Effect Of Different Flow Rates Research Articles

Investigating the coupling effect of ventilation and GHEs on temperature distribution and heat transfer characteristics

Tunnel lining geothermal heat exchangers (GHEs) offer numerous advantages, including small area, cost-effectiveness and high heat exchange efficiency. It is a good equipment to utilize geothermal energy in tunnels. However, few research has been conducted on the combined impact of tunnel lining GHEs and ventilation on the temperature field of the surrounding rock. In this study, laboratory test model of combined impact of heat transfer between ventilation and GHEs was established, the effects of different flow rates and wind speeds on temperature field and heat exchange characteristics of the rock were investigated, and the changes in heat transfer under different operational conditions were analyzed. The findings reveal that tunnel ventilation initially enhances the heat transfer efficiency of GHEs, but subsequently decreases the overall heat transfer. Moreover, higher wind speeds exacerbate this negative impact. The radius of the heating ring decreases with increased heat transfer, and the temperature of the surrounding rock rises with heightened heat exchange at same locations within the heating ring. There are reasonable ranges of wind speed and GHEs flow rate, which are 1.5 m/s–2 m/s for wind speed and 0.4 m/s–0.6 m/s for flow rate, respectively. These results are important for the evaluation of thermal effect of tunnel lining GHEs and ventilation design.

Experimental study of thermal energy storage system for solid particles/ heat transfer oil in shell and tube heat exchangers with H-shaped fins

The solid-state sensible heat storage method is cost-effective, technically simple, and works well across wide temperatures. Using return fines (RFs) as the heat storage medium (HSM) can ease problems like RFs in excess and high energy consumption in the sintering process. This article first characterizes the thermal properties of RFs. Results show a specific heat capacity of 0.67–0.97 kJ/(kg·°C) within 20–380 °C, with stable thermal properties from 100 to 1000 °C. Then, the heat transfer performance of RFs and heat transfer oil (HTO) in a shell and tube heat exchanger is experimentally investigated. H-shaped fins are added to enhance the heat transfer. Stacking solid particles on the shell side can avoid direct contact between the HSM and HTO, the tiny size limitations of HSM particles, and cracking problems caused by thermal expansion. The thermal energy storage (TES) unit operates within 170–270 °C. Effects of different flow rates (30, 20, 10 L/min) and charging/discharging temperatures (300/160, 290/150, 280/140 °C) on system performance are explored. Increasing the HTO flow rate and charging temperature and lowering the discharging temperature can reduce charging/discharging time and enhance average power. Cycle efficiencies for flow rates of 30, 20, and 10 L/min are 86.9%, 85.2%, and 79.5% respectively. The 30 L/min working condition shows the best performance. Remarkably, system performance improvements are relatively limited compared to the 20 L/min setting. Regarding charging/discharging temperatures of 300/160, 290/150, and 280/140 °C, cycle efficiencies stand at 73.3%, 85.2%, and 70.6%, respectively, with the 290/150 °C setting displaying the most favorable characteristics, including the shortest total charge and discharge time of 59.3 min and the highest cycle efficiency. Efforts to enhance the system's insulation and maintain a substantial temperature differential between HTO and HSM are pivotal in accelerating the charge/discharge process and minimizing heat loss.

Preparation of PAN@PU coaxial electrostatic spun nanofibers for oil/water separation

AbstractCoaxial electrostatic spinning (co‐electrostatic spinning) technology has greatly expanded the versatility of the preparation of core–shell polymer nanofibers and has found a wide range of applications in the environmental and biological fields. Here we present a method for the preparation of coaxial nanofibers using polyacrylonitrile (PAN) and polyurethane (PU) as raw materials. It was found that the tensile strength ranges from 2.14 to 4.07 MPa with the increasing spinning speed of the nucleated PU layer, and the elongation at break was up to 95.09% for M6:4, which was three times higher than that of the original MPAN (30.54%), and the toughness of the nanofiber film was also significantly improved. Finally, the oil/water separation capacity of the coaxial nanofiber membrane was investigated, and the results showed that the separation fluxes for various oil compounds ranged from 2380.18 to 3130.17 L·m−2·h−1, with separation efficiencies above 99%. This study not only investigates the effect of different flow rates of core (PU)/shell (PAN) on the performance of coaxial electrostatic spun nanofiber membranes, but also provides a new insight into the coaxial electrostatic spinning process.

Preparation and performance of Ti/Ti-DLC composite coatings for precision glass molding

Precision glass molding (PGM) is an efficient process used for batch manufacturing of high-precision glass optical elements. In this process, nickel phosphide (Ni–P) alloy is commonly utilized as a mold material due to its superior turning properties. However, the Ni–P mold suffers from issues such as diffusion of phosphorus elements, poor wear resistance, and easy peeling of the DLC coating during molding. To address these problems, the current study proposes enhancing the molding performance of mold by depositing a composite coating layer of Ti/Ti-DLC onto the surface of Ni–P using the filtered cathodic vacuum arc technology (FCVA). The effects of different flow rates of C2H2 on Ti-DLC coatings were analyzed in terms of composition, microstructure, mechanical, tribological, and molding properties. The results revealed that as the C2H2 flow rate increased, the Ti content of coatings decreased from 13.56 to 2.17 at.%. Additionally, the film microstructure transformed from TiC polycrystalline composite films to nanocrystalline amorphous composite films and finally to amorphous films. The Ti-DLC coatings with a nanocrystalline composite structure exhibited excellent overall performance when Ti content is 7.75 at.%. These coatings are suitable as protective coatings for microstructured array mold and demonstrate good stability at a molding temperature of 500 °C.

Platelet-derived factors dysregulate placental sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 2 in human trophoblasts

Research questionSphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is an essential and bioactive sphingolipid with various functions, which acts through five different G-protein-coupled receptors (S1PR1–5). What is the localization of S1PR1–S1PR3 in the human placenta and what is the effect of different flow rates, various oxygen concentrations and platelet-derived factors on the expression profile of S1PR in trophoblasts? DesignExpression dynamics of placental S1PR1–S1PR3 were determined in human first trimester (n = 10), pre-term (n = 9) and term (n = 10) cases. Furthermore, the study investigated the expression of these receptors in different primary cell types isolated from human placenta, verified the findings with publicly available single-cell RNA-Seq data from first trimester and immunostaining of human first trimester and term placentas. The study also tested whether the placental S1PR subtypes are dysregulated in differentiated BeWo cells under different flow rates, different oxygen concentrations or in the presence of platelet-derived factors. ResultsQuantitative polymerase chain reaction revealed that S1PR2 is the predominant placental S1PR in the first trimester and reduces towards term (P < 0.0001). S1PR1 and S1PR3 increased from first trimester towards term (P < 0.0001). S1PR1 was localized in endothelial cells, whereas S1PR2 and S1PR3 were predominantly found in villous trophoblasts. Furthermore, S1PR2 was found to be significantly down-regulated in BeWo cells when co-incubated with platelet-derived factors (P = 0.0055). ConclusionThis study suggests that the placental S1PR repertoire is differentially expressed across gestation. S1PR2 expression in villous trophoblasts is negatively influenced by platelet-derived factors, which could contribute to down-regulation of placental S1PR2 over time of gestation as platelet presence and activation in the intervillous space increases from the middle of the first trimester onwards.

Design Improvement of Four-Strand Continuous-Casting Tundish Using Physical and Numerical Simulation.

The flow pattern is vital for the metallurgical performance of continuous casting tundishes. The purpose of this study was to design and optimize the flow characteristics inside a four-strand tundish. Numerical simulations and water model experiments were validated and utilized to investigate the flow behavior. The effect of different flow rates in the original tundish was evaluated; two modified retaining walls and a new ladle shroud were designed for optimization. The molten steel inside the original tundish tends to be more active as the flow rate increases from 3.8 L/min to 6.2 L/min, which results in a reduction in dead volume from 36.47% to 17.59% and better consistency between different outlets. The dead volume and outlet consistency inside the tundish are improved significantly when the modified walls are applied. The proper design of the diversion hole further enhances the plug volume from 6.39% to 13.44% of the tundish by forming an upstream circular flow in the casting zone. In addition, the new trumpet ladle shroud demonstrates an advantage in increasing the response time from 152.5 s to 167.5 s and alleviating the turbulence in the pouring zone, which is beneficial for clean steel production.

Column Adsorption Studies for the Removal of Ammonium Using Na-Zeolite-Based Geopolymers

The aim of this study was to examine the removal of ammonium ions from a synthetic model solution by using Na-zeolite-based geopolymers. Na-zeolite (=analcime) is a residue from mining industry. Three adsorbents were prepared from Na-zeolite using different production steps and metakaolin as a blending agent. These novel adsorbents were investigated in a fixed-bed column system where the effects of different flow rates with the initial ammonium concentration of 40 mg/L were studied. The Thomas, Bohart–Adams and Yoon–Nelson breakthrough curve models fitted well with the experimental data with a high R2 value. After adsorption experiments, adsorbents were regenerated using a mixture of 0.2 M NaCl and 0.1 M NaOH as a regeneration agent; after that, adsorbents were reutilised for ammonium ion adsorption for three adsorption–regeneration cycles. The results of the experiment indicate that all the prepared analcime-based geopolymers are suitable adsorbents for the removal of ammonium ions and that capacity remains nearly constant for two of them during two adsorption–regeneration cycles.

Exceptional long-term stability of titanium oxynitride nanoparticles as non-carbon-based electrodes for aerated saline water capacitive deionization

Carbon-based capacitive deionization (CDI) electrodes suffer from long-lasting stability challenges due to sets of parasitic side reactions, including the high oxidation rate of the electrodes during the desalination process. Consequently, it is essential to identify, design, and fabricate novel electrodes that overcome such challenges to achieve robust and high desalination performance. This work reports on the fabrication and utilization of titanium oxynitride (TixOyNz) nanoparticles as stable non‑carbon-electrodes for capacitive deionization. The oxynitride nanoparticles were synthesized via a simple template-free approach and fully characterized using XRD, XPS, Raman, SEM, and BET techniques. Moreover, the fabricated electrodes were electrochemically evaluated via cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) techniques. The electrode exhibited a pseudocapacitance behavior with a specific capacitance of 150 F/g. A symmetric configuration CDI setup was constructed, enabling the investigation of the effect of different flow rates and voltages. Remarkably, the TixOyNz CDI cell revealed a salt adsorption capacity (SAC) of up to 56.6 mg/g with fast adsorption kinetics. Moreover, the electrodes retained ~100% of its initial SAC even after 1960 cycles over 110 days of continuous testing. Furthermore, several post- characterization techniques such as XPS, XRD, FTIR, and potential of zero charge have been deeply studied and analyzed to unravel the observed exceptional stability of the tested electrodes.

Experimental study on thermal performance of phase change heat storage device with rectangular shell structure

To solve the imbalance between energy supply and demand, it is necessary to explore the heat exchange performance of large-scale phase change heat storage devices in line with engineering applications. Based on the principle of low-cost enhanced heat transfer, a shell and tube phase change heat storage device with a rectangular shell with annular fins was designed in this paper. Using paraffin as phase change material (PCM) and water as heat transfer fluid (HTF). The effects of different flow rates and inlet temperature on the temperature distribution, heat, power, and efficiency of phase change materials during melting and solidification were studied experimentally. It is found that when the flow rate is 4 L/min, the total heat release was 61.06 MJ and the minimum heat release rate was 81.23%. The increase in flow rate and inlet temperature will shorten the heat storage time. The influence of inlet temperature on the heat storage time is more obvious than flow rate. Along with the raise of flow rate the shortening range of heat storage time decreases gradually. Additionally, the increase of the flow rate not only causes the enhancement of the heat storage and release power, but also results in the reduction of the average efficiency. Therefore, to improve the heat exchange speed in practical application, priority should be given to changing the inlet temperature.

(Keynote) Pro and Con of Bi-Decorated Carbon Felts in Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries

Carbon felts are commonly utilized electrodes in vanadium flow batteries due to their low cost, light weight, good electronic conductivity, and chemical inertness. In contrast, their activity in catalyzing the vanadium redox reactions is less remarkable. In particular at the negative side, where V3+ reduction competes with the parasitic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) at low potentials. In the literature, the addition of Bi3+ into the electrolyte [1] or its deposition on the felts has been suggested as a remedy. However, it is not clear yet, whether the Bi decoration remains stable with time and cycling and which mechanisms are responsible for the observed performance increase.The aim of this work is therefore to unravel more details about the catalyzing effect of Bi and its stability on the cell level. To this effect, the electrode kinetics with and without Bi decoration were studied comparing results obtained using Friedl’s method [2] with cyclic voltammetry (CV) data analyzed by the Polarographica curve fitting routine [3]. This approach can also be generalized to obtain precise kinetic information with other decorating metals.We furthermore applied negative dynamic hydrogen bubble templating (DHBT) deposition as an interesting way to coat commercially available carbon felts with a structured metallic layer of high surface area. Using this strategy, a significant positive effect was observed. However, the drying parameters and post-processing of the felts are important parameters which severely affect the final performance.In order to study the stability of Bi deposits in realistic battery experiments, in-situ synchrotron radiography has been used to monitor the Bi-decorated felts during charge-discharge cycles [4]. The figure demonstrates the effect of different flow rates on the Bi deposition patterns. Dark spots show metal-decorated areas within the felts at flow rates of 5 mlmin-1 (left), 15 mlmin-1 (middle) and 25 mlmin-1 (right). It can be easily seen that the operation conditions influence the felt decoration significantly, while Bi deposits dissolve and deposit during the charge-discharge routine. Further studies will be necessary to find out a) whether different deposit positions affect the performance enhancement and b) if DHBT-Bi remains more stable under operating conditions.In our presentation, we will not only focus on the materials, but also highlight techniques especially suitable for the stuctural and electrochemical analysis of felt electrodes.[1] B. Li, M. Gu, Z. Nie, Y. Shao, Q. Luo, X. Wei, X. Li, J. Xiao, C. Wang, V. Sprenkle, W. Wang, Bismuth Nanoparticle Decorating Graphite Felt as a High-Performance Electrode for an All-Vanadium Redox Flow Battery, Nano Letters 13(3) (2013) 1330-1335.[2] J. Friedl and U. Stimming, Determining Electron Transfer Kinetics at Porous Electrodes, Electrochim. Acta 227 (2017) 235–245.[3] T. Tichter, J. Schneider, D. Andrae, M. Gebhard, and C. Roth, Universal algorithm for simulating and evaluating cyclic voltammetry atmacroporous electrodes by considering random arrays of microelectrodes, ChemPhysChem 21 (2019) 428 –441.[4] M. Gebhard, T. Tichter, J. Schneider, J. Mayer, A. Hilger, M. Osenberg, M. Rahn, I. Manke, C. Roth J. Power Sources 478 (2020) 228695. Figure 1

Hybridization of supercritical water oxidation and gasification processes at pilot plant scale

The combination of SCWO with SCWG forms a unique system that has been tested in the present study at pilot plant scale using a single reactor with a flowrate of up to 150 kg/h. SCWO of a highly concentrated ethanol solution takes place in the first section of the tubular reactor, rising temperature. Then, an isopropanol solution is gasified into the second section to prevent any further increments of the temperature and producing hydrogen. The effect of different flowrates, the addition of different oxidant amounts and the preheating temperature of the gasification feed have been evaluated obtaining a gas effluent containing 10.7% H2 and 17.2% CH4 in the best conditions that have could tested, although better results would be obtained if processes could be carried out at more extreme conditions based on literature evidences.

Experimental study and safety analysis on the heating surfaces in the 660 MW supercritical CFB boiler under sudden electricity failure

AbstractThe necessity of equipping with an emergency water supply system in a supercritical circulating fluidized bed (CFB) boiler has long been a controversial topic in the industry. In this study, the heating surface of a 660 MW supercritical CFB boiler at the Pingshuo Power Station of China Coal Group is taken as the research object. And a boiler electricity failure experiment was accomplished at the power plant, and the variations of thermal parameters during electricity failure were obtained from power plant distributed control system. By analyzing the physical process of the heating surfaces during electricity failure, a mathematical model of heat transfer to the heating surface was established and a calculation program in Fortran language was developed. In this study, the effect of different flow rates and operating times of the supply pumps on the safety of the heating surfaces were then investigated. The numerical simulation results show that an emergency supply pump with a flow rate of 250 t/h, activated within 120 s, ensures the safety of the heating surface. The results of this study have important implications for the selection of emergency supply pumps and the determination of flow rates and pressures for supercritical CFB boilers with external beds.

Can CFD establish a connection to a milder COVID-19 disease in younger people? Aerosol deposition in lungs of different age groups based on Lagrangian particle tracking in turbulent flow

To respond to the ongoing pandemic of SARS-CoV-2, this contribution deals with recently highlighted COVID-19 transmission through respiratory droplets in form of aerosols. Unlike other recent studies that focused on airborne transmission routes, this work addresses aerosol transport and deposition in a human respiratory tract. The contribution therefore conducts a computational study of aerosol deposition in digital replicas of human airways, which include the oral cavity, larynx and tracheobronchial airways down to the 12th generation of branching. Breathing through the oral cavity allows the air with aerosols to directly impact the larynx and tracheobronchial airways and can be viewed as one of the worst cases in terms of inhalation rate and aerosol load. The implemented computational model is based on Lagrangian particle tracking in Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes resolved turbulent flow. Within this framework, the effects of different flow rates, particle diameters and lung sizes are investigated to enable new insights into local particle deposition behavior and therefore virus loads among selected age groups. We identify a signicant increase of aerosol deposition in the upper airways and thus a strong reduction of virus load in the lower airways for younger individuals. Based on our findings, we propose a possible relation between the younger age related fluid mechanical protection of the lower lung regions due to the airway size and a reduced risk of developing a severe respiratory illness originating from COVID-19 airborne transmission.

Modified Approach for Proppant Conductivity Measurement

The main goal of this study is to combine two widely used standard proppant conductivity measurement methods in order to harvest some of their advantages in case of resin-coated proppants. The available literature was studied to determine which elements can be eliminated or modified for the measurement to simplify the method and shorten its length. The proposed measurement procedure provides as short a solution as possible while maintaining suitable accuracy. An additional object of the study is to investigate the effect of different flow rates through a propped pack and find the limit of non-Darcy flow. Since higher than recommended flow rates can be utilized, less complex differential pressure measurement devices can be used. Different evaluation methods have been tried out for improved solution.

Filtration performance of glass fibrous air filter media under sinusoidal flow condition

Air filter is one of the key equipments for sustainable built environment. However, the variation of incoming air velocity is usually neglected in previous studies. Therefore, we applied computational fluid dynamics techniques at micro-scale to study the filtration performance of a glass fibrous media under sinusoidal flow condition. The effects of different flow rates, fluctuation frequencies, fluctuation amplitudes and particle sizes on filtration performance were investigated. Results show that changing the incoming flow field can weaken the Brownian diffusion of particles, resulting in reduced capture efficiency for particles smaller than 0.1 μm. The ratio of particle penetration between sinusoidal flow condition and constant flow condition is calculated. When the fluctuating frequency of the airflow changes for particles less than 0.1 μm, the smaller the particle size is, the larger the ratio of particle penetration is. When the particle size is near the Most Penetrating Particle Size (MPPS), the fluctuating airflow with large amplitude makes the particles more easily trapped by the fiber. The fluctuating airflow with large amplitude will result in a significant reduction in the capture efficiency for particles larger than 1 μm, and the penetration ratio will be greater than that under constant flow condition by three times. For particles with size smaller than 0.1 μm and larger than 1 μm, the amplitude of 0.4 u‾ and smaller has little effect on the capture efficiency. The capture efficiency of particles with size near MPPS value is less susceptible to changes in sinusoidal gas velocity with small amplitude.

Analysis of fluid-induced force of centrifugal pump impeller with compound whirl

In order to research the fluid-induced force of centrifugal pump impeller with compound whirling, based on the N-S equations, the RNG k-ε turbulence model is applied to simulate the low specific speed centrifugal pump under eccentric assembly condition. The effects of different flow rates, impeller eccentricities and whirl ratios on the fluid-induced force of impeller were investigated. Finally, the fitting models of fluid-induced force with compound whirl were obtained by least square method (LSM). The results imply that the calculated results considering the impeller eccentricity are closer to the experimental data than those without considering the eccentric whirl. In addition, the extremum value of fluid-induced force of impeller has a significant positive correlation with the impeller eccentricity. With the increase of flow rate, the fluid-induced force is non-monotonic. The whirl ratio can change the numbers of peak and valley of fluid-induced force, and the nonlinear fitting model of fluid-induced force using LSM presents high precision. This study can provide important references for the design and fluid-structure interaction (FSI) vibration of centrifugal pump.

Experimental investigation of Al2O3–MgO hot hybrid nanofluid in a plate heat exchanger

AbstractExergy–energy analysis of the plate heat exchanger is experimentally performed with different Al2O3–MgO hybrid nanofluid (HyNf) as a hot fluid. There were six combinations of fluids, namely, deionized (DI) water, ethylene glycol–DI water brine (1:9 volume ratio), propylene glycol–DI water brine (1:9 volume ratio), base fluids and their respective Al2O3–MgO (4:1 particle volume ratio) HyNfs of 0.1% total volume concentration. The effects of different flow rates and hot inlet temperatures on the heat transfer rate, heat transfer coefficient, pump work, irreversibility, and performance index (PI) are investigated. It is witnessed that the heat transfer rate, heat transfer coefficient, pump work, and irreversibility enhances with the flow rate and nanoparticle suspension. While the PI declines with a rise in the flow rate, the heat transfer rate, heat transfer coefficient, PI, and irreversibility rise up maximum for MgO–alumina (1:4) DI water HyNf upto 11.8%, 31.7%, 11.1%, and 4.05%, respectively. The pump work enhances upto 1.6% for MgO–alumina (1:4)/EG–DI water (1:9) HyNf.

Performance and Emission Characteristics of Diesel Engine with the Biodiesel-Acetylene Addition using Dual Fuel Mode

This research work investigated the diesel engine performance using 20% Pongamia grease methyl ester through the effect of different flow rates of acetylene using dual-fuel technique. Acetylene be inducted within the intake various at the flow rates of 1lpm, 2lpm, 3lpm and 4lpm along with air. Initially a test was conducted by diesel fuel along with POME20 on different loads. Then the experiment was carried out with POME20 with different flow rates of acetylene. Addition of acetylene increased the brake thermal efficiency (BTE) among POME20 at all acetylene flow rates on 100% load. The results showed that the BTE was enhanced via regarding 1–3.4% at knock-limited acetylene shares at 100% load. The engine emits higher NOx emission for POME20 without acetylene share and then it is additional improved with the adding up of acetylene shares, while the smoke opacity was reduced by 47% with acetylene addition at complete load. Here is a decrease in HC as well as CO emissions were experiential through an acetylene orientation along with POME20. Finally, it is suggested that the poor presentation as well as emissions connected through biodiesel into a diesel engine can be improved through the induction of acetylene with 4lpm flow rate in the intake various by dual fuel technology.

Validation of a Physical and Numerical Model to Solve Problems of Seepage Flow

The coefficient of permeability (k value) is an important parameter in civil engineering practice, in hydrology and hydrogeology. It can be determined by field test or by means of laboratory testing. The goal of this paper is to assess this parameter by creating a laboratory model and by validating its results using finite element computer code. The model tests provide that can be applied for estimating permeability of different soils. In a physical model medium-grained sand was tested in the laboratory, for understanding the effects of different flow rates on the validation of the measurement result, the numerical simulation of the physical model was constructed using FEFLOW. Two model variants were developed and both variants were calibrated and validated. Subsequently, the results were converted to real variables based on the model laws. The physical model provides the flow rate of the well in medium-grained sand with sufficient accuracy if the real size of the drawdown is between 0,5 and 1,7 m.

Recirculating Water Treatment in Closed Hydroponic Systems: Assessment of Granular Activated Carbon and Soft Templated Mesoporous Carbon for Adsorptive Removal of Root Exudates

The present study deals with the characterization of reused nutrient solution (RNS) from a hydroponic farm (lettuce). Chemical analysis with GC-MS revealed the presence of eleven individual organic acids as a part of root exudates (acetic, acrylic, maleic, succinic, benzoic, phthalic, sebacic, myristic, palmitic, oleic and stearic acid). Based on these results, first batch tests were developed to determine the breakthrough time and the best kinetic model for adsorption of benzoic acid (as an indicator of these 11 organic acids) on two different types of carbon based adsorbents (granular activated carbon-GAC and soft templated mesoporous carbon-SMC). In order to evaluate the adsorption kinetics, four different kinetic models were fit to the experimental data. The pseudo-second-order best represented the experimental data for both adsorbents at all dosages, exhibiting high linear correlation coefficients (R2 ≥ 0.98). Second, to gain a better understanding of the adsorption efficiency during the batch experiments, several parameters were measured (i.e., COD, UV254, pH and EC) and the effect of adsorbent dosages on these parameters was studied. Third, the effect of different flow rates and bed heights on the breakthrough curve was studied during column tests. These curves were fitted to four well-known fixed-bed adsorption models, namely Thomas, Bohart−Adams, Yoon–Nelson and BDST models. The latter model was found to be most suitable (R2 ≥ 0.88) to predict the breakthrough curve for benzoic acid uptake on GAC in fixed bed column. Scale up analysis revealed that approximately 72 kg GAC is required to treat RNS during 27 days for a typical flow rate of 360 L h−1 (3200 kg L−1).