct influences of grandparents by using a regression-with-residuals approach. Using the 1970 British Cohort Study, our results show that the direct effect of grandparent education on grandchildren's verbal and numerical ability is small and statistically nonsignificant. Parental cognitive ability alone can account for more than two-thirds (numerical ability) or half (verbal ability) of the overall grandparent effect. These findings stress the importance of cognitive ability for intergenerational social mobility processes.

The Dynamics of Multigenerational Mobility in Modern China

This paper provides the first nationally representative estimate of multi-generational persistence of education and establishes the trend of this persistence for modern China. Grandparent education is correlated with child education, controlling for parent education. The magnitude of this correlation is comparable to those in western countries. The grandparent effect is primarily due to missing information from the parent generation, not direct interactions between grandparents and children. While the two-generational persistence of education exhibits a pronounced U-shaped trend, three-generational mobility varies modestly. Overall, results suggest that the variation in long-term social mobility is limited in both cross-sectional and temporal dimensions.

Direct And Indirect Effects of Grandparent Education on Grandchildren’s Cognitive Development: The Role of Parental Cognitive Ability

The multigenerational social mobility literature is mainly interested in the direct effect of grandparent resources on grandchildren’s outcomes, that is, the effect not transmitted through any parent characteristics. Whereas this literature is ever-expanding, findings were inconclusive about whether there is a direct grandparent effect. Some of this heterogeneity may be due to differences in omitted variable bias at the parental level. Our paper contributes to this literature by accounting for a more extensive set of parent characteristics and exploring the mediating role of parental cognitive ability in greater detail. It further tackles methodological challenges (treatment-induced confounders, treatment-mediator interaction) in assessing any direct influences of grandparents by estimating the Natural Direct Effect (NDE) of grandparent education with a regression-with-residuals approach. Using the 1970 British Cohort Study (BCS70), our results show that the direct effect of grandparent education on grandchildren’s verbal and numerical ability is small and statistically non-significant. Estimating the Natural Indirect Effect (NIE), cognitive ability alone can account for more than two-third (numerical ability) or half (verbal ability) of the grandparent effect. These findings stress the importance of cognitive ability for intergenerational social mobility processes. Implications for future research are discussed.

Longitudinal impacts of grandparent caregiving on cognitive, mental, and physical health in China

Objectives Although studies have documented the effects of grandparenting, little is known about grandparents’ long-term health outcomes in terms of optimal engagement with grandchildren, and whether age, gender, or location make a difference. This study explores the longitudinal impacts of grandparenting on health, with considerations for subgroup differences. Methods Using three waves of China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study, we used propensity score analysis combined with multilevel analysis to examine the longitudinal effect of grandparenting (no, low-, moderate-, and high-intensity) on health (self-rated health, mobility limitations, depressive symptoms, and cognition) among 4,925 grandparents with at least one grandchild, and how impact varies by age, gender, and urban/rural areas. Results A nonlinear relationship between grandparenting and health was observed. Compared to those not providing care, grandparents who provided care at a low-to-moderate level were more likely to have fewer mobility limitations and depressive symptoms and better cognition. High intensity had no positive impacts on health. The effects of grandparenting on health operated differently across subgroups. Older grandparents showed better physical, mental, and cognitive health compared to their younger counterparts. Both genders had fewer mobility limitations if they provided care at a low-to-moderate level, although females reported better self-rated health. Rural grandparents reported better physical health; whereas urban grandparents reported better cognition. Conclusion Grandparenting could improve health in later life; however, there are complex interactions at play. Policies aimed at supporting grandparenting should consider optimal hours of care relevant to age, gender, and urban/rural contexts.

Effects of Grandparents' Caregiving on Their Young Adult Grandchildren’s Attitudes toward Older Adults: Focus on the quality of intergenerational relationship

우리나라의 인구 고령화는 빠르게 진행되고 있고, 생산가능 인구의 감소나 돌봄 문제와 관련하여 세대 간 갈등에 대한 논의가 대두되고 있다. 한편, 여성의 사회 진출과 함께 맞벌이 부부가 증가하는 사회적 현상은 자녀 돌봄의 문제와 긴밀히 연관되어 있고, 이에 따라 조부모를 통한 손자녀 돌봄이 증가하고 있는 추세이다. 이러한 돌봄은 조부모의 측면에서는 손자녀 돌봄에 따른 생산감 혹은 부담감 증가와 관련 될 수 있고, 돌봄을 제공받는 손자녀 측면에서는 손자녀가 노인과 직접 상호작용하고 접촉하는 기회를 갖게하며, 이는 노인에 대한 태도를 형성하는데 영향을 미칠 수 있다. 이 연구는 손자녀 측면의 경험에 주목하여, 청년 남녀를 대상으로 조부모를 통한 돌봄 경험(경험의 유무, 시기, 기간)이 청년의 노인에 대한 태도에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지 파악하고, 돌봄 경험과 노인에 대한 태도(이미지, 수용성, 위협인식, 정책지원)의 관계에 있어 돌봄 당시 조부모와 손자녀의 관계의 질(정서적 결속 및 갈등)의 상호작용효과를 살펴본다. 이를 위해 이 연구는 20-39세의 제주 및 부산에 거주하는 청년 남녀를 대상으로 한 363부의 설문조사자료를 사용하여 이항 로지스틱 회귀 분석을 실시하였다. 연구 결과는 첫째, 노인에 대한 태도에서 조부모를 통한 돌봄 경험이 있는 집단이 돌봄 경험이 없는 집단보다 노인에 대한 국가의 정책지원에 대해 긍정적인 태도를 갖는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 돌봄이 이루어진 시기가 생의 발달단계에서 상대적으로 빠를수록 노인에 대한 수용성이 유의하게 높았다. 셋째, 돌봄 시기가 이르지만 조부모와 갈등이 높은 경우에는 그렇지 않은 집단에 비하여 노인에 대한 수용성이 낮았다. 생애발달 관점에서 돌봄 경험을 경험 유무(occurrence), 시기(timing), 기간(duration)등으로 세분화해 노인에 대한 태도와의 연관성을 살펴보고, 이 과정에서 조부모와 손자녀의 관계의 질의 상호작용 효과를 살핀 이 연구의 결과는 인구고령화에 따른 세대 간 갈등에 대한 논의와 관련 정책을 수립하는데 기초 자료를 제공할 것으로 사료된다.The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of grandparents caregiving on their young adults grandchildren’s attitudes toward older adults. This study also investigated the moderating effects of quality of relationship between grandparents and their grandchildren on the association between grandparents’ caregiving and young adult grandchildren’s attitudes toward older adults. The study used a sample of 363 participants. The results of this study were as follows : First, the group who experienced care from grandparents reported positive attitude toward older adults for the policy support. Second, those who experienced care from their grandparents earlier in their lives showed more positive attitude toward the older adults for acceptability. Third, there was a significant interaction effect of relationship quality (emotional cohesion and conflict) on the association between timing and duration of care and attitudes toward the older adults. This study is meaningful in that it analyzes the caring experiences from various aspects such as occurrence, timing and duration of care and examines the relationship between the young generation and the older generation.

Halliday, Daniel. The Inheritance of Wealth: Justice, Equality, and the Right to Bequeath. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018. Pp. 256. $42.95 (cloth).

Halliday, Daniel. <i>The Inheritance of Wealth: Justice, Equality, and the Right to Bequeath</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018. Pp. 256. $42.95 (cloth).

Is Raising Your Grandchild Bad for Your Health? The Association Between Custodial Grandparent Status and Health Biomarkers in Taiwanese Grandparents.

Data from two waves of the Social Environment and Biomarkers of Aging Study in Taiwan were analyzed to determine the effects of custodial grandparenting on health in a longitudinal sample. Self-reported measures on respondents’ perception of their health, six health biomarkers, the presence of twelve diseases, and a measure of stress were included. Custodial Grandparents (CGPs) were significantly more likely to report worse health than their peers. However, there were no significant differences in biomarkers, and CGPs were only significantly different from non-custodial grandparents (nCGPs) regarding lower respiratory disease. Results suggest that CGPs do not have significantly worse health than nCGPs, but report feeling less healthy. This disparity is suspected to be due to energy levels or stress sources not assessed by the variables in the original study. These results and their implications based upon the stress-coping model elucidate the need to design interventions that incorporate the East Asian cultural values and practices in order to promote better health outcomes for CGP populations overall.