Economic Underdevelopment Research Articles

The Choice of Contract-enforcement Institutions: A Review

All public- and private-order institutions have strengths and weaknesses when it comes to the enforcement of contracts. In general, the availability of a low-cost legal system and multilateral reputation institutions is found to be more important for the long-term development of a country than bilateral reputation and private enforcement. The efficiency and cost of institutions differ considerably from place to place. The studies have observed that the cost of using private-order institutions is often lower than public-order institutions in underdeveloped economies. While the existing literature has substantially added to our understanding of contract-enforcement institutions, the issue of complementarity among these institutions has only recently received attention. Investigating this issue may considerably enhance our understanding of enforcement institutions and their economic impact. JEL: K12, K42

ROLE OF BANKS AS FINANCIAL SUCCOR AMID COVID FIGHT: AN INDIAN PERSPECTIVE

At present time, the existence of Coronavirus in the environment continues to bother the globe. As an aftermath effect, the entire economies are at a standstill. Reduced economic activities, mass unemployment, and financial crunch have emerged as the most realistic prospects and so, people are struggling for their livelihoods. Whether it’s developed, developing, or underdeveloped economies, no country could save them from its tragic consequences. The economy of India has also been severely affected due to this pandemic. Amid this situation, the role of banks has become more evident in the public eyes in recent times. The banking sector is the spine of the country’s economy. As a result, common people started expecting banks to step forward as financial succor for them in these difficult times. The current paper tries to put the spotlight on the significant roles of the banks in supporting the people, the lives, and the economies in this unpredicted state of affairs. The study offers an analysis of secondary data which is gathered from different research articles published on the Covid-19 outbreak. Further, this paper offers suggestions to Indian banks on the adoption of innovative strategies for the improvisation of financial lives and the economy.

Zakat dan PeranannyaA Dalam Menanggulangi Pelacuran

Abstract
 Based on religious perspective, prostitution is evil and an act of sin. Many worries arise due to the existence of prostitution, in addition to create unrest in the community, prostitution is also worried about the spread of disease due to deviant sex. Economic underdevelopment is the dominant factor that driving prostitution. Therefore we need an instrument that can prevent and suppress prostitution itself, one of which is zakat.
 This study aims to determine the relationship between zakat and prostitution (PSK) and how the role of zakat in reducing the rate of prostitution. The method used in this study is a qualitative descriptive method to provide an overview of the effectiveness of zakat in preventing and suppressing the rate of prostitution. The data in this study were obtained through observations, interviews, and the author's search results on related references, both through digital and non-digital sources.
 The results of this study indicated that zakat is an instrument that is proven to be able to prevent and reduce the rate of prostitution through the provision of facilities and infrastructure for prostitutes, increase productivity, and increase their income.

Valuing the joint effect of adult literacy and economic growth on renewable energy consumption in African zone

Purpose: in this paper, the author tries to find out how the major two variables in economy called Economic growth (EG) and adult literacy rate (ALR) influence the behaviour of African people in different zones on renewable energy consumption (REC).
 Design/Method/Approach: The research is basically quantitative in nature and 52 African counties have been selected zonal-wise considering time series database from 1990 to 2018 (nearly 29 years). It is observed that EG has positive and significant impact on REC in Northern Africa Zone (NAZ) and ALR has positive and significant on REC in NAZ and Eastern African Zone (EAZ). Conversely, EG and ALR act as joint effect, it emphasises positive and significant on REC in EAZ only. 
 Findings: Sustainable development practice and social development are interconnected issues that are being tried to grab my most of the developing and underdeveloped economies, where their education level and economic growth can be influencing factors to change their behavioural characteristics to use renewable energy to ensure income and environmental sustainability.
 Practical implications (if applicable): This paper is constructed by zonal-wise which will help future researchers to build-up behavioural changing polices on REC in zonal basis. The developing and under developing economies can be somehow dependent on the population-behaviour which can affect to ensure environmental and social-sustainability.
 Paper type: theoretical.

The Estonian antebellum paradox: a venture into the comparative anthropometric history of the Baltic countries in the early twentieth century

ABSTRACT In this study, we examine the mismatch between the anthropometric and the economic measures of human wellbeing, a fact that has gone unnoticed in the international research on anthropometric history: by 1914, Estonian males were among the tallest in the world despite the country’s economic underdevelopment. We explain the anthropometric overperformance of Estonia considering the early start of the first demographic transition in relation to the special features of the agrarian reforms in the Baltic provinces. Estonian boys did grow taller than their peers in Lithuania, Finland, and even in the much richer Western countries, because their parents had smaller families.

Systematic summary and analysis of Chinese HVAC guidelines coping with COVID-19.

Heating, Ventilation, and Air-Conditioning (HVAC) system that is almost indispensable service system of modern buildings is recognized as the most important engineering control measure against pandemics. However, the effectiveness of HVAC systems has been questioned on their ability to control airborne transmission. After the outbreak of COVID-19, China has controlled the spread within a relatively short period. Considering the large population, high population density, busy transportation and the overall underdeveloped economy, China’s control measures may have some implications to other countries, especially those with limited resources. This paper intends to provide a systematic summary of Chinese ventilation guidelines issued to cope with COVID-19 transmission. The following three aspects are the main focus of these guidelines: (1) general operation and management schemes of various types of HVAC systems, (2) operation and management schemes of HVAC system in typical types of buildings, and (3) design schemes of HVAC system of makeshift hospitals. In addition, some important differences in HVAC guidelines between China and other countries/institutions are identified and compared, and the possible reasons are discussed. Further discussions are made on the following topics, including the required fresh air supply, the extended operation time, the use of auxiliary equipment, the limited capacity of existing systems, and the use of personalized systems.

The Impact of the Construction Industry on the Social and Economic Development of Territories

The article’s objective is to show the results of an analysis of the relationship between the construction industry and social and economic development of territories. Construction projects have great potential to promote social and economic development as drivers of growth. The construction industry is a basic and diversified sector of the economy, which involves a wide range of stakeholders and has developed links with other areas of activity. The industry creates investment opportunities in related sectors and is vital to achieving national social and economic goals. This research is devoted to the study of the state of the construction industry as a key indicator of the level of development and efficiency of modernization processes in the economy of the regions. The article formulates conclusions and offers guidelines for the development of the construction industry as a factor in economic growth.
 It is concluded that the current state of the construction industry is of paramount importance, which indicates the well-being, health and quality of life of citizens, is the basis of economic growth of any country, and therefore affects the role of each sector at all levels of the economy. The construction sector has a direct impact on the social and economic development of money circulation, so the lack of proper construction infrastructure leads to an underdeveloped economy, low living standards and unbalanced income distribution, which are factors contributing to the country's economic decline. Effective management of the construction sector leads to improved quality of life, including the promotion of tourism, a sustainable environment, money circulation and job creation across the country.

Factors Impacting Women Entrepreneurship: A Systematic Review Using PRISMA Guidelines

Women entrepreneurship is attaining significance in all spheres of economies whether it’s developed, developing, or underdeveloped economies. There are diverse factors such as social, institutional, motivational, challenging, push, pull, cultural, environmental, resource, and psychological factors which affect the enterprises of women entrepreneurs while starting their business and the present study aims at categorizing those factors. The present paper carried out a systematic literature review using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. The inclusion criteria were i) publication between 2012 and 2022; ii) being a quantitative study; iii) open-access; iv) subject areas; v) written in the English language; vi) research articles only; vii) conducted a review on factors impacting women entrepreneurship. Studies were excluded from the assessment which were i) qualitative studies; ii) unpublished thesis, conference proceedings, and a book chapter. After following the subsequent procedures, 21 quantitative studies were determined for assessment.

Factors influencing survival of business ventures in an underdeveloped economy: the case of Yemen

Factors influencing survival of business ventures in an underdeveloped economy: the case of Yemen

Izazovi nabavke nafte i gasa usled naftne krize u Ukrajini

It is generally known that without oil and gas, no economic system can function and that these energy sources are considered the "bloodstream" of any economy, whether it is a developed economy, a developing economy, or an underdeveloped economy. Oil reserves follow gas reserves, and the distribution of reserves of these energy sources in the world is not uniform. On the one hand, we have countries with surplus reserves of these energy sources, so they are also exporters of oil and gas, and on the other hand, countries that are in deficit or do not have them, and have to import them. Some countries, as well as some members of the European Union, have managed to develop more or less balanced energy consumption in the long run through their energy policies, while some have not. Due to the scarcity of fossil fuel reserves and the complexity of their economies, many countries have not been successful in this, and are still qualified as dependent on fossil fuel imports. In addition to improving energy efficiency and savings, in line with frequent geopolitical unrest and tensions caused by energy procurement, many import-dependent on energy countries sooner or later decide to diversify their supply, but also to replace fossil fuels with renewable energy sources.

Analysis of China's investment in Afghanistan

Throughout history, Sino-Afghan relations have been considered friendly. Afghanistan illustrates many security problems for China. First, Afghanistan, which was plunged into a series of wars and conflicts, suffered from protracted wars and instability, and was left with an underdeveloped economy and a poor population. These situations not only deprived Afghanistan of peace and stability but also had a negative impact on border regions and countries. Although, as neighboring countries, China and Afghanistan are connected by a very short length, the insecurity in Afghanistan remains a constant problem for the Chinese government since Afghanistan has become one of the largest sources of drug trafficking to China. Secondly, the country’s internal security and stability are particularly vulnerable to the spread of terrorism and extremism from Afghanistan. Thirdly, instability affects the activity and security of Chinese investment projects. In view of the constant threat of terrorism, China will take decisive steps to strengthen security measures and intensify economic ties. In resolving the Afghan problem, China will act at the international and regional levels so that the Afghan issue meets the geopolitical and economic interests. This article analyzes China’s investment activities in Afghanistan and provides an overview of the relations between the two countries in historical retrospect with an emphasis on China’s national interests and policy in Afghanistan. The authors consider the statements of the parties after the withdrawal of the United States troops, analyze the channels of humanitarian ties, and give cases on the largest investment projects of China in Afghanistan. The article identifies the main motives and goals of Beijing’s investment policy in Afghanistan, with an emphasis on changing the agenda of relations between the two countries after the recognition of the Taliban by Beijing.

Factors influencing survival of business ventures in an underdeveloped economy: the case of Yemen

Factors influencing survival of business ventures in an underdeveloped economy: the case of Yemen

Diferencijalni demografski razvitak i elektoralna homogenizacija etničkih i klasnih identiteta u savremenoj Turskoj

The process of the formation of ethnic identities in Turkey was fairly intricate with the influence of migrations, conflicts and newly adopted ideologies. The differential demographic development between the three main ethnclass groups in the country was one of the main reasons that led to political and social tensions causing political and social crises in Turkish society. While the fertility of the secular part of society was in the process of constant stagnation after World War II, the more traditional part of society experienced a demographic growth that was accompanied by mass migrations to large cities and political mobilization of the economically neglected newly formed urban and young population, which led to electoral homogenization and social divisions in Turkish society. Fertility among ethnic Turks converged at the commencement of the XXI century, but the demographic transition has stalled among the Kurdish population due to economic underdevelopment, female illiteracy and the survival of traditional institutions of patriarchy. While at the given period, the total fertility rate (TFR) of ethnic Turks fell to 1.88, in the Kurdish provinces, it was still over 4, although in 2020 it fell to around 3. Turkey went through one of the fastest processes of the society modernization with a fast urbanization and education of the population in the last two decades, where the share of the population living in cities surpassed 80% and as one of the highest in Europe was followed by a further decline in fertility, an increase in secularity among youth and with new forms of political mobilization. Also, Turkey is facing one of the biggest refugee crises in the world with around 4 million refugees, mostly from Syria.

Government Expenditure and Its Effect on Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals in Nigeria

This study examined government expenditure and its effect on achieving the Sustainable Development Goals in Nigeria. This was undertaken given that Nigeria is a democratic underdeveloped economy seeking sustainable development. The Millennium Development Goals, the predecessor of SDGs, did not achieve much and now there are the Sustainable Development Goals to finance in the face of a volatile mono-economy, corruption, weak budgetary system, decaying infrastructure and security challenges. The specific objective of this study is to analyze the structure and trend of government expenditure from 1986 to 2020. The study adopted an ex-post-facto research design. Secondary data was obtained from publications of the Central Bank of Nigeria, National Bureau of Statistics, Transparency International and the World Bank. Descriptive and analytical statistics were used for analysis. The findings of the study revealed that recurrent expenditure outlay is higher than capital expenditure, the economic and social service sectors expenditure is inadequate to foster any meaningful sustainable development and, corruption is rife in the country. Hence, the study concludes that there are indications that the SDGs just like its predecessors, the MDGs, is on the verge of achieving poor outcomes if urgent measures are not taken to correct this. So, the study recommends that the structure of government expenditure should be reversed and made adequate; environmental sector expenditure should be disaggregated for easy inference to ensure that the issues of environmental degradation are dealt with; and agencies such as the Independent Corrupt Practices Commission, Economic and Financial Crimes Commission, the Nigerian Police and other security agencies should be strengthened.

Analysis of Dilemma Aspects of the Conclusion of Contracts for the Provision of Medical Services: Future Challenges

The subject of the study is the contractual relations in the provision of medical services on a fee-for-service basis. The theme of the study is the study of the fourth generation of human rights related to medical aspects, including the accessibility of medical care and services to patients. The study aims to assess the elements that ensure the observance of human rights as a patient when receiving medical services on a fee-for-service basis. General and special methods of scientific knowledge were used to achieve the goal of the study. The conclusion of the study is the substantiation of the position that paid medical services are not available for all categories of patients, limited access to them have people in rural areas, and the population of those countries that have weak or underdeveloped economies. The result of the study is substantiation of the point of view that the most effective way to implement the patient's right to receive paid medical services at a high level and guarantee protection in case of their violation is the conclusion of such a contract between the patient and the medical institution, which contains complete information about the order, scope, and conditions of medical care. When conducting the study to achieve its goals and objectives, the resource of the electronic journal ScienceDirect was used. The search tool offered 82 scientific articles related to the topic of the study, but most of them were related to the field of medical knowledge and did not correspond to the subject of the study, so they were not used in its conduct.

A multilevel analysis of the social determinants associated with symptoms of acute respiratory infection among preschool age children in Pakistan: A population-based survey.

BackgroundAs advocated by WHO in “Closing the Health Gap in a Generation”, dramatic differences in child health are closely linked to degrees of social disadvantage, both within and between communities. Nevertheless, research has not examined whether child health inequalities include, but are not confined to, worse acute respiratory infection (ARI) symptoms among the socioeconomic disadvantaged in Pakistan. In addition to such disadvantages as the child’s gender, maternal education, and household poverty, the present study also examined the linkages between the community environment and ARI symptoms among Pakistan children under five. Furthermore, we have assessed gender contingencies related to the aforementioned associations.MethodsUsing data from the nationally representative 2017–2018 Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey, a total of 11,908 surviving preschool age children (0–59 months old) living in 561 communities were analyzed. We employed two-level multilevel logistic regressions to model the relationship between ARI symptoms and individual-level and community-level social factors.ResultsThe social factors at individual and community levels were found to be significantly associated with an increased risk of the child suffering from ARI symptoms. A particularly higher risk was observed among girls who resided in urban areas (AOR = 1.42; p<0.01) and who had a birth order of three or greater.DiscussionsOur results underscore the need for socioeconomic interventions in Pakistan that are targeted at densely populated households and communities within urban areas, with a particular emphasis on out-migration, in order to improve unequal economic underdevelopment. This could be done by targeting improvements in socio-economic structures, including maternal education.

Conceptualizing China's tea history in the 19th century: Incorporation into the capitalist world‐economy

AbstractRecent accounts of China's tea history in the 19th century have been presented without adequate attention to global capitalism's dynamics, despite the fact that researchers have explicitly or implicitly accepted the idea that China experienced a massive and unprecedented change in tea cultivation during this period, prompted by the penetration of capitalist logics. By analysing China's capitalist incorporation process, I show why and how tea‐growing areas in southern China drove an export‐oriented process of tea cultivation, increasing the number of seasonal workers—including Chinese tea growers migrating to British India's tea plantations—and contributing to ecological degradation and economic underdevelopment. In addition, analysis of China's incorporation process helps to investigate the relationship between China's tea industry and its early industrialization. By allowing us to examine China's tea history and the dynamics of the capitalist world‐economy in the long 19th century in tandem, the concept of China's incorporation process elicits macrolevel, global, and historical narratives of the 19th century Chinese tea history.

Islam, Authoritarianism, and Underdevelopment

Islam, Authoritarianism, and Underdevelopment

ДЕЦЕНТРАЛІЗАЦІЯ ВЛАДИ В АСПЕКТІ РЕАЛІЗАЦІЇ ЮРИДИЧНОЇ ВІДПОВІДАЛЬНОСТІ У МІСЦЕВОМУ САМОВРЯДУВАННІ В УКРАЇНІ

The article is devoted to the study of local self-government as an important means of realizing the rights of territorial communities and their members. The author of the article argues that the territorial community is a necessary democratic counterweight to the central government and helps to limit the manifestations of arbitrariness on the part of the state. The urgency of the issue of decentralization of public power and the development of local self-government is beyond doubt. The author draws attention to the experience of European countries. This experience proves the need for systemic reforms in the field of decentralization of power in order to increase the role of local self-government in overcoming economic, socio-cultural and, in some cases, political and legal problems of society. It is determined that according to modern economic and political research; decentralization of power can have both positive and negative impact on economic indicators of the country’s development and the well-being of citizens. It has been explored that decentralization can also mobilize underutilized resources, creating competition among subnational governments and delivering better policy outcomes. The author’s opinion is substantiated that decentralization can bring the government closer to the people, thus promoting greater transparency and accountability. The author’s position is given that in poor regions with underdeveloped economies, decentralization may not lead to better coordination of public goods and services with the needs of the population. The article pays special attention to the problems of implementation of the concept of “responsible city” in the life of communities and the implementation of social responsibility and transparency of municipalities. It is stated that in many cities around the world, municipalities are increasingly taking into account the environmental and social aspects of community development. Foreign experience has been revealed, which shows that without the formation of a holistic mechanism (social, political, legal) responsibility in local self-government as a separate territorial community can not be formed as a primary subject of local self-government, and the people as a whole can not become a real sovereign state. The author proves the relevance of the topic of constitutional and legal responsibility in local self-government. It is concluded that the world practice of real decentralized public power shows the need to form not only independent and self-sufficient territorial communities, but also responsible local self-government.

Sabri Ülgener and Ahmed Güner Sayar: A Line in Turkish Economic Thought

Sabri Fehmi Ülgener and Ahmed Güner Sayar are two of the most eminent figures to be recognized through their economic and cultural studies in modern Turkish thought. They have generated remarkable ideas about relative economic underdevelopment in Ottoman-Turkish society, controversial economic policies within capitalism, and the existence of two principal veins in the methodology of economics. This paper aims to ascertain Ülgener and Sayar’s approaches toward the different dimensions of economics and to review the points upon which they agree and disagree in this regard. On the problem of economic underdevelopment, they can be said to generally focus on cultural elements and to have asserted the essence of Sufism to be distorted. They can also be said to have not fallen into any sharp differences over capitalism’s liberal or interventionist policies. On the methodology of economics, they agreed about the need to have an a posteriori character within the scope of the explanatory nature of economic theories. Additionally, they focused on the sociology of economics using the verstehen [German: to understand] method to comprehend human typology in economics through its various aspects. The research findings indicate these two men to have been the architects of an original line in Turkish economic thought by showing consensus on principles and method, despite disagreements on the details.