Embargo Research Articles

Evaluarea rezilienței economice în țările membre ale NATO din perspectiva conceptului de apărare comprehensivă

Economic resilience, considered in this paper as the ability to withstand and recover from economic shocks and disruptions, has become a linchpin of ensuring national security and stability. As demonstrated by conflicts such as the one in Ukraine, where economic sanctions were deployed to diminish an adversary’s capacity to sustain its war efforts, it has become evident that military power alone is insufficient in today’s complex security landscape. A comprehensive approach to defence must incorporate economic considerations, as the economic well-being of a nation is intrinsically linked to its overall security. The main research objectives of this paper are to investigate the concept of economic resilience, from the perspective of the concept of comprehensive defence and the ways it is interconnected with other resilience domains, through the development of an economic resilience index outlining the relative economic resilience of the 29 European countries that are NATO members and to propose a methodology for identifying the main factors that influence the economic resilience from a comprehensive defence point of view.

Transformation of Russian Marketplaces Activities in Conditions of Sanctions Pressure

The policy of strengthening economic sanctions by the West could not but affect the activities of the trade sphere. In particular, the sanctions restrictions have had a significant impact on the functioning of Russian electronic trading platforms and marketplaces. Against the background of the departure of a large number of Western brands and retailers from Russia, the Russian representatives of marketplaces faced the urgent issue of developing strategic measures to overcome the crisis situation in the consumer market. An increasing number of consumers began to use the services of domestic marketplaces, which prompted their representatives to change their activities, taking into account the demands and conditions of the modern market. The article discusses the transformation issues of the domestic marketplaces functioning, based on the actual geo-political situation. The statistical and factor analysis carried out in the study allowed us to give an objective assessment of the situation in this business. In the process of studying and analyzing the latest regulations and sources of modern literature, a hypothesis was proposed, the essence of which is that this entrepreneurial niche left by Western companies after leaving the Russian market can be effectively filled with domestic electronic platforms. The author presents a specific toolkit for solving problems related to the domestic marketplaces activities. Among the tools used, special attention should be paid to measures for the application of optimal logistics models of interaction between trading business participants, as well as measures of a legal plan.

Антикризисное управление отечественными предприятиями в условиях неопределенности

The article is devoted to the study of issues of anti-crisis management of domestic enterprises in conditions of uncertainty caused by the coronavirus pandemic and economic sanctions. The study examines the results of a survey of entrepreneurs in the Rostov region in 2021 and 2022 on the impact of the coronavirus pandemic and economic restrictions on their activities, as well as the anti-crisis measures that respondents took in the face of existing threats. Based on the survey results, a conceptual model of enterprise crisis management was formulated, within which measures of preventive, ongoing, reactive crisis management were proposed within the main areas of the enterprise’s activities related to marketing, sales, supply, production or provision of services, as well as finance.

COMPLIANCE AND LEGISLATION IN THE FIELD OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY

This article is devoted to the study of the institute of compliance, the need to implement compliance procedures in an organization regardless of the form of ownership, type of legal entity, organizational and legal form. This business process has been widely implemented in the financial sector, but due to the spread of the introduction of economic sanctions and threats of secondary sanctions, it has become particularly relevant in Kazakhstan. This article analyzes the issues of the essence of compliance, procedures, goals and objectives, functions of services, types of compliance, negative consequences of non-compliance with legal requirements, corporate norms, ethical standards and internal regulatory documents. In the article, the author substantiates the need to include in the functions of compliance controllers the study of risks in the sphere of intellectual property turnover, which is a necessary measure of compliance with legal norms on intellectual property, not limited only to the introduction of anti-corruption, sanctions or antimonopoly compliance. In practice, these areas are well-established. However, illegal turnover of intellectual property, violations of exclusive rights create serious legal risks and financial consequences. In this regard, the author considers it necessary to implement compliance depending on the type of activity of the company, including for compliance with intellectual property legislation. This position is based on numerous facts of judicial proceedings, criminal and administrative prosecution of offenders who, when applying this type of compliance control, could have prevented violations of intellectual property law in advance. The introduction of compliance control in this area would prevent the onset of legal consequences and financial losses (fines, confiscation).

Tax optimisation in the tax risk management process. Tax-legal analysis and selected managerial issues

ObjectivesThe aim of the article is to theoretically present ways of legally optimising the taxation of entrepreneurs' income, by using the appropriate construction of legal regulations and legal and organisational forms of business. The issues of tax risk in the context of tax management are also presented. The goal of management is to reduce economic risk and to protect against its consequences.Material and methodsResearch in the social sciences, is inspired by numerous and diverse needs. Therefore, we will reduce the existing needs to two main types, to which certain types of research correspond. The first is combined with needs of a theoretical or cognitive nature, that is, it includes all those needs that are associated with the development of a particular science. The second is combined with the various needs of practice.ResultsIncome taxes also have a negative impact on the assets (equity) of entrepreneurs. The reduction in wealth results from the burdening of entrepreneurs with both wealth taxes and corporate income tax in the case of capital companies and, in the case of partnerships, with personal income tax for distributions made to partners.ConclusionsBoth of these risks describe a potential reality, i.e. the possibility of coming into conflict with the tax authorities. Their realisation is random, with the so-called double randomness - both the timing of the event (conflict) and its depth, i.e. the consequences, are unknown. These effects are mainly financial (arrears incurred, financial sanctions, etc.), although loss of credibility, for example, may also be involved. Importantly, both risks are linked to uncertainty, but each with a different one. Speculative risk is linked to the uncertainty of whether an illegal act will come to light.

Threats to the Food Security of the Russian State in the Modern Settings

Introduction. National security of any state is ensured through development of the various spheres of its life — spiritual, political, military, economic and others. However, the fundamental factor ensuring existence of any society is availability of accessible quality and quantity of food to the citizens. Therefore, the goal of the state socio-economic policy of Russiais to ensure people’s food security. The article analyses the state policy and practices of Russia in countering the threats to the food security of the country in the modern difficult geopolitical settings. The relevance of studying the food security system of the Russian state is induced by one of the priorities of the state socio-economic policy implying the development of the food security threat preventing and countering measures as the fundamental condition of existence of the society. The aim of the study is to analyse the criteria of the state governance efficiency on ensuring the food security of the country, to study the state of the art in this field as well as to identify the existing threats and propose the countering measures. Materials and Methods. The research was conducted using the methods of structural-functional and statistical analysis, content analysis of the normative legal acts in the field of food security, at both national and international levels, the comparative-historical method, comparativism and other methods. Results. The state of the art of the food security system of Russia, which is an integral part of the national security of the state, has been analysed. The regulatory documents and statistical data on the state of the art of the food security of Russia have been investigated. The measures for ensuring the Russian Federation food security have been proposed through expansion of the domestic production of the environmentally friendly and safe for the human health products and other kind of products that is a necessary condition for preserving the population and the nature of our country and the decent standard of living of the Russian citizens. Discussion and Conclusion. The degree of ensuring the state food security has significantly improved, but has not reached the normative threshold values for the whole range of goods. Provision of the high-quality affordable food to the Russian citizens remains a riskogenics factor. The economic sanctions imposed by the Western countries against Russia are a newform of the hybrid warfare. The conclusions drawn upon the research aim to supplement and expand the scientific knowledge on the conditions of ensuring the food security of the Russian state that is the most important concern of the government, because food is the basic condition for existence of all the living beings on the planet. The independence of the state and its national sovereignty depend on ensuring the food security.

From oil reliance to financial resilience: have economic sanctions made OPEC countries’ healthcare financing independent from oil?

From oil reliance to financial resilience: have economic sanctions made OPEC countries’ healthcare financing independent from oil?

GAMBARAN MAKNA HIDUP PADA PSK REMAJA YANG MENJALANI REHABILITAS DI PSKW ANDAM DEWI SOLOK

Prostitution in adolescents is already very worrying because of the many cases of exploitation of adolescents. Adolescent prostitutes who undergo rehabilitation because they are arrested by the Civil Service Police Unit (Satpol PP) will be a source of pressure on their lives, especially if the perpetrators of prostitution are teenagers, they tend to be more vulnerable to experiencing various negative emotional and psychological impacts due to punishment such as guilt, loss of freedom, feelings of shame, economic sanctions and will affect physical adjustment but also individual psychology. This study aims to look at the description of the meaning of life in adolescent prostitutes undergoing rehabilitation at PSKW Andam Dewi Solok. This research uses a phenomenological approach with qualitative methods. Data collection was carried out using semi-structured interview techniques with 2 (two) subjects who were teenage prostitutes undergoing rehabilitation at PSKW Andam Dewi Solok. The data analysis technique in this study used the Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) technique. The results of this study found that the subject of teenage prostitutes who are undergoing rehabilitation can achieve 5 (five) stages in finding the meaning of life proposed by Bastaman. Then, the factors that influence the meaning of life in this study are self-understanding, positive behavior, relationship intimacy, deepening the chess of values, and worship.

Исследование влияния изменений налогового законодательства на поступление платежей в бюджет от предприятий сельскохозяйственной отрасли

Abstract. The purpose is to analyze changes in tax legislation adopted at the height of the COVID-19 pandemic, economic sanctions of 2022 and to assess their impact on such economic indicators of agricultural enterprises as revenue, tax payments to the budget. Methods. Based on open data from Rosstat, the Federal Tax Service of the Russian Federation and the Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation, statistical material has been collected and dynamic series for the period 2019–2022 have been compiled according to parameters characterizing the economic activity of agricultural enterprises. The changes in legislation in the taxation system adopted as short-term and long-term anti-crisis measures, economic support for business in the conditions of economic recovery after the pandemic and unprecedented sanctions imposed since 2022 have been studied and analyzed. The analysis of changes in the volume of production of established and discontinued agricultural enterprises and the dynamics of receipt of payments to the budget by type of budgets is carried out. Absolute and relative indicators characterizing the trend of changes over the analyzed period are calculated. Results. Based on the conducted research, conclusions are presented on the extent of the impact of changes made to the tax legislation on the work of agricultural enterprises. An assessment of the effectiveness of the measures taken to support enterprises to ensure tax revenues to the budget is given. Scientific novelty. In this study, for the first time, the relationship between changes in tax legislation and the amount of tax receipts in the conditions of economic sanctions and the weakening of the domestic market for agricultural producers is studied. Conclusions are formulated that allow to assess to some extent the quality of changes in the field of tax legislation, which are selected as priorities for reducing crisis phenomena for the period 2019–2022.

Russo–Ukrainian war: Limits of Western economic sanctions

AbstractThe potency of economic sanctions imposed on nations depends on demand and supply adjustment possibilities. Adverse GDP impacts will be maximal when import, export, production, distribution and finance are inflexible (universal non-substitution). This paper elaborates these conditions, and quantifies the maximum GDP loss that Western sanctions could have inflicted on Russia in 2022–2023. It reports the World Bank's predictions, contrasts them with results and draws inferences about the efficiency of Russia's workably competitive markets. The paper shows that Russia's economic system exhibits moderate universal substitutability and is less vulnerable to punitive discipline than Western policymakers suppose. The likelihood that the Kremlin will restore Ukraine's territorial integrity, ceteris paribus, is correspondingly low. The authors also observe that unintended adverse side effects from sanctions and counter-sanctions were excessive because policymakers chose to maximize GDP-damage to Russia instead of optimizing Western and third-party net benefits. Given moderate substitutability, Western policymakers can switch to smart net benefit maximizing sanctions that enhance Western and third-party welfare without significantly bolstering Russia's military industrial productivity and war-waging capabilities by retaining embargoes on weapons, technology and critical components, while selectively softening other restrictions. Smart sanctions might facilitate a negotiated settlement of the Russo–Ukrainian war.

Региональные особенности доходов и потребительских расходов населения в Канаде

In the confrontation between the global West and the global South, Russia found itself directly on the fault line. The confrontation leads to changes in the world economy, which, of course, have an impact on the standard of living of the population. It becomes relevant to study this influence, both in Russia and in countries that impose economic sanctions against it. This study provides a brief analysis of household income and consumption expenditure in Canada for 20002022 across the provinces of the country. Based on the data obtained, a high degree of social support for Canadian citizens from the state was revealed, especially in areas densely populated by indigenous peoples. The conditional division of the country according to the standard of living of the population into four geographical sectors is determined: northern, western, central and eastern. It has been established that throughout the entire period under review, the indicators of the standard of living of citizens in the northern provinces are the highest, and in the eastern provinces the lowest in Canada. At the same time, about two-thirds of the total population of Canada live in the eastern provinces, and the Northern provinces are very sparsely populated (less than 1% of the total population). It has been recorded that relatively high incomes and savings of the population are not a determining factor in the country for choosing a place of residence. Much depends on other indicators of the quality of life of people, as well as on the local mentality, traditions and culture.

Inga Heiland discussion of: trade sanctions on Russia

Inga Heiland discussion of: trade sanctions on Russia

Factors shaping the content in the definition and species characterization of sanctions in public international law

In modern conditions, international legal sanctions continue to be the most important manifestation of coercion in interstate relations, playing a primary role in the protection of international law and order, as they are used by subjects of international law to respond to international violations, if necessary.
 International legal sanctions have become an important instrument of international relations used to ensure the implementation of international law, resolve conflicts and establish order in the world. This article examines the various types of international legal sanctions, their mechanisms of application and potential challenges faced by the international community.
 The institution of international legal sanctions is a special law enforcement and law enforcement institution. It performs the function of enforcing the correction of the mechanism of international legal regulation when, as a result of an international offense, changes occur in its normal functioning and the restoration of international legal order is not possible or cannot be ensured by means of exclusively conciliatory (voluntary) means of procedural settlement. The institution of international legal sanctions is closely related to the institution of international legal responsibility. The specificity of the relationship lies in the fact that international legal sanctions are applied only to the offending entity that resists the voluntary fulfillment of its obligations to eliminate the harmful consequences of an international offense, and are ultimately aimed at reaching an agreement between the entities applying international legal sanctions and the offending entity.
 The application of international legal sanctions involves an active role of international organizations, in particular the United Nations. The decision to impose sanctions is made by consensus or voting in cases of systemic violations of international law or threats to international security.
 Although international legal sanctions are considered to be an important tool in the regulation of international relations, there are challenges that require increased attention.
 The article systematizes the types of international legal sanctions, including economic, military and diplomatic sanctions. The author highlights their focus on states, groups or individuals, as well as the mechanisms for their introduction and lifting. In particular, the author examines the effectiveness and possible negative consequences of sanctions for the population and economy of the targeted countries.
 Special attention may be paid to the interaction of international legal sanctions with other instruments of international politics, such as diplomacy, negotiations and peacekeeping measures.

Регионы-лидеры сыроделия: создание собственных сырных брендов и их трансформация в бренды территорий

The article describes the relevant issues of cheese production and the current cheese consumption patterns in the Russian Federation. The authors identified the cheese varieties preferred by the global consumer and analyzed their demand on the domestic market. Under the current economic sanctions, Russia can satisfy its needs for foreign cheeses by importing them from Belarus. However, some Russian regions produce analogues of popular foreign cheeses. The article introduces domestic cheese-making leaders with their general and per capita production, assortment policies, etc. The authors identified local cheese brands with excellent prospects for shaping the regional image and promoting local food products. For instance, the Altai Region and the Republic of Adygea produce high-quality cheeses with good domestic and global competitive potential.

Government healthcare spending in times of economic sanctions

ABSTRACT Worldwide, countries are constantly exposed to the effects of global political and economic changes owing to benefit-sharing connections, whereby changes in the forms of relationships and sanction impositions can put pressure on countries’ financing systems, including the healthcare sector. This study examines the effects of economic sanctions on government healthcare spending. Quantitative data on government healthcare spending from the WHO covering the 2000–2020 period were evaluated using the Wilcoxon – Mann – Whitney test. The results showed that government healthcare spending in Iraq, Libya, and Iran did not respond to economic sanctions but it did decline significantly in Venezuela, suggesting a limited effect on countries with long economic sanction experiences. With the world’s continuous political and economic uncertainty, countries worldwide should not focus on short-term plans but regularly revise and bolster their healthcare financing pool and maintain financing strategies that limit the effect of global political and economic changes.

EKONOMİK YAPTIRIMLARIN YERLİ SAVUNMA SANAYİ ÜRETİMİ ÜZERİNE ETKİSİ: 1975-78 SİLAH AMBARGOSUNDAN CAATSA’YA BİR ÇIKARIM

Bu çalışma; ekonomik yaptırımların, yaptırıma maruz kalan ülke üzerinde nasıl etkiler bırakabileceğini analiz etmeyi ve bu analiz ışığında geleceğe yönelik bir değerlendirme yapmayı amaçlamaktadır. Bu doğrultuda araştırma, Amerika Birleşik Devletleri (ABD) tarafından uygulanan Amerika’nın Hasımlarıyla Yaptırımlar Yoluyla Mücadele Etme Yasası (CAATSA) yaptırımlarının Türkiye’nin savunma sanayi alanında yerli üretimindeki potansiyel etkisini analiz etmektedir. Bu analizin ilk aşamasında, 1975-78 yılları arasında yine ABD’nin Türkiye’ye uyguladığı silah ambargosunun etkileri araştırılmıştır. CAATSA yaptırımlarının potansiyel etkileri ise, 1975-78 Silah Ambargosu’nun etkileri yardımıyla analiz edilmiştir. Dönemin konjonktürü, yaptırımın nedenleri ve hedefleri, iç politik kondisyonlar, Türk savunma sanayinin güncel kondisyonu, uluslararası sistemik faktör, alternatif tedarikçilerin varlığı, devletlerarası güncel ilişkiler, dış politik pozisyon ve bireysel faktör/lider yapısı değerlendirilerek yapılan çıkarımda 1975-78 silah ambargosu sonucunda savunma sanayinde oluşan yerli üretim etkinliğinin CAATSA yaptırımları sonucunda kısa vadede oluşmayacağı ileri sürülmektedir.

Carrots as Sticks: How Effective Are Foreign Aid Suspensions and Economic Sanctions?

Abstract Existing research shows that economic coercion successfully influences targeted states’ behavior 38 percent of the time. This article integrates research on economic sanctions and foreign aid by assessing the relative effectiveness of two types of economic coercion: economic sanctions and foreign aid suspensions. It argues that suspending aid is more effective than adopting economic sanctions because (1) aid suspensions are economically beneficial for the adopting state, while sanctions are costly, (2) aid suspensions directly affect the targeted government’s budget, (3) market forces undermine sanctions but not aid suspensions, and (4) aid suspensions are less likely to spark adverse behavioral reactions. A quantitative analysis estimates the success rate of imposed aid suspensions to be 44 percent and that of economic sanctions to be 26 percent. The results are robust across two alternative datasets on economic coercion, and qualitative evidence corroborates the outlined mechanisms. The findings suggest that economic sanctions are less effective than previously thought and that large donor states have a higher chance of achieving political goals through economic coercion.

Credibility in Crises: How Patrons Reassure Their Allies

Abstracts How do citizens of US allies assess different reassurance strategies? This article investigates the effects of US reassurance policies on public opinion in allied states. We design and conduct a survey experiment in five Central–Eastern European states—Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, and Romania—in March 2022. Set against the backdrop of Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, this experiment asked respondents to evaluate four types of reassurance strategies, each a critical tool in US crisis response policy: military deployments, diplomatic summitry, economic sanctions, and public reaffirmations of security guarantees. The international security literature typically values capabilities for their deterrence and reassurance benefits, while largely dismissing public reaffirmations as “cheap talk” and economic sanctions as being ineffective. Yet we find preferences for the use of economic sanctions and public statements as reassurance strategies during crises, in part because these approaches help states manage escalation risks.

Spatial multi-criteria decision analysis for site selection of wind power plants: a case study

ABSTRACT Site selection for wind power plant (WPP) installation is a complex process that includes not only technical requirements but also physical, economic, social, and environmental sanctions. This study was carried out to determine optimal sites for WPP installation within the borders of Çanakkale province using spatial multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA). Within the scope of the study, sites with a high level of suitability where a WPP can be established were determined by the geographic information system (GIS) and the analytical hierarchy process (AHP). The results were examined in two ways: by excluding and not excluding forest areas. After creating the two separate suitability maps, the annual electrical power generation potential (GP) map of the study area was generated. The results show that for the case where the forest areas were excluded, 67.26% of the study area is restricted and 29.94% is highly suitable, and for the case where the forest areas were not excluded, 58.94% is restricted and 36.25% is highly suitable. The total GP value of the highly suitable sites is 104,061.61 GWh/year. When the locations of existing WPPs were examined for control purposes, it was seen that the majority of them were located inside the areas with high suitability and outside the non-installable areas, but some of them were established in forested areas.

РАЗРАБОТКА МЕРОПРИЯТИЙ ПО СОВЕРШЕНСТВОВАНИЮ МАР-КЕТИНГОВОЙ ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТИ ПРЕДПРИЯТИЯ

The article discusses the issues of improving the marketing activities of an enterprise as a necessary condition for ensuring the stable functioning of the or-ganization in the conditions of economic sanctions. Based on an analysis of the in-ternal and external environment, the strengths and weaknesses of AQUA-GROUP LLC, Salsk, Rostov region, engaged in the trade of auto chemical products for car washes, were identified, and opportunities and threats from the market were identi-fied. The main characteristics of the market for autochemical products in the Rus-sian Federation are highlighted. The structure of the industry has been studied, an analysis of competitors, suppliers and consumers of the auto chemicals market has been carried out. A strategy has been developed and measures for its implementa-tion have been planned, aimed at improving marketing activities, including search-ing for new suppliers in the context of import substitution, expanding the market of potential customers by entering new formats of trading platforms. An analysis of the most popular marketplaces was carried out, the principles of their operation, tariffs for delivery and storage of products were studied. A cargo transportation scheme for AQUA-GROUP LLC has been developed at the 1st and 2nd stages of developing sales on marketplaces. The additional profit received by entering the trading platforms of the Ozon and Yandex Market marketplaces was calculated.