Ecosystems Of Russia Research Articles

New Polyfunctional Biorationals Use to Achieve Competitive Yield of Organic Potatoes in the North-West Russian Ecosystem.

To increase the organic potato yield, it is necessary to provide the crop with sufficient nutrients and effective means of biocontrol the diseases. The research goal was to characterize the biorationals’ efficacy to achieve competitive organic potatoes’ yield under various weather conditions. A 4-year trial was carried out in the Leningrad region using Udacha variety potatoes. The tests used liquid forms of new polyfunctional biologicals Kartofin based on highly active Bacillus subtilis I-5-12/23 and organic fertilizer BIAGUM obtained from poultry manure by aerobic fermentation in a closed biofermenter. Significant stimulation in plant growth and development to the flowering phase regardless of the hydrothermal conditions of the growing season was noted. The stimulating effect was determined by the combined use of biorationals pro rata to BIAGUM dose. Kartofin biologicals and BIAGUM almost doubled the potato tubers’ yield compared to the control, regardless of the growing season conditions. At the flowering phase, the biological efficacy in potato fungal diseases incidence and development was near 90% under optimal and 50–75% under drought hydrothermal conditions. At the end of vegetation, the efficiency in fungal diseases incidence and development made up 45–65% under optimal and 45–70% under dry conditions. BIAGUM effectiveness in reducing disease development reached 45–50% regardless of growing season conditions.

Transformation of the Activities of the Largest Russian Commercial Banks into Digital Ecosystems.

There is a rapid development of innovative technologies in the financial sector of the Russian economy. Innovative technologies influence both the development of individual segments of the financial sector of the economy, the formation and development of new products and services, and significantly affect the change and transformation of traditional business models of market participants. One of such changes can be called the transformation of the largest Russian commercial banks into digital banking ecosystems. The object of this article is the largest Russian commercial banks. The subject of the study is financial mechanisms, quantitative and qualitative indicators of the activities of the largest Russian commercial banks in the context of the formation of digital ecosystems in Russia. The purpose of the study is to analyze the conditions and methods of transformation of the largest Russian commercial banks into digital banking ecosystems. To achieve this goal, the works of Russian and foreign authors on the formation and development of digital ecosystems, the provision of financial services, and the digitalization of commercial banks were studied. Based on the statistical data of the Bank of Russia and the reports of commercial banks, the analysis of the current state of activity of the banks selected for analysis was carried out. The author's definition of the concept of digital banking ecosystem is given in the article. Four main areas in which a full-fledged digital banking ecosystem should meet the needs of its customers have been identified and studied. The main conclusion of this study is that the largest Russian commercial banks create digital banking ecosystems by buying companies from various sectors of the economy and developing their own structures. The main tasks of digital banking ecosystems are not only meeting the needs of customers in financial services, but also in such areas as entertainment, IT and daily needs. Thus, digital banking ecosystems are maximally aimed at attracting and further retaining customers within their services.

STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT IN ECOSYSTEMS: ANALYSIS OF THE RUSSIAN EXPERIENCE

Ecosystems as new organizational forms of business, whose activity generates changes in the theory and practice of management, have become a significant phenomenon of the modern economy. The article discusses the features of the strategy development of ecosystems based on digital platforms, the typology of strategies and the directions of classical approaches transformation to the strategic development of ecosystem players. The research methodology includes the analysis of scientific approaches within the framework of the emerging ecosystem theory as well as the systematization of the national digital ecosystems’ practice based on the analysis of real situations from various spheres of Russian business. As a result of the analytical study, the multi-vector strategies of Russian ecosystems are described; the dominant directions of development in transaction ecosystems and decision ecosystems are identified and systematized on the basis of the Ansoff matrix. The directions of transformation of traditional methods and tools of strategic management in a broad context are revealed from the standpoint of market and intra-ecosystem interactions. The obtained results contribute to the urgent scientific discussions concerning the prospects and limitations of the digital ecosystems development, changes in the nature and models of competition, as well as the problems of traditional management methods transformation in the digital economy.

Opportunities and risks of the climate policy in Russia

The climate agenda involves significant economic dimension and component. This is precipitated, on the one hand, by the climate change impact on the economy and its implications for economic development that necessitate costs for planning and implementing adaptation measures, and, on the other hand, by the imperatives of structural and technological modernization of the economy to strengthen its competitiveness and sustainability of socio-economic development including reduction of industrial greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions and increasing the ecosystems’ carbon sink capacity. The above implies harmonization of ecological, climatic, socio-economic, and technological characteristics to produce an effective national low GHG emissions socio-economic development strategy required by the Paris Climate Agreement. This in turn calls for comprehensive assessment of the impact produced by new low-carbon technologies on economic dynamics using the framework of macrostructural calculations and scenarios of economic development of Russia with different volumes of funding invested in decarbonization. It is argued that the most efficient is a group of so-called moderate scenarios that provide for both GHG reduction and economic growth rates above the global average. More ambitious scenarios involve risks of slowing GDP growth given weighty additional investment which constrains the dynamics of household consumption. The key role of the Russian ecosystems capacity to absorb and sequester carbon in implementation of the low GHG emissions socio-economic development strategy is substantiated and the imperative for the complex of measures to improve the efficiency of land use and forestry resources (LULUCF), primarily the quality of R&D and the national monitoring system development, is emphasized.

Углеродный статус России и динамическое равновесие биосферы

The article examines the acute debatable issues of assessing the carbon status of terrestrial ecosystems. The concept of dynamic carbon balance in the biosphere is substantiated. The fallacy of the notion that terrestrial ecosystems of Russia represent an absolute sink of atmospheric carbon dioxide is shown. In the light of the new concept of dynamic equilibrium of the carbon cycle, estimates of the annual primary production of NPP, CO2 emissions from the soil surface (soil respiration) SR and carbon content in dry organic matter are considered. In modern conditions, the ratio NPP/SR~1 is an important quantitative criterion characterizing the carbon status of natural terrestrial ecosystems. The relative stability of climatic parameters is closely related to the large capacity of natural carbon reservoirs and the mechanism of systemic adaptation of the biological cycle.

Развитие зеленой экономики в России: правовой аспект

The article proves that green economy is a new economic and legal concept that involves the use of not only legal prohibitions and restrictions but also economic incentives to increase the efficiency of the use of natural resources, the development of technologies, the growth of environmental investments, which will reduce anthropogenic pressure on the state of Russian ecosystems and ensure the growth of the well-being of citizens. The development of green economy in the Russian Federation requires a set of economic, organizational and legal measures, among which the following should be highlighted: 1) economic incentives for building green economy in Russia (development of a mechanism for financing environmental projects; development of a system for trading carbon units in order to reduce greenhouse gas emissions; introduction of elements of a circular economy in order to reduce the formation and improve the processing of production and consumption waste; elimination of objects of accumulated environmental harm). 2) it is necessary to increase the role and importance of the system of civil law contracts for the implementing the tasks of building a green economy in Russia (environmental insurance contracts, environmental audit, provision of services in ecological tourism, etc.). Of particular importance is the stimulation of public-private partnerships for the transition to the green standards. 3) it is necessary to identify the main directions of implementation of green economy standards in certain spheres of human activity (legal regulation of the features of the transition to a green economy in industry, construction, communications, transport, energy, agriculture). 4) the introduction of green economy standards to ensure the rational use and protection of natural objects (forests, waters, lands, subsoil, wildlife and atmospheric air). In its turn, this will bring us closer to solving the problems of climate protection and the ozone layer. Special attention should be paid to the introduction of green economy standards for the development of certain territories with a special environmental and legal regime. The guarantees (conditions for the implementation) of these measures should be the attraction of environmental investments, reforming the system of environmental governance bodies, raising the level of environmental and legal culture (which is especially important for creating a demand for environmental goods and services, for example, organic farming products or ecotourism), the development of environmental entrepreneurship, the growth of the tax burden on "environmentally dirty" industries, the development of a system of benefits and loans for introduction of environmental technologies, increasing green procurement. The implementation of these measures will also contribute to the solution of several economic and social problems (an increase in the number of green jobs, living standards, etc.). The author declares no conflicts of interests.

ЭКОСИСТЕМЫ – ОПРЕДЕЛЯЮЩИЙ ВЕКТОР РАЗВИТИЯ НАЦИОНАЛЬНОЙ ЭКОНОМИКИ

The article discusses the system ele-ments, types of ecosystems, conditions for the development and regulation of Russian ecosystems.

Platform economy in Russia: formation, development, risks

The article is devoted to consideration of some of the main aspects of the process of formation and development of the platform economy in Russia. The activity of platform business ecosystems in Russia and abroad is shown, the main threats and risks arising in connection with the development of the platform economy are considered. The need for state regulation of the activities of platform business ecosystems is discussed.

The Impact of Global Warming on Russia’s Ecological Environment

The Russian ecosystem is a complex consisting of the Arctic marine ecosystem, the tundra, forest, steppe, mountain and island ecosystems, as well as the terrestrial and water ecosystems, the spatial ecosystem, the atmospheric ecosystem, the soil ecosystem, etc. Rather than being independent, these ecosystems are interactive. Global warming, so destructive to the global ecosystem, particularly affects Russia due to the country’s unique geographical position. It is a double-edged sword for the Russian ecosystem; it does have some beneficial effects, but on the whole, its negative consequences outweigh the benefits. Specific negative effects are the decrease in the Arctic sea ice, the increase in carbon emissions, the lessening of biodiversity, an increase in forest pests and diseases, the spread of contagious diseases, the frequency of forest fires, changes in the habitat conditions of biological species, and environmental degradation. In recent years, coping with these negative effects has become a major challenge for Russia’s sustainable development. Therefore, Russia is actively participating in international cooperation to deal with global warming and is optimizing the relevant domestic mechanisms. To ensure the stable and balanced development of society and the economy, Russia has been striving to reduce Russian greenhouse gas emissions by 30 percent by 2030 compared to 1990, in order to further improve the country’s ecosystems.

Economic costs of biological invasions in terrestrial ecosystems in Russia

Terrestrial ecosystems, owing to the presence of key socio-economic sectors such as agriculture and forestry, may be particularly economically affected by biological invasions. The present study uses a subset of the recently developed database of global economic costs of biological invasions (InvaCost) to quantify the monetary costs of biological invasions in Russia, the largest country in the world that spans two continents. From 2007 up to 2019, invasions costed the Russian economy at least US$ 51.52 billion (RUB 1.38 trillion, n = 94 cost entries), with the vast majority of these costs based on predictions or extrapolations (US$ 50.86 billion; n = 87) and, therefore, not empirically observed. Most cost entries exhibited low geographic resolution, being split between European and Asian parts of Russia (US$ 44.17 billion; n = 72). Just US$ 7.35 billion (n = 22) was attributed to the European part solely and none to the Asian part. Invasion costs were documented for 72 species and particularly insects (37 species). The empirically-observed costs, summing up to US$ 660 million (n = 7), were reported only for four species: two insects Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire and Cydalima perspectalis (Walker) and two plants Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. and Heracleum sosnowskyi Manden. The vast majority of economic costs were related to resource damages and economic losses, with very little reported expenditures on managing invasions in terrestrial ecosystems. In turn, agriculture (US$ 37.42 billion; n = 68) and forestry (US$ 14.0 billion; n = 20) were the most impacted sectors. Overall, we report burgeoning economic costs of invasions in Russia and identify major knowledge gaps, for example, concerning specific habitat types (i.e. aquatic) and management expenditures, as well as for numerous known invasive taxa with no reported economic costs (i.e. vertebrates). Given this massive, largely underestimated economic burden of invasions in Russia, our work is a call for improved reporting of costs nationally and internationally.

Business strategy design methodologies: from product design to platform design

The article presents an analysis of modern methodologies that are successfully used for the development of innovative products and ecosystem platforms. The paper describes the tools of the “Jobs To Be Done” approach. The author highlights the differences between the two concepts “Jobs-As-Activities” and “Jobs-As-Progress”. The study emphasizes the importance of studying the digital client path. The publication presents by step-by-step an algorithm for constructing a strategy for bringing a new offer to the market based on the “Jobs To Be Done” method. The article presents examples of filling in the Job stories Canvas, interview framework in “Jobs To Be Done” format, Process Making Forces Canvas.The study shows the tools that are successfully used in creating a business strategy based on an ecosystem platform. The paper substantiates the importance of customer-oriented approach and switching to an ecosystem approach to the development of a business model. The author highlights the benefits from the ecosystem of the user, business owner and partners.The study gives an overview of ecosystem types according to the Gartner classification with examples in Russian ecosystems. The author provides tools of the Platform Design (Platform Innovation Kit) which allow you to develop an integrated environment for the development of the customer experience, to improve consumer goods and services: VRIO framework, a Matrix of Motivation, the Ecosystem Platform Relations Canvas, Training Mechanism Canvas, Value Proposition Canvas and Platform Business Models Canvas. These tools expand the design thinking portfolio.

Natural capital. Approaches to economic assessment

The problems of economic assessment of natural capital as the most important category of ecological economy are considered in the modern context of sustainable development. It is required to improve the procedures and methods for natural capital accounting in accordance with the international environmental and economic standards in the System of National Accounts. Historical features of transformation of the term “natural capital” are analyzed in terms of the natural resource and ecosystem approaches. The principles of economic assessment of natural resources are proposed. The compliance with these principles is a necessary condition of the quality of information received. The formation of the structure of the natural capital accounts is analyzed in the case-studies of Great Britain as one of the first countries that switched to monetary reflection of ecosystem services in the national wealth and of a region of the Russian Federation in o rder to identify the structural uniformity of natural capital calculated in monetary terms. Data on the value of the underestimate part of the national wealth generated by forest ecosystems in Russia are obtained. The research was supported by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education under state contract with the Ural State Mining University, Contract No. 075–03–2021–303 dated 29 December 2020.

Institutional hybrids in the Russian economy

For the first time in domestic science, the macroeconomic study reported in this paper investigates institutional hybrids with regard to the country-specific features of a particular economy – the Russian ecosystem. Institutional hybrids immanent to the Russian ecosystem, their content and forms of manifestation, which are continuously reproduced and driven by conditions and specificity of the Russian ecosystem, are analyzed. It is concluded that the Russian ecosystem does not comply with the institutional matrix X and does not correspond to the institutional matrix Y, its modern institutional framework largely depends on the existing institutional hybrids.

The legal regime of digital ecosystems in Russia

The legal regime of digital ecosystems in Russia

Peculiarities of development of digital financial ecosystem

The development of information society based on creating digital information channels fosters the expansion of virtual interaction of the participants of social relations. It gives rise to technological transformation of financial infrastructure and fosters related changes in other spheres of economy and social life. This research is aimed at finding out peculiarities of forming and developing digital financial microsystems and determining possible scenarios of the development of the Russian national financial ecosystem. The analysis of the statistical data has shown that developing digital technologies leads to the transformation of financial services consumer behaviour. They move from off-line environment with cash payments to the on-line service with non-cash settlements predominance and distant interaction. The trust in fintech-companies and digital financial services is constantly increasing. The caried-out analysis has shown that digitalization of financial sector increases its financial accessibility and fosters poverty reduction (Wang, Yang, Chiu & Lin, 2020) and provides economic growth (Siddik & Kabiraj, 2020). It forms the basis for the transformation of financial architecture and the expansion of digital financial ecosystems in Russia. On the basis of world experience as well as Russian practice, the authors determined the elements and principles of digital financial ecosystem development, identified types of forming and levels of ecosystems functioning.The authors considered two variants of forming the national digital financial ecosystem that differ in the form of interaction of state and private ecosystems functioning. The authors considered two variants of forming the national digital financial ecosystem that differ in the form of interaction of state and private ecosystems. The obtained conclusions are important for making project decisions by the authorities, financial organizations and technological companies.

An Assessment of Regional Sustainability via the Maturity Level of Entrepreneurial Ecosystems

Despite the prominence of sustainable development approaches in the academic literature, together with the significance attributed to the economy and society, the concept is not sufficiently theorized, especially in terms of methodological issues. The presented study makes a contribution to the academic literature by providing a synthesis on territorial sustainable development research and related concepts of innovation and entrepreneurial ecosystems (EE). We propose a methodological framework for the assessment of regional sustainability, replicating and expanding the approach of D. Isenberg, and draw inference to the impact of institutional environments on the maturity level of EEs. We present our assumptions in the example of two entrepreneurial ecosystems in Russia and Poland (the Penza region and the Małopolska region) with relevant interpretations, which enable us to gain a comprehensive understanding of how to progress in sustainable entrepreneurial ecosystem development. The results of this analysis provides information to help academics, policymakers, government, and business owners with a more in-depth understanding of the practical mechanisms that support absorption of the EE model to achieve Sustainable Development Goals.

Безопасность интернета вещей: вопросы совершенствования правового регулирования и ответственности субъектов экосистемы

the article discusses the structure of the Internet of Things, as well as the sphere of its use and purpose; analyzes the existing legal basis of functioning the Internet of Things on the territory of the Russian Federation and offers four possible directions of its legal regulation; authors pay special attention to the security of the Russian ecosystem of the Internet of Things and consider issues criminal liability due to the negative consequences of the functioning of smart devices.

Digital State, Digital Citizen: Making Fair and Effective Rules for a Digital World

The world is connected — governments, business and people are increasingly living and working in a globally connected digital space. People no longer identify themselves as belonging to spatial communities (neighborhood, town, city or country) but by subscribing to digital ecosystems like Apple or Android, Facebook or VKontakte, etc. Governments use digital platforms at the local, regional and national levels to administer certain powers and procedures (even electoral campaigns) and to get feedback from their citizens. As citizens become digital citizens — connected to a wide range of internet resources including electronic government, banking, local management systems, as well as to social media and global internet companies such as Google and Yandex — they simultaneously become subject to rights, rules, laws, and regulations locally and globally. But what are those rights and rules and what do they entail? Who has the responsibility of ensuring that all citizens have equal access to them and are protected from exploitation? What governs the way that global and local digital businesses operate? The article discusses the exercise and protection of rights in online andoffline ecosystems in Russia with special attention given to enabling participation by citizens and to multiple stakeholders online and offline. The recommendations and conclusions here may be applicable to all countries experiencing digital transformation.

Реконструкция истории древостоев и оценка воздействия инвазивного короеда в пихтовых лесах с помощью анализа пространственной структуры

The most devastating insect invasion of forest ecosystems in Russia is the recent mass reproduction of the four-eyed fir bark beetle (Polygraphus proximus Blandf.) in southern Siberian fir (Abies sibirica Ledeb.) forests. The objective of our research was to study the spatial structure of fir forests and their change under the impact of the four-eyed fir bark beetle in its secondary (invasive) distribution range. We selected two fir stands located near the villages of Itatka and Malinovka in the Tomsk region. Both stands represent natural ripe succession forests on sites that previously experienced logging activities, which were triggered by settlement activities in the second half of the nineteenth century. We used Field-Map technology for gathering non-spatial and spatial stand data. The analysis showed that height, diameter and radial increment of fir trees, killed or severely weakened by attacks of the four-eyed fir bark beetle, were significantly lower than that of healthy individuals. The social status of fir trees, seriously attacked or already killed by Polygraphus proximus was indicated by the Ui index as moderately suppressed. In contrast to the distribution pattern of living firs, the pattern of dead or severally weakened firs killed by the four-eyed fir bark beetle was significantly clumped over short distances (sample plots (SP) Itatka and Malinovka). This finding coincides with visual observations in other stands, that dead trees are grouped to some extent. However, the hypothesis of spatial independence of the tree positions of living and dead firs was accepted for both plots.Funding: The research was funded by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research and the government of Tomsk region, grant No. 16-44-700782, and carried out as part of a state assignment of the Center for Forest Ecology and Productivity of the Russian Academy of Sciences (No. АААА-А18-118052400130-7).For citation: Debkov N.M., Gradel A., Aleinikov A.A. Reconstruction of Stand History and Impact Evaluation of an Invasive Bark Beetle in Siberian Fir Forests with the Help of Spatial Structure Analysis. Lesnoy Zhurnal [Russian Forestry Journal], 2020, no. 3, pp. 24–41. DOI: 10.37482/0536-1036-2020-3-24-41

Banking ecosystem: current trends in the financial sector

The article considers the stages of the banking industry evolution from the formation of the corporate business service market to the creation of ecosystems for retail customers. The prerequisites for the formation of ecosystems in Russia are identified and the factors hindering their development are identified. As a result of the research, the following conclusions are made: the transition to the stage of ecosystem formation is dictated by current consumer preferences; the consortium in the form of an ecosystem provides a number of undeniable advantages for its participants such as: building up the client base, differentiating investments, entering new industry niches, minimizing operating costs; the negative aspects of ecosystems from the point of view of the consortium’s functioning include: a high level of dependence on a related player, combining client bases and the risk of their leakage, low adaptability to the environment. The conclusion is also formed about the negative impact of ecosystems on the market of small and medium-sized businesses by monopolizing industries and washing the latter out of them.There is no conflict of interests.