Effect Of Grandparents Research Articles

РОДИННЕ ВИХОВАННЯ УЧНІВ ПОЧАТКОВОЇ ШКОЛИ ЗА ТВОРАМИ МИРОСЛАВА СТЕЛЬМАХОВИЧА

The article examines the position of Myroslav Stelmakhovych concerning family education of the primary schoolchildren. It analyzes the basic principles of his works, they can be the basis of the concept of family education, created by pedagogue; and they can be used in the modern practice of primary education. They are devoted to the principles of national education, the education of Ukrainian character. The article analyzes national approaches to the educational process. The necessity of mastering spiritual treasures of the Ukrainian people by each personality is substantiated; the horizons of religious education are expanded.The importance of the national idea in the family education of primary schoolchildren is revealed; the basic directions of pedagogical science are determined, in which the development of folk pedagogy takes the main place. It is noted that the mastering folk traditions by children and youth prevents spirituality, promotes moral enrichment.The attention is paid to the fact that the lifestyle of the family itself, the relationship between its members affects the preparation of children to the creation of their family in the future. The problems of upbringing in the Ukrainian family from ancient times to the present are investigated.The role of father and mother in the upbringing of children is shown; it is analyzed the enormous educational effect of grandparents on their grandchildren.The article reveals the importance of the native language as a powerful means of the upbringing of children in the family. The role of lullabies, fairy tales, fun stories and tongue twisters in the family education of primary schoolchildren is proven.Attention is paid to the need to use the content of school education, extracurricular work, and the activities of public organizations to prepare boys and girls for the creation of a family in the future.

A Happy Way to Grow Old? Grandparent Caregiving, Quality of Life and Life Satisfaction

Utilizing the 2015 wave of the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) that covers 7045 households, we study the effect of grandparents looking after grandchildren on quality of life and life satisfaction of grandparents. We find evidence of important favorable effects of grandparents caregiving: when grandparents look after their grandchildren, they are 2.9% less likely to report symptoms of depression, the amount of support that they receive from their children approximately doubles, and are 2.7% (1.1%) more likely to report being very satisfied (completely satisfied). These favorable effects are proportionate to the amount of time spend caring for grandchildren and increase with the number of grandchildren looked after. The favorable effects on mental health seem limited to grandparents living in rural areas and apply especially to grandfathers. The favorable effect on life satisfaction is primarily directly attributable to caring for grandchildren rather than being incurred indirectly due to better health or financial situation of grandparents.

Some Methodological Problems in the Study of Multigenerational Mobility

A number of recent studies by sociologists have sought to discover whether a person’s status (typically their social class, education, or socio-economic status) is directly affected by the status of their grandparents, once the effects of parents’ status are controlled. The results have been ambiguous, with some studies finding a direct effect of grandparents on their grandchildren, while others find no effect. I use causal graphical methods to demonstrate some of the methodological problems that occur in trying to identify this direct effect, and I offer some suggestions as to how they might be addressed.

Predicting child safety: the effect of custodial grandparents’ depressive symptoms, home safety, knowledge, and gender

ABSTRACTThere are over 2.5 million custodial grandparents raising 4.8 million grandchildren in the U.S. These grandparents face many major struggles, including increasing financial costs, physical disabilities, and deteriorating home environments. Our study investigates grandchild well-being, particularly the safety of custodial grandparents’ homes and its relation to injury prevention. This is crucial, as unintentional injury is the leading cause of death for children. Our model predicted child safety based on grandparent gender, depressive symptoms, and safety knowledge. Our model fit well and explained 23% of the variance in child injuries. Several gender differences were also present, for both grandparent and grandchild gender.

Dynastic Inequality Compared: Multigenerational Mobility in the United States, the United Kingdom, and Germany

Using harmonized household survey data, we analyze long‐run social mobility in the United States, the United Kingdom, and Germany, and test recent theories of multigenerational persistence of socioeconomic status. In this country comparison setting, we find evidence against a universal law of social mobility. Our results show that the long‐run persistence of socioeconomic status and the validity of a first‐order Markov chain in the intergenerational transmission of human capital is country‐specific. Furthermore, we find that the direct and independent effect of grandparents' social status on grandchildren's status tends to vary by gender and institutional context.

Social and Genetic Pathways in Multigenerational Transmission of Educational Attainment

This study investigates the complex roles of the social environment and genes in the multigenerational transmission of educational attainment. Drawing on genome-wide data and educational attainment measures from the Framingham Heart Study (FHS) and the Health and Retirement Study (HRS), I conduct polygenic score analyses to examine genetic confounding in the estimation of parents’ and grandparents’ influences on their children’s and grandchildren’s educational attainment. I also examine social genetic effects (i.e., genetic effects that operate through the social environment) in the transmission of educational attainment across three generations. Two-generation analyses produce three important findings. First, about one-fifth of the parent-child association in education reflects genetic inheritance. Second, up to half of the association between parents’ polygenic scores and children’s education is mediated by parents’ education. Third, about one-third of the association between children’s polygenic scores and their educational attainment is attributable to parents’ genotypes and education. Three-generation analyses suggest that genetic confounding on the estimate of the direct effect of grandparents’ education on grandchildren’s education (net of parents’ education) may be inconsequential, and I find no evidence that grandparents’ genotypes significantly influence grandchildren’s education through non-biological pathways. The three-generation results are suggestive, and the results may change when different samples are used.

Childhood obesity in China: Does grandparents’ coresidence matter?

Childhood obesity in China has been increasingly cited as a major public health issue in recent decades. The effect of grandparents on grandchildren’s weight outcome is under-analyzed. Using data from the China Health and Nutrition Survey, we examine the effect of grandparents’ coresidence on childhood weight outcome with a sample of 2–13-year-old children in China. We use instrumental variables to address the potential endogeneity of grandparents’ coresidence. We show that the effect of grandparents’ coresidence on childhood weight outcome is significantly positive. Grandparents’ coresidence affects a grandchild’s weight outcome through changes in dietary patterns and physical activity. The effects on dietary patterns exist in urban areas and significantly lower in rural areas. Grandparents’ coresidence decreases physical activity more in rural areas than in urban areas. Furthermore, the effects of coresidence on protein intake and physical activities of children above 6 are significantly higher for males than females. A robustness check, including an ordered logit model with a body mass index category and estimation with additional data, validates our findings.

Childhood Obesity in China: Does Grandparentss Coresidence Matter?

Childhood obesity in China has been increasingly cited as a major public health issue in recent decades. Although grandparents are more likely than other guardians to spoil grandchildren by feeding them more food and limiting their physical activity, the effect of grandparents on grandchildren’s weight outcome is under-analyzed. Using data from the China Health and Nutrition Survey, we examine the effect of grandparents’ coresidence on childhood weight outcome with a sample of 2- to 13-year-old children in China. We use instrumental variables to address the potential endogeneity of grandparents’ coresidence. After controlling for a rich set of covariates and unobserved individual heterogeneity, we show that the effect of grandparents’ coresidence on childhood weight outcome is significantly positive. Grandparents’ coresidence affects a grandchild’s weight outcome through changes in dietary patterns and physical activity. The effects on dietary patterns exist in urban areas and significantly lower in rural areas. Grandparents’ coresidence decreases physical activity more in rural areas than in urban areas. Furthermore, the effects of coresidence on protein intake and physical activities of children above 6 are significantly higher for males than females. A robustness check, including an ordered logit model with a body mass index category and estimation with additional data, validates our findings.

Grandparent Effects on Educational Outcomes: A Systematic Review

Are educational outcomes subject to a 'grandparent effect'? We comprehensively and critically review the growing literature on this question. Fifty-eight percent of 69 analyses report that grandparents' (G1) socioeconomic characteristics are associated with children’s (G3) educational outcomes, independently of the characteristics of parents (G2). This is not clearly patterned by study characteristics, except sample size. The median ratio of G2:G1 strength of association with outcomes is 4.1, implying that grandparents matter around a quarter as much as parents for education. On average, 30 percent of the bivariate G1–G3 association remains once G2 information is included. Grandparents appear to be especially important where G2 socioeconomic resources are low, supporting the compensation hypothesis. We further discuss whether particular grandparents matter, the role of assortative mating, and the hypothesis that G1–G3 associations should be stronger where there is (more) G1–G3 contact, for which repeated null findings are reported. We recommend that measures of social origin include information on grandparents.

Grandparent Care: A Key Factor in Mothers’ Labour Force Participation in the UK

AbstractThe relationships between paid work and informal care are critical to understanding how paid work is made possible. An extensive source of childcare in the UK is the intergenerational care grandparents provide. Using data from the UK's Millennium Cohort Study, a nationally representative sample of children born in 2000, biprobit and instrumental variables (IV) analysis of mothers’ participation (given the social construction of caring responsibility) identifies a significant causal effect of grandparents’ childcare in that it:(i)raises the labour force participation of mothers with a child of school entry age on average by 12 percentage points (the average marginal effect);(ii)raises the participation of the group of mothers who use grandparent childcare by 33 percentage points compared to the situation if they did not have access to this care (the average treatment effect on the treated).Thus grandparent-provided childcare has a substantial impact on the labour market in the UK, an impact that may not be sustainable with forthcoming changes to the state pension age. Grandparents’ childcare increases the labour force participation of lone and partnered mothers at all levels of educational qualifications but by different degrees. Grandparents’ childcare enables mothers to enter paid work rather than extending their hours of paid work.

The Transmission of Inequality Across Multiple Generations: Testing Recent Theories With Evidence From Germany

This article shows that across multiple generations, the persistence of occupational and educational attainment in Germany is larger than estimates from two generations suggest. We consider two recent interpretations. First, we assess Gregory Clark's hypotheses that the true rate of intergenerational persistence is higher than the observed rate, as high as 0.75, and time-invariant. Our evidence supports the first but not the other two hypotheses. Second, we test for independent effects of grandparents. We show that the coefficient on grandparent status is positive in a wide class of Markovian models and present evidence against its causal interpretation.

The Effect of Grandparents’ Co-parenting on Young Children’s Personality and Adaptation: Chinese Three-generation-families

Due to the prevalence of grandparents’ co-parenting of children in China, this study aimed to examine its influence on young children's personality and adaptation. With the cooperation of a kindergarten in Shanghai, 530 parents of children 3-6 years of age were invited to answer the questionnaire after giving their consent, and 422 of the questionnaires were effective. Three factors were extracted by Exploratory Factor Analysis for children's temperament: Fearfulness in Strange Situations (FS), Intensity of Reaction (IR) and Pro-social Activity (PA). Two factors were examined for children’s adaptation: Separation Anxiety in attending kindergarten (SA) and Anxious Preoccupied Attachment (APA, one of the insecure types for parent-child attachment relationship). The results show that the children raised by only parents had higher PA than those co-raised by grandparents and lower APA than those raised by only grandparents. Even after controlling for the influence from temperament and grades, the effect of parenting styles on APA was still significant. For Grade 1 children, the parenting style was also significantly related to children's temperament (IR).

A study on the effect of the burden of adult role on the externalization problem of grandchildren in grandparents-grandchildren family : Focusing on the moderating effect of grandparents" parenting style

본 연구는 조손가정 손자녀의 성인역부담이 그들의 외현화문제에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지 검토하고, 그 관계에서 조부모의 양육방식이 미치는 조절효과를 검증하고자 하는 목적으로 수행되었다. 이를 위해 지역아동센터, 지역사회복지관, 위탁가정지원센터를 통해 조손가정을 대상으로 설문을 수행하였으며, 252부의 설문을 수거하여 분석에 사용하였다. 기술통계를 통해 연구대상자의 일반적 특성을 살펴본 결과 조손가정의 빈곤문제가 심각한 수준임을 알 수 있었으며, 다중회귀분석을 통해 조손가정 손자녀의 성인역부담이 외현화문제에 유의미한 영향을 미침을 확인하였다. 또한 위계적회귀분석을 통해 조부모양육 방식의 조절효과를 검토한 결과 양육방식 하위유형 중 과잉기대를 제외한 감독, 애정, 합리적설명, 비일관성, 과잉간섭 양육방식이 모두 성인역부담과 외현화문제의 관계에서 조절효과를 지니는 것으로 나타나 조손가정 손자녀의 외현화문제를 완화하는 데에 조부모의 양육방식이 주요한 의미를 지님을 알 수 있었다. 이에 조손가정 손자녀의 적응수준을 높이기 위해 손자녀의 성인역부담을 낮추고 조부모가 올바른 양육방식을 사용할 수 있도록 지원하는 실질적 서비스 제공 방안에 대해 논의하였다.

The Transmission of Educational Advantage across Three Generations: Grandparent Effects and Spousal Mediation in the Second Generation

The publication of research examining three-generational mobility processes has accelerated during the past half-decade, due in part to new and expanded data that now include large sample sizes of families with more than two generations. However, this area of inquiry is relatively new and little is known about the mechanisms of intergenerational effects beyond parent-child ties. In this article, we draw upon theory and research on intergenerational mobility, maternal education, educational homogamy, and status exchange to propose a new potential mechanism of the transmission of educational attainment from grandparents to grandchildren in the United States: second generation spousal mediation. Using the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, we find evidence that grandparent’s educational attainment positively effects their child’s spouse’s educational attainment net of child’s educational attainment. This pathway then mediates the effect of grandparent’s educational attainment on grandchild’s educational attainment. Further analysis suggests no gender differences in the spousal mediation effect. Overall, this research suggests that grandparent’s educational attainment matters to grandchildren, but is partially mediated through child’s spouse’s educational attainment. We suggest that three-generational transmission of educational advantage is a complex topic in need of further, careful examination of original mechanisms.

Resources of Grandparents: Educational Outcomes Across Three Generations in Europe and Israel

AbstractEducational attainment depends on parents' material and cultural resources. In many families, the grandparents also provide resources that directly or indirectly support their children's educational careers. That is why we applied a multigenerational view and tested if and under which conditions the resources of grandparents are relevant for the educational outcomes of their grandchildren. Using data from the fifth wave of the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (N = 27,447), we examined the association between the education of children and the resources of their grandparents. The results show that the impact of grandparental resources is not generally negligible and not entirely mediated by the parental generation. The resources of the grandparents can be used as a substitute for a lack of parental resources. In addition, the “grandparent effect” also differs across countries, indicating that certain welfare state provisions seem to enhance or attenuate the relevance of grandparents' resources.

Diverging Mobility Trajectories: Grandparent Effects on Educational Attainment in One- and Two-Parent Families in the United States.

In recent years, sociological research investigating grandparent effects in three-generation social mobility has proliferated, mostly focusing on the question of whether grandparents have a direct effect on their grandchildren's social attainment. This study hypothesizes that prior research has overlooked family structure as an important factor that moderates grandparents' direct effects. Capitalizing on a counterfactual causal framework and multigenerational data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, this study examines the direct effect of grandparents' years of education on grandchildren's years of educational attainment and heterogeneity in the effects associated with family structure. The results show that for both African Americans and whites, grandparent effects are the strongest for grandchildren who grew up in two-parent families, followed by those in single-parent families with divorced parents. The weakest effects were marked in single-parent families with unmarried parents. These findings suggest that the increasing diversity of family forms has led to diverging social mobility trajectories for families across generations.

Grandparentss Co-Residence and Grandchildren's Weight Status in China

Using data from the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS), this study analyzes the effect of grandparents’ co-residence on childhood weight outcome with a sample of 2- to 18-year-old children and adolescents in China. The instrumental variables estimation is used to address the endogeneity of grandparents’ co-residence. After a rich set of covariates and unobserved individual heterogeneity are controlled for, it is evident that such effect is significantly positive. These effects are stronger in rural areas and the effects may be working through the influence of dietary patterns and physical activities.

Education in 3G: Heterogeneity of Intergenerational Educational Mobility in the U. S.

Following Mare’s (2010) presidential address to the Population Association of America, a great deal of research has been conducted on the dynamics of intergenerational mobility and socioeconomic inequality. Due to this relatively short time span, however, comparatively little is known about the when, where, how, and why of intergenerational effects beyond parent-child ties. In this article, we examine educational attainment across three generations using the Panel Study of Income Dynamics. We find evidence that grandparental education is associated with grandchild education net of parental education, but that association is greatly reduced once spousal education is accounted for – suggesting spousal mediation as a key mechanism of the intergenerational transmission of educational advantage. We also find tentative evidence in favor of the augmentation hypothesis that grandparent and parent educational attainment interactively influence grandchild education. However, the augmentation hypothesis is not supported in spousal mediation models nor in cousin fixed effects models, suggesting that these results may be spurious. Contrary to prior work outside the U.S., we find no evidence of stronger grandparent effects when grandparents were still alive when the grandchild reached age 6. Supporting the claim that genetic transmission may partially explain these relationships, we find weak evidence that grandparent effects are stronger for biological grandparents than non-biological ones. Overall, this research suggests that grandparent’s educational attainment matters, but is mostly mediated through child’s spouse’s educational attainment. We suggest that three-generational transmission of educational advantage is a complex topic in need of further, careful study.

Persistent Educational Advantage Across Three Generations: Empirical Evidence for Germany

This article uses survey data from the German Socio-Economic Panel (GSOEP) to analyze the persistence of educational attainment across three generations in Germany. I obtain evidence of a robust effect of grandparents' education on respondents' own educational attainment in West Germany, net of parental class, education, occupational status, family income, parents' relationship history, and family size. I also test whether the grandparent effect results from resource compensation or cumulative advantage and find empirical support for both mechanisms. In comparison, the intergenerational association between grandparents' and respondents' education is considerably weaker in East Germany and is also mediated completely by parental education. There are hardly any gender differences in the role of grandparents for respondents’ educational attainment, except for the fact that resource compensation is found to be exclusively relevant for women’s attainment in both West Germany and in East Germany after German reunification and the associated transition to an open educational system.

Grandparents' resources and grandchildren's schooling: Does grandparental involvement moderate the grandparent effect?

Recent studies have argued that grandparents have a direct effect on grandchildren's achievements, net of parental resources. However, little is known about the underlying mechanisms. One explanation is that grandchildren can benefit from the cultural resources that grandparents transmit to their grandchildren. If this is the case, one would expect strong effects in families where grandparents are highly involved in the lives of their grandchildren and weak or no effects in other families. Using new nationally representative survey data on three generations in the Netherlands, we examine if and how grandchildren's educational attainment is affected by three grandparental resources: education, occupational status, and cultural resources. We explore how these effects vary by the strength of the tie between grandparent and grandchild. We find no evidence for a main direct grandparental effect, nor do we find interactions with the strength of the tie between grandparent and grandchild. These null-findings are discussed in light of the mixed body of evidence that has been accumulated in the literature and contemporary theorizing on grandparenting.