Effect Of Nitrobenzene Research Articles

Effect of nitrobenzene on the growth and yield of rice

A field experiment was conducted at two locations (Gazipur and Satkhira) during the Boro (dry) season in 2020 to study the performance of Nitrobenzene on the growth and yield of rice. Four different concentrations of Nitrobenzene (2.0 mL L-1, 2.5 mL L-1, 3.0 mL L-1 and 3.5 mL L-1) as foliar spray with recommended chemical fertilizer (RF) were tested on BRRI dhan89 under wetland condition. Application of Nitrobenzene at different concentrations with RF showed significant effect on rice growth and yield. At both locations, foliar application of Nitrobenzene (2 mL L-1) + RF gave higher number of tiller/m2, panicle/m2 and grain/panicle over RF. At Gazipur site, Nitrobenzene (2 mL L-1) + RF resulted in significant increase of grain and straw yield of BRRI dhan89 over the RF only whereas, at Satkhira site, no significant yield benefit with Nitrobenzene was found over RF. In terms of rice growth, yield and economic point of view, foliar application of Nitrobenzene at low concentration (2 mL L-1) with recommended fertilizer showed positive effect on the growth and yield of BRRI dhan89 in this study. However, since Nitrobenzene is a new type of plant stimulant, detailed studies on its mode of action, interaction with other plant growth hormones and environmental effects are required to get an insight on rice response to Nitrobenzene and its widespread application in rice cultivation. Bangladesh Rice J. 26 (2): 63-72, 2022

Effect of Nitrobenzene on Flowering, Fruiting and Quality Parameters of Apple cv. Royal Delicious under Cold Dry Temperate Region of Himachal Pradesh

Apple accounts for more than 74 per cent of total fruit production in Himachal Pradesh. Poor fruit-set as well as heavy fruit drop due to improper pollination, moisture stress and adverse environmental conditions during flowering are the major barriers in dry temperate zone fruit production of apple. Apple tree blooms abundantly but only very few of them matures into fruit and it is the need of the hour to induce better fruiting with chemicals that ultimately augment the productivity. With such an intent the experiment was carried out. Nitrobenzene 20 % EW applied as a foliar treatment at three stages i.e. pink bud, petal fall and fruit setting stage. The highest number of fruits and flowers/plant was observed in T4 (3ml/liter) and T3 (2 ml/liter) of Nitrobenzene 20 % applied treatments. On the other hand the lowest number of flowers as well as fruits were recorded from T2 (1 ml/liter) and T1 (control). Among different treatments tested, 20% nitrobenzene applied at 3 ml/litre showed superior results in contrast to other nitrobenzene levels with enhancing flowering, fruit set, yield and quality.

Effect of nitrobenzene on the performance and bacterial community in an expanded granular sludge bed reactor treating high-sulfate organic wastewater

Nitrobenzene (NB) is frequently found in wastewaters containing sulfate and may affect biological sulfate reduction process, but information is limited on the responses of sulfate reduction efficiency and microbial community to the increased NB contents. In this study, a laboratory-scale expanded granular sludge bed reactor was operated continuously to treat high-sulfate organic wastewater with increased NB contents. Results successfully demonstrated that the presence of more than 50 mg/L NB depressed sulfate reduction and such inhibition was partly reversible. Bath experiments showed that the maximum specific desulfuration activity (SDA) decreased from 135.80 mg SO42‒/gVSS/d to 30.78 mg SO42‒/gVSS/d when the NB contents increased from none to 400 mg/L. High-throughput sequencing showed that NB also greatly affected bacterial community structure. Bacteroidetes dominated in the bioreactor. The abundance of Proteobacteria increased with NB addition while Firmicutes presented an opposite trend. Proteobacteria gradually replaced Firmicutes for the dominance in response to the increase of influent NB concentrations. The genus Desulfovibrio was the dominant sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) with absence or presence of NB, but was inhibited under high content of NB. The results provided better understanding for the biological sulfate reduction under NB stress.

Вплив нітробензолу на морфометричні показники сім’яників щурів в умовах холодового стресу

Вплив нітробензолу на морфометричні показники сім’яників щурів в умовах холодового стресу

The mixed impact of chemical and physical factors on reproductive system of rats in conditions of cold stress.

The results of experimental investigations on studying features of gonadotoxic effect of nitrobenzene (NB), methyl tertiary butyl e the r (MTBE) and electromagnetic radiation (EMR) both in conditions of cold stress and in conditions of thermal acceptability are given. The investigations were carried out on laboratory animals, in 30-fold intragastric administration of NB or MTBE in a dose of 1/10 LD 50 and exposition of animals in two different thermal regimens – 4 hours a day, 5 times a week. Effect of EMR was simulated in 70 kHz frequency, 600 V/m voltage. The features of gonadotoxic effect of NB and MTBE were studied by the indices of spermatozoa functional state, general histological analysis of the state of testicle tissues, supplemented with morphometric values, was carried out,. The analysis of results of experimental research proves that morpho-functional changes of reproductive system in laboratory animals during the influence of chemical factors (NB and MTBE), physical factors (EMR) in two different thermal regimens are similar provided that there is the increase of gonadotoxic effect in mixed effect of mentioned factors and decreased temperature.

Effects of nitrobenzene on growth of tomato plants and accumulation of arsenic

No abstract available DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjsr.v25i1.13049 Bangladesh J. Sci. Res. 25(1): 43-52, 2012

The effect of nitrobenzene on antioxidative enzyme activity and DNA damage in tobacco seedling leaf cells

Nitrobenzene, although widely used in industry, is a highly toxic environmental pollutant. To evaluate the toxicity of nitrobenzene to tobacco seedlings, seedlings were exposed to varying concentrations of nitrobenzene (0-100 mg/L) for 24 h. The contents of reactive oxygen species (hydrogen peroxide [H(2)O(2)] and superoxide anion [O2(-)]) and the activities of antioxidative enzymes (superoxide dismutase [SOD], guaiacol peroxidase [POD], and catalase [CAT]) were measured in leaf cells. Damage to DNA was assessed by single-cell gel electrophoresis (comet assay). Compared with the control, the contents of H(2) O(2) increased significantly with nitrobenzene concentrations ranging from 5 to 100 mg/L. Activity of SOD was induced by 50 to 100 mg/L of nitrobenzene but not by 10 to 25 mg/L. Activity of POD was stimulated by nitrobenzene at 10 to 50 mg/L but inhibited at 100 mg/L. Activity of CAT was increased significantly only by 100 mg/L. Lipid peroxidation increased with 50 to 100 mg/L, which indicated that nitrobenzene induced oxidative stress in tobacco leaf cells. Comet assay of the leaf cells showed a significant enhancement of the head DNA (H-DNA), tail DNA (T-DNA), and olive tail moment (OTM) with increasing doses of nitrobenzene. The values of H-DNA, T-DNA, and OTM exhibited significant differences from the control when stress concentrations were higher than 10 mg/L. The results indicated that nitrobenzene caused oxidative stress, which may be one of the mechanisms through which nitrobenzene induces DNA damage.

The effects of nitrobenzene on the genetic toxicity in tobacco seedling leaf cells by comet assay

Nitrobenzene (NB) is a synthetic hydrocarbon widely used in industries which is a highly toxic environmental pollutant. To investigate its genetic toxicity to plants, tobacco seedlings were exposed to varying concentration of NB solution for short-term (24 hours). The comet assay was used to examine the DNA damage in tobacco leaf cells under the stress of NB. The DNA migration increased with the dose of NB (from 10 to 100 mg/L). The values of tail intensity (TDNA), tail moment (TM), and olive tail moment (OTM) increased linearly with NB concentrations between 5 mg/L and 100 mg/L. The results suggest that NB has genotoxic effect on the molecular level in tobacco leaf cells. The comet parameters were significantly different from the control when NB concentrations were higher than 5 mg/L (P<0.05), suggesting that tobacco leaf cells have high sensitivity to NB stress. The phenomena demonstrated that the tobacco comet assay could be used efficiently monitor aquatic pollution caused by the toxic chemicals. In addition, a similar evaluation was performed using different NB and antioxidant ascorbic acid (Vc) mixed solutions. The DNA damage in the antioxidant group were significantly lower than those in the group without antioxidant, which illustrates that antioxidants could partially decrease the DNA damage induced by NB. These results suggest that oxidation reactions caused by NB might be one of the factors that lead to DNA damage in plants. However, to process the possible participation of mechanisms of DNA damage caused by NB, further investigation will need.

Study on Synergetic Catalytic Ozonation of Nitrobenzene in Nebulizing Systems

The removal effect of nitrobenzene (NB) in water by VUV/O3/GAC synergetic catalyzing method in a nebulizing system was studied. In addition, the effects of the droplet size, the nebulization height, O3 flux, free radical scavengers and active carbon usage frequencies on the degradation of NB were investigated. In this study, a spray nozzle that could produce 10-micrometer droplets were adopted, a UV lamp that emitted 185nm VUV light was used as the light source and a layer of 0.5cm granular active carbon was laid at the bottom of the experimental apparatus. The results showed that, in the apparatus, when the NB concentration in deionized water was 200mg/L, the nebulization height was 1.3m, O3 flux was 150mg/L, the removal rate of NB reached 95.3%. Supercarbonate acted as a catalyst in the system.

Genotoxicity effect of nitrobenzene on soybean (Glycine max) root tip cells

Nitrobenzene is a synthetic compound widely used in industry which can lead to environmental pollution. While the toxicity and carcinogenicity of nitrobenzene on humans and animals have been studied, less is known about its genotoxicity to plants. In this study, the genotoxic effects of nitrobenzene were investigated with growing soybean seedlings in solution culture. Compared with the control, the growth of soybean seedlings (taproot length, longest lateral root length and lateral roots number) decreased and showed statistics difference at nitrobenzene test concentration of 50 and 100mg/L. Micronucleus, chromosomal bridge and others chromosomal aberrations were observed in soybean root tip cells exposed to nitrobenzene. Frequency of chromosomal aberrations increased linearly with nitrobenzene test concentration between 5 and 50mg/L and decreased at 100mg/L which showed significant difference between control and 25mg/L or higher test concentration. Results of the present study suggest that nitrobenzene has genotoxicity on soybean root tip cells. The mechanism of genotoxicity of NB needs further study. It is concluded that high environmental levels of nitrobenzene in rivers, lakes and dam waters are hazardous to aquatic species and to irrigated plants.

Electricity generation by two types of microbial fuel cells using nitrobenzene as the anodic or cathodic reactants

The effect of nitrobenzene (NB) on electricity generation and simultaneous biodegradation of NB were studied with two types of microbial fuel cells (MFCs): a ferricyanide-cathode MFC with NB as the anodic reactant and a NB-cathode MFC. Compared to controls without NB, the presence of NB in the anode of the first MFC decreased maximum voltage outputs, maximum power densities and Coulombic efficiencies. No electricity was generated from the first MFC using NB as the sole fuel; however, the second MFC using NB as the electron acceptor generated electricity successfully with a maximum voltage of 400 mV. NB was degraded completely within 24 h in both anode and cathode chambers. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) profiles demonstrated that the presence of NB caused changes in relative abundance of the dominant bacterial species and emergence of new bacteria on the anodes.

A critical survey on the mesomeric moments of nitrogen-oxide compounds

A comparison of the experimental dipole moments of the N-oxides of pyridine, pyrazine, benzylidenemethylamine, benzylideneaniline, benzonitrile, ( Z)- and ( E)-diphenyldiazenes with the corresponding un-oxided nitrogen compounds enabled us to obtain information about the electronic structure of the quoted N-oxides. Assuming these compounds are resonance hybrids between the valence structures A = (A o ⇆ P) with a dative N → O bond and D with an O = N + double bond, whilst P visualizes the π-inductive effect of the N +(O)nitrogen atom on the adjacent π-electron system, the relative contribution from the D structure was determined in most cases from the molecular mesomeric moment, defined as m rarr ∗ = μ rarr exp. − M( A) , and (with a lesser accuracy) from the molecular moment (as a vector) and the values calculated for the A and D structures. Attempts were made to rationalize the mesomeric moments of the N, N-dimethylamino and nitro groups in the 4-substituted pyridines and pyridine N-oxides, as well as the interaction moments of these two groups with the CN or NN bond in the 4-substituted benzylidenemethylamines, benzylideneanilines and ( E)-diphenyldiazenes, and (if any) in the corresponding N-oxides. In addition arguments are given supporting the existence of a mesomeric effect in nitrobenzene.

Subpicosecond two-dimensional Raman spectroscopy applying broadband nanosecond laser radiation

We report first experimental and theoretical results applying non-transform-limited nanosecond laser pulses for realizing a fifth order Raman effect in nitrobenzene. Similar to femtosecond experiments this experiment enables to distinguish principally the action of rapid and slow modulation interactions on the molecular dynamics in liquids. A fast decay time of 120 fs and a slow decay time of approximately 1.5 ps are deduced from the experiments. They are assigned to nuclear motions and the dephasing time of the ν = 1345 cm −1 vibration of nitrobenzene, respectively.

Effect of nitrobenzene and its chloro-substituted derivatives on parameters of antioxidant homeostasis in rat tissues

Effect of nitrobenzene and its chloro-substituted derivatives on parameters of antioxidant homeostasis in rat tissues

Radiolysis of water-nitrobenzene-carbon tetrachloride and water-chlorobenzene-carbon tetrachloride two-phase systems. Radiation yields of chloride ions

The influence of nitrobenzene and chlorobenzene on the total radiation yield of chloride ions in the γ-irradiation of water-carbon tetrachloride two-phase systems has been determined. Nitrobenzene at small concentrations shows a pronounced protective influence on the radiation destruction of carbon tetrachloride. Similar protective effect on the destruction of carbon tetrachloride is shown by chlorobenzene, too, but the decrease of radiation yields of chloride ions is smoother, which is explained by radiation decomposition of chlorobenzene itself. Protective effect of nitrobenzene and chlorobenzene on the radiation destruction of carbon tetrachloride is explained by transfer of energy from carbon tetrachloride molecules to the aromatic molecules.

An optical technique for measurement of semiconductor surface electric fields

We present an optical technique for the measurement of semiconductor surface electric fields. The measurement technique uses the Kerr electro-optic effect in nitrobenzene, a phase sensitive interferometer, and associated data acquisition units to measure the surface electric fields between the contacts of a planar semiconductor device. This technique was used to measure the surface fields on silicon devices used in pulsed power applications, but has the potential for use as an electric field probe for any device having high surface electric fields, both pulsed and dc. The measurement technique showed a temporal resolution of 100 ns, which can be easily reduced to a few nanoseconds using superior data acquisition and detection systems. The spatial resolution was about 50 μm for devices that had a typical contact separation of about 500 μm (power devices). This technique can be applied to measure the surface fields on devices commonly used in microelectronic applications. In this paper we discuss in detail the measurement technique and present the results obtained for silicon photoconductive power switches.

The effect of nitrobenzene and aminobenzoic acids on the hydration of tricalcium silicate: a conduction calorimetric study

The hydration of tricalcium silicate (C 3S) in the presence of 0.004, 0.008 and 0.016 mol.% (with respect to 100 g of the silicate) of benzole acid, o-, m- and p-nitrobenzoic and aminobenzoic acids, was followed by conduction calorimetry. Benzoic acid at 0.004 and 0.008 moles behaved as a delayed accelerator of hydration, whereas at a dosage of 0.016 moles it performed as an accelerator by decreasing the onset of the induction period and promoting the earlier appearance of the main exothermic peak. The m- and p-nitrobenzoic acids accelerated the hydration of C 3S, whereas o-nitrobenzoic acid acted as a retarder. Both m-and p-aminobenzoic acids retarded the hydration by delaying the appearance of the main exothermal peak. o-Aminobenzoic acid showed a similar effect to that of the reference at early times by not affecting the induction period and the maximum rate-of-heat peak. However, it increased slightly the amplitude of the main exothermic peak. The compounds that promoted the appearance of a heat peak at periods of 1 h or earlier exhibited an acceleration effect. In the presence of retarders this peak did not appear.

Dispersion of the Kerr effect in nitrobenzene at visible wavelengths; Analysis and interpretation

An analysis of the wavelength dispersion of the Kerr constant B in liquid nitrobenzene, for the 476.5–676.4 nm region, is presented in conjunction with experimental data obtained by a novel electro-optic modulation technique (FDEOM method) using laser sources. The effect in question is approached via a Sellmeier-type formulation in the framework of molecular theory. A fitting of the corresponding empirical and theoretical formulas is also included; the goodness of fit verifies the applicability of the adopted model.

The spin state crossover in ferric pyrrolidyl dithiocarbamate, and the effect of nitrobenzene in inducing lowering of spin states

The spin state crossover in ferric pyrrolidyl dithiocarbamate, and the effect of nitrobenzene in inducing lowering of spin states

The Kerr effect in nitrobenzene—a student experiment

In any method for quantitatively determining the Kerr constant of nitrobenzene, the question of the purity of the material cannot be ignored. In the method described, account is explicitly taken of the effect of impurity ions in the dielectric on the optical performance of the Kerr cell. Thus, although nitrobenzene of less than the highest attainable purity is employed, results comparable in accuracy to expert determinations of the Kerr constant are obtained. The method, therefore, offers possibilities for a student experiment. Details of cell construction, nitrobenzene purification, optical procedures, and data reduction are given. Also included is a general discussion of electrical effects and the electro-optical effects in Kerr cells having dielectrics that are less-than-perfect electrical insulators.