Economic Underdevelopment Research Articles

Emotional Labour: An Undervalued Human Resources Asset in Nigerian Public Sector Organizations

Employees in most service sector organizations utilizes diverse aspects of their intangible human assets. However, emotional labour is one of such invisible human assets often utilized by employees at the workplace. Like other aspects of organizations’ resources, emotions in service oriented field of human endeavor is seen as a product, yet, in most developing and underdeveloped economies, most employers and organizations often give little or no attention to its existence. Thus, this study examines the value of emotional labour in Nigeria public sectors. From the review of related literatures, the study established that the attention given and the value placed on emotional labour in the Nigerian public service organizations (especially, the police force, public schools and the healthcare services) is inadequate, as it is not fairly compensated as well as untrained and undeveloped, in spite of the enormous contributions made by employees in these institutions to the development and sustenance of the nation’s economy. Thus, the need for organizations (especially service oriented public enterprises) in Nigeria, to give adequate attention to emotional labor in order to optimize its use in achieving effective service delivery.

Transformation of Political Systems and Social Deviations in their Duration: Case Study SRM/RM/RN Macedonia (Contribution to Further Research)

Through the presentation of a part of the deviations of the social life, which appeared in Yugoslavian socialism, we are actually returning to the deep roots of the disorientation and resignation of the common people towards the contemporary Macedonian social trends and towards the contemporary Macedonian political elite. All of these deviations in the social sphere appeared everywhere across the SFRY, but got a stronger hold over the consciousness of the common people in some republics more than in others. In the Socialist Republic of Macedonia/Republic of Macedonia/ Republic of North Macedonia, another important factor added up to the economic underdevelopment: the previous historical inexperience in coping with its own national

Analysing External Debt Impact on Human Capital Development in Nigeria

Underdeveloped economies like Nigeria have always battled with human capital and economic development challenges orchestrated by poor and insufficient capital to embark on investment purposes. We know that economists have always supported that investment for production trigger economic activities leading to massive developments. This desire for economic developments have over the years triggered persistent scramble for foreign or international capital by underdeveloped economies and this has remained very contemporary. It therefore becomes imperative to analyse the impact that international capital has on human capital development of underdeveloped economies like Nigeria, with emphasis on External debt which is noted to be the commonest form and most favoured form of international capital for underdeveloped economies. Various studies that attempted to analyse the nexus came up with conflicting and or mixed findings. This study aims at disaggregating the impact of external debt on human capital development. The researcher has proxied ED with External debt stock (EDSK), External debt servicing (EDS), Exchange rate (EXR), Interest rate (ITR) and Inflation rate (IFR). The main objective of this study is to analyse the effect ED on human capital development (HCD) in Nigeria. The specific objectives are to explore, determine, assess, examine and ascertain the effect of EDSK, EDS, EXR, ITR and IFR on HCD. The study adopted ex-post facto research design and sourced data from the Central Bank of Nigeria Statistical Bulletin and Annual Reports and the World Bank Development Indicators were analyzed using Descriptive Statistics, Augmented Dicker Fuller tests for unit roots and Autoregressive Distributive Lag (ARDL) for the hypothesis. The study found no long run effect of ED on HCD in Nigeria but the existence of a positive and significant short run effect on HCD in Nigeria. It is recommended that External debt should be contracted solely for short term in

Pollution haven or pollution halo? The role of global value chains in Belt and Road economies

Abstract“Global value chains” (GVCs) participation brings countless economic and environmental benefits to “Belt and Road Initiative” (BRI) economies. As the nations associated with BRI are crucial members of GVCs, analyzing the influence of GVCs on environmental quality in BRI economies is of great significance. By joining regression models with “multi‐region input–output” analyses, current study inspects the influence of GVCs on environmental quality in 82 BRI economies from 2002 to 2018. This study considered different GVCs participation modes and national heterogeneity to check “pollution haven hypothesis and pollution halo hypothesis” theories. The GVC position worsened environmental quality in the full BRI panel and validated the pollution haven hypothesis theory. Forward and backward participation improves environmental quality and confirms the pollution halo hypothesis. Moreover, income‐specific outcomes showed divergent patterns related to GVCs and environmental quality. GVCs' position of GVCs promotes the environmental quality of developed and emerging countries and exacerbates that of developing and underdeveloped economies. Moreover, the links of forward and backward participation with environmental quality showed mixed results for the pollution haven and halo theories in all subpanels. The results propose that the BRI should focus on upgrading GVCs and adopting region‐specific green policies to ensure a sustainable environment.

Estimating Dynamic and Flow Characteristics of Electromagnetic Dispenser for The Kraz Truck Converted to Gas

The problems of worldwide environmental degradation, global warming, scarcity of fossil fuels hascaused the replacement of ICE vehicles with electric ones. For the countries with underdeveloped economy, it is important to find more affordable ways to solve this problem. One of them is to convert the cars with ICE into more environmentally friendly and economical ones, such as gas-powered cars. Yet, the conversion of diesel cars usually results in power loss. The work of the electromagnetic gas dispenser (EGD) of the engine power supply system significantly affects the efficiency of the gas engine. Therefore, the aim of the study was to determine the dynamic and flowcharacteristics of the EGD of the KrAZ truck (Ukraine) converted to gas, and to provide recommendations for improving the efficiency of its operation. The object of the research was the working processes of the EGD power supply system of 6ChGN13/14 engine, converted from diesel engine and equipped with a gas turbine supercharger. The paper presents the results of experimental studies on determining the effect of operating voltage on the dynamic characteristics of EGD. The dependences of dynamic and flow characteristics of the EGD on the change of the control signal frequency and the dependence of efficiency through the EGD flow nozzle on the control signal duration were obtained; the effect of the return spring stiffness on the dynamic and flow characteristics of the EGD were determined. The results of the work are designed to increase the efficiency of diesel trucks converted to gas.

Impact of economic growth on the changes in forest resources in Inner Mongolia of China

Balancing the relationship between forest resources and economic growth is crucial for achieving sustainable development in China. Inner Mongolia, with its unique geographical environment and relatively underdeveloped economy, exhibits distinctive patterns in its forest resources development and changes. This study investigates the impact of economic growth on forest resources in Inner Mongolia using time-series data from 1980 to 2018 and the cubic curve regression model based on the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis. The results reveal an inverted N-shaped EKC relationship, with the forest coverage rate undergoing a “decline-up-decline” evolution process, characterized by turning points 1984 and 2015, and the forest stock volume exhibiting a “decline-up” evolution process with a minimum turning point around 1999. Remarkably, the forest stock volume continues to increase at present and over a foreseeable future. Furthermore, the study finds that population density has a negligible effect on the reduction of forest coverage rate in Inner Mongolia. Lastly, the paper offers policy suggestions to promote the sustainable development of forest resources in the region.

Building Daylight Simulation Analysis Based on Ladybug + Honeybee Parametric Approach: A Case Study of Gando Primary School

The Gando Primary School project faces several challenges like extreme environmental constraints, resource scarcity, and design requirements. These challenges include the hot climate of Burkina Faso, economic underdevelopment, building material scarcity, and lack of electrical resources. To implement an architectural design for the classrooms that accommodates these difficulties, especially in the absence of an electrical system, architect Francis Kéré employed various passive design strategies that can provide shelter from the rain and heat while achieving essential lighting levels and ventilation. This paper used Gando Primary School as the research object and utilized the parametric tools of Ladybug + Honeybee (L + H) to conduct numerical simulations and evaluations of the building’s daylighting, glare analysis, and indoor thermal comfort. The aim of this study is to investigate the application of passive design strategies in energy conservation under extreme environmental conditions, propose a parametric energy-saving evaluation strategy with L + H, and explore energy-saving design ideas in economically underdeveloped Third World countries.

Characterization and recycling of raw fly ash derived through stems of Sesamum indicum as a proficient adsorbent for chlorazol black E from wastewater

Coal fly ash (CFA) is an anthropogenic industrial byproduct that is expected to increase exponentially to fulfill the needs of energy using coal and agro-waste as a cheap fuel. The disposal of this classified human carcinogen is a major concern in developing and underdeveloped economies due to lack of resources. Recycling and value addition of industrial waste, coherence with sustainable development goals is a viable solution. Zeolitization of coal fly ash is an ideal approach for recycling this waste into superior products to be used in a variety of industrial applications. This study was aimed to recycle CFA to useful zeolites using ultrasound assisted hydrothermal process. Sesamum indicum plant stems based fly ash (rFA) was found to belong to class “F" and has very low moisture and carbon contents. To investigate the morphology and elemental composition of rFA and UHSZ, SEM/EDX was used along with XRD, FTIR and Raman spectroscopy which confirmed the existence of quartz, mullite and anhydrite. SEM/EDX results revealed the presence of Al, Si, S, K, Sb, Mg and Ta in raw ash. Adsorption studies of both rFA and synthesized zeolite(UHSZ) were conducted to determine the quintessential parameters of pH, time, initial dose of adsorbent for optimum results. Fabricated zeolites (2 ​g/100 ​mL) from raw fly ash removed 90–98% of chlorazol black E (DB38) from 100 ​mg/L solution within 40 ​min at pH ​≈ ​7. Both Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms gave best fit, which validated that the adsorption of DB38 to UHSZ was a blended process rather than a simple monolayer adsorption mechanism. Pseudo 1st-order and 2nd-order kinetic models were adopted to fit the obtained kinetic data. The pseudo 2nd-order kinetic model was found to be most related.

Social Entrepreneurship as a Tool of Development: Conceptual Perspective

Purpose: This research aims to investigate the drivers of social entrepreneurship in underdeveloped economies, specifically focusing on the case of Bangladesh. The study seeks to enrich the understanding of social entrepreneurship by incorporating consequences, propensity, and governance factors into the analysis and reiterating previous findings in the context of Bangladesh.
 
 Theoretical Framework: The research delves into the theoretical perspectives surrounding social entrepreneurship, particularly within the Bangladeshi context. It aims to contribute to the existing body of knowledge by shedding light on the factors that influence the progression of social entrepreneurship in the country.
 
 Design/Methodology/Approach: This study employs a rigorous research design and methodology to explore the various facets of social entrepreneurship in Bangladesh. Through empirical data and analysis, the authors aim to identify key drivers and shed light on the conditions that foster social entrepreneurship in the region.
 
 Findings: The study's findings reveal essential insights into the factors that promote social entrepreneurship in Bangladesh. By examining consequences, propensity, and governance elements, the research provides valuable information that can guide scholars, policymakers, and practitioners interested in fostering community well-being through entrepreneurship.
 
 Research, Practical & Social Implications: The research holds significant implications for various stakeholders. Scholars and researchers can build upon these findings to advance their understanding of social entrepreneurship and its impact on community development in emerging economies like Bangladesh. Policymakers and practitioners can also benefit from the study's recommendations on leveraging opportunities and resolving conflicts to nurture the growth of entrepreneurship in the region.
 
 Originality/Value: This research contributes to the field of social entrepreneurship by offering a comprehensive analysis of the drivers of social entrepreneurship in an underdeveloped economy. By exploring the Bangladeshi context, the study adds original insights to the discourse and highlights the potential for promoting social entrepreneurship in the country, ultimately contributing to the betterment of society.

Security Life Cycle framework for Exploring & Prevention of Zero day attacks in Cyberterrorism

The rise of cyber terrorism poses a significant threat to governments, businesses, and individuals worldwide. Cyber terrorists use information technology to carry out attacks that range from simple hacking attempts to more sophisticated attacks involving malware, ransomware, and zero-day exploits. This paper aims to provide an in-depth understanding of cyber terrorism, with a special focus on zero-day attacks. As the world becomes more digitized and automated, it brings convenience to everyone's lives. However, it also leads to growing concerns about security threats, including data leakage, website hacking, attacks, phishing, and zero-day attacks. These concerns are not only for organizations, businesses, and society, but also for governments worldwide. This paper aims to provide an introductory literature review on the basics of cyber-terrorism, focusing on zero-day attacks. The paper explores the economic and financial destruction caused by zero-day attacks and examines various types of zero-day attacks. It also looks at the steps taken by international organizations to address these issues and the recommendations they have made. Additionally, the paper examines the impact of these externalities on policymaking and society. As cyber-security becomes increasingly important for businesses and policymakers, the paper aims to delve deeper into this aspect, which has the potential to threaten national security, public life, and the economic and financial stability of developed, developing, and underdeveloped economies.

Conceptual Analysis of Public Policy Failures in Nigeria: Tract to Economic Underdevelopment

Conceptual Analysis of Public Policy Failures in Nigeria: Tract to Economic Underdevelopment

All roads lead to Rome? Exploring birthplace effects and the ‘southern question’ in Italian soccer

ABSTRACT The expression “southern question” is used in reference to the poverty and economic underdevelopment, less advanced social relations, and clientelist style of politics that characterize South-Italy compared to North and Central Italy. This study aimed to investigate the presence of the “southern question” in Italian soccer. Accordingly, we examined the birthplace distribution of 2,012 Italian soccer players who have played in any national representative team (U15: n = 466; U16-U21: n = 1,939; Senior Team: n = 217). Chi-square analysis revealed an overrepresentation of players born in North and Central Italy, in all cohorts, compared to national norms (all P values < 0.0001). Odds ratios showed that players born in North and Central Italy had the greatest likelihood of representing Italy internationally at both youth and senior levels compared to players born in South Italy (ranging from 2 to 3.2). Factors that negatively impact upon South-Italy players’ soccer developmental journey have been proposed and discussed.

The Impact of Gold, Oil Prices, and their Associated Implied Volatilities on Performance of Pakistan’s Stock Market

This study examined the asymmetrical implications of gold and oil prices, as well as the implied volatility that goes along with them, on the performance of Pakistan's stock market. It was used Chicago Board of Options Exchange’s GVZ and OVX index for measuring volatility in gold market and oil market respectively due to more uncertainty in commodity markets and also took historical price movements, investor’s expectations regarding global prices into account. The monthly data used from October 2009 to January 2023. An ARDL approach was employed for checking short term and long term asymmetrical. The results of ARDL revealed that oil volatility index have significant impact of Pakistan’s stock market in short-run and long-run. The Gold Volatility Index shows significant impact after one month on both stock market capitalization and KSE 100 indexes in the short run. Fluctuations in worldwide commodity prices have a significant influence on underdeveloped economies like Pakistan and have a negative effect on the entire economy. The volatility and fluctuations in oil prices lead to higher production costs, which create uncertainty in companies' cash flows.

Impact of Oil Pipeline Transportation and Vandalization on Economic Development in Ikwerre Local Government Area, Rivers State, Nigeria

This study is on the impact of pipeline transportation and vandalization on economic development in Ikwerre Local Government Area of Rivers State. Pipeline transportation is the preferred means of transportation of petroleum products in Nigeria. Significantly, this mode of transporting petroleum products has also become a major source of concern in that it appears to negatively affect the economic development of communities in the Niger Delta region. The study therefore, explores the impact of pipeline vandalization on economic development of Ikwerre Local Government Area. The methodology is qualitative. Data for the study is sourced from text books, newspapers, magazines, journals, periodicals, and documented materials. The findings highlight that the damage from pipeline operations has become chronic and cumulative and has compromised livelihoods and health of the impoverished communities leading to further economic under-development. The study recommends adoption of effective sustainable reforms to encourage responsible petroleum transportation activities in ways that will discourage vandalization and positively influence economic development of host communities in the near and long term.

A Study of Spatio-Temporal Differentiation Characteristics and Driving Factors of Shaanxi Province’s Traditional Heritage Villages

The spatial distribution of traditional villages is a key factor for rural revitalization and sustainable development. However, the rapid expansion of cities has resulted in the disappearance and decline of many traditional villages. Therefore, for the protection of traditional villages, it is necessary to analyze the spatio-temporal differentiation characteristics and driving factors. In this study, a total of 500 traditional villages were selected in Shaanxi Province. With the support of spatial analysis tools such as ArcGIS and Geo-detector, the spatial differentiation and its driving factors were analyzed. It was found that traditional villages showed a three-core distribution mode, indicating a typical aggregation distribution of tendency. In Shaanxi, the directional evolution of traditional villages was characterized by a spatial and temporal trajectory toward the north, and then towards the south. In addition, traditional villages existed in areas with underdeveloped economies, far from the cities and close to water sources, with an elevation over 500 m and a slope less than 25°. Traditional villages in Shaanxi Province are experiencing uneven spatio-temporal evolution due to regional cultural differences and uneven economic development in southern, central, and northern areas. It is possible to provide strategies for the development, protection, and utilization of traditional villages and promote the development of rural revitalization based on the traditional villages.

Determinants of Investor Awareness in Nepalese Capital Market

Background: Capital market investors have propelled the industry, and the stock market has worked as a facilitator; hence, in order to develop a successful market system, all information must be acknowledged and delivered to the acquisition and offering sectors. It is obvious that educating investment communities or stakeholders about their possible return on Investment, investment objectives, alternatives, decision-making processes, and so on might aid in the acceleration of capital market expansion. As a result, the research aims to increase investor awareness and stock trading in the capital market. Objectives: The main purpose of the study is to explore the extent of awareness of common stock investors and analyze the determinants of investors' awareness in the Nepalese capital market. Methods: The research design for the study is a survey research design, and convenience sampling was used to collect 250 samples from various brokerage houses within Pokhara valley. Data was collected with a structured questionnaire. Various analysis tools like Confirmatory Factor analysis and Path analysis were used to examine the relationship between Investor's awareness and its determinants. Results: The result of CFA with fit indices of GFI=0.938, AGFI=0.913, χ2/df=1.233, RMSEA=0.031, CFI=0.896 and TLI=0.881 advocate that the measurement model has an excellent fit. Furthermore, path analysis results show that the majority of independent factors, including social learning and motivation, fundamental and technical analysis, and evaluation of investment alternatives, have a significant and positive impact on the dependent variable investor awareness. Conclusion: The study highlights the importance of investor awareness for effective investment decisions and the growth of the capital market in underdeveloped economies like Nepal. Investors' understanding is essential for investment decisions and the long-term growth of the capital market. So, there should be a proper understanding of various determinants of investors' awareness and work accordingly. Recommendation: Marketing campaigns, seminars, publications, and FM/TV shows, among many other means, should be used by regulatory agencies such as SEBON to inform the general public about the dynamics of risk and profit in the capital market.

Not viable, yet desirable? The politics of state creation in Nigeria

Nigeria has had both civilian and military administrations with abundant human and material resources. However, the presence of the aforementioned has not transformed the quality of life of her citizens. Nigeria is still being plagued with the crisis of insecurity, unemployment, energy challenges, and economic underdevelopment etc., several efforts to remedy the crisis of poor governance is the clamour or agitation for state fragmentation which has become unresolved and unabated. Major actors in the clamour opined that restructured Nigeria is a worthy and desirable venture for statecraft which is capable of unleashing an enabling environment for the sub-national governments to thrive in the delivery of effective governance. This paper made use of secondary data to explore the nature and context of the subject matter. While the state-centred thesis and the theories of cooperative federalism were deployed to navigate the topic. The research avers the character of the political elites, the minority question, and the fiscal posture of the existing state to issue the proponents of state fragmentation need to address. Moreover, the following recommendations were made to allay the endless clamour for restructuring; the clamour for restructuring should start with the ethical reorientation of the drivers of the machinery of government to see public offices as an avenue to render selfless service and contribute their quota to national development. Moreover, efforts should be geared towards the institutional restructuring of the agencies saddled with the responsibility of combating corruption without let or hindrances. The constitutional instruments for inter-group relations that promote the accommodation of conflicting interests and inclusivity should be embraced. The Nigerian federation should emphasize revenue generation rather than revenue sharing through the review of the revenue sharing formula that favours derivation. This will strengthen the financial capability of the state governments to be in a better standing to discharge their governance responsibilities to their constituents.

Silicon, by promoting a homeostatic balance of C:N:P and nutrient use efficiency, attenuates K deficiency, favoring sustainable bean cultivation

BackgroundIn many regions of the world, K is being depleted from soils due to agricultural intensification a lack of accessibility, and the high cost of K. Thus, there is an urgent need for a sustainable strategy for crops in this environment. Si is an option for mitigating stress due to nutritional deficiency. However, the underlying effects of Si in mitigating K deficiency C:N:P homeostasis still remains unknown for bean plants. This is a species of great worldwide importance. Thus, this study aims to evaluate whether i) K deficiency modifies the homeostatic balance of C, N and P, and, if so, ii) Si supply can reduce damage caused to nutritional stoichiometry, nutrient use efficiency, and production of dry mass in bean plants.ResultsK deficiency caused a reduction in the stoichiometric ratios C:N, C:P, and P:Si in shoots and C:N, C:P, C:Si, N:Si, and P:Si in roots, resulting in a decrease in K content and use efficiency and reducing biomass production. The application of Si in K-deficient plants modified the ratios C:N, C:Si, N:P, N:Si, and P:Si in shoots and C:N, C:P, C:Si, N:Si, N:P, and P:Si in roots, increasing the K content and efficiency, reducing the loss of biomass. In bean plants with K sufficiency, Si also changed the stoichiometric ratios C:N, C:P, C:Si, N:P, N:Si, and P:Si in shoots and C:N, C:Si, N:Si, and P:Si in roots, increasing K content only in roots and the use efficiency of C and P in shoots and C, N, and P in roots, increasing the biomass production only in roots.ConclusionK deficiency causes damage to the C:N:P homeostatic balance, reducing the efficiency of nutrient use and biomass production. However, Si is a viable alternative to attenuate these nutritional damages, favoring bean growth. The future perspective is that the use of Si in agriculture in underdeveloped economies with restrictions on the use of K will constitute a sustainable strategy to increase food security.

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF NIGERIAN ECONOMY GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT ON THE IMPACT OF CAPITAL MARKET: A CASE OF SELECTED FEDERAL CAPITAL TERRITORY FCT ABUJA

This paper studies the elements upon which a nation’s economic development is dependent. The importance of the Capital Market as one of the vehicles upon which most underdeveloped economies could grow cannot be overemphasized. The extent to which these economies experience the said growth is quite relative to the level of awareness and management of the market. Nigeria is not left out in the desire to maximize the gains of the capital market to boost its economy. This paper empirically examines the impact of the Nigerian Capital Market on the Nigerian economy looking at a 20-year period from 2002 to 2022. The Nigerian Capital Market was a proxy for Market Capitalization against some variables of the economy such as Gross Domestic Product (GDP), Foreign Direct Investment, Inflation Rates, Total New Issues, Value of Transactions, and Total Listing. Using the multiple regression analysis, we find that Capital Market has an insignificant impact on the Economy within the period under review. The study therefore advised that policies and measures that would boost investors’ confidence should be enshrined in the running of the Nigerian Capital Market so that it could contribute significantly to the growth of the Nigerian economy noting that all elements of the market are essential ingredients to the development of a nation.

Conceptual Analysis of Public Policy Failures in Nigeria: Tract to Economic Underdevelopment

The study examined the conceptual issues of public policy failure in Nigeria and how it affects economic development. The main objective of the study is to conceptually analyses public policy failures in Nigeria as a tract to economic underdevelopment. Contents method was used in the analysis. This means that the study uses conceptual analysis and rational analysis in assessing the public policies failures in Nigeria. The study was based on the thesis of elite theory. The study reveals that public policies are not effective in Nigeria. The paper also reveals the consequences of public policies failure in Nigeria. The study analyzed the concept of public policy and economic underdevelopment. The study concludes that constant changes of government in Nigeria, high level of corruption among government officials of these public policies agencies among others affected the smooth operations of public policies in Nigeria. The study therefore recommends that there should be continuity in public policy implementation even where there is change in government as government is a continuum; and parochial and primordial interests should be avoided during policy formulation and implementation in the country. There should be capital punishment in the country constitution to address the issues of corruption in Nigeria.