Economic Emigration Research Articles

‘Quenching the Prairie Fire’

The establishment of the Gaelic Athletic Association in November 1884 ushered in a sporting revolution in Ireland. Within four years it was by far the largest sports body in the country. Yet despite this remarkable initial success, the 1890s would witness its almost total disintegration. The accepted historiography has tended to concentrate disproportionately on the impact of idiosyncratic factors such as the Parnell split on the GAA's fortunes at this time. Instead, this article argues that the effects of political dissension represented only the Association's death knell. It contends that by 1890, the GAA was already in a virtual state of collapse due to the effects of economic recession and mass emigration, and the impact of factors affecting other contemporary sports bodies such as poor administration, ill-defined playing rules and alcohol fuelled hooliganism.

Song of Brotherhood, Dance of Unity: Cultural-Entertainment Activities for Yugoslav Economic Emigrants in the West in the 1960s and 1970s

The article deals with the ways in which the ‘cultural-entertainment activities’, organized by the Yugoslav government for Yugoslav economic emigrants in the West, were imbued with the patriotic propaganda and shaped by the socialist modernization discourse. In the 1960s, the Yugoslav state, together with national radio stations and Matica iseljenika institutions, supported large and financially lucrative music tours based on folk music, the content and staffing of which were in accordance with the federal and multiethnic structure of the country. However, in the early 1970s, the state support shifted towards smaller-scale activities, in order to fight accusations of commercialization and to facilitate migrants’ amateurism as a form of Yugoslav self-management being transplanted to a capitalist soil, presenting it as an inherently transnational phenomenon. Although the principle of inter-ethnic reciprocity and republics’ quotas remained as an imperative, the Yugoslav state now concentrated on the ‘cultural’ events rather than on folk-inspired ‘entertainment’, in order to elevate the intellectual status of migrant workers and bring them closer to the ideals of an emancipated working class.

Tending the “oasis of socialism.” Transnational political mobilization of Yugoslav economic emigrants in the FR Germany in the late 1960s and 1970s

The article examines the development of the Yugoslav state's policy of transnational political engagement of Yugoslav citizens on temporary work in the FR Germany during the late 1960s and 1970s. This politicization of labor migrations was shaped by the interplay of the internal turmoil in the Yugoslav federation and the conditions peculiar to West Germany of the time. The change of the state's perception of external migrations is being examined through the extension of the agitation apparatus of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia onto the territory of the FR Germany and the mobilization of economic emigrants against the “hostile” political emigrants residing in that country. The main goal of these measures was to maintain the emigrants' transnational links to their homeland and ensure that their political standing was kept in line with the official Yugoslav ideological tenets until the time of the prospective return migration cycle. The extraterritorial character of these measures, coupled with the specific position of Yugoslavia within the Cold War diplomacy, led to a peculiar ideological interplay and shifting web of cooperation and confrontation between various actors.

Coping with stress among Polish immigrants

<b>BACKGROUND</b><br /> Opening the Western labour markets for Poles, a result of Poland’s accession to the European Union, led to mass economic emigration of thousands of Poles. Immigrants chose mostly the following English-speaking countries: Ireland, England and Scotland. Moving house and changing job is a challenge that needs to be dealt with.<br /> <b>PARTICIPANTS AND PROCEDURE</b><br /> This study involved 239 people who emigrated to England, Scotland and Ireland. It was aimed at answering the following question: Do Polish immigrants in various countries experience varied stress levels and use varied strategies to cope with stress?<br /> <b>RESULTS</b><br /> The conducted study showed differences in stress levels, depending on immigrants’ target country. There were also significant differences between strategies used to handle stress. Additionally, the study indentified factors influencing stress levels. Immigrants’ high stress levels were accompanied by stress management strategies focused on stressor avoidance, blaming as well as sense of one’s ineffectuality.<br /> <b>CONCLUSIONS</b><br /> European English-speaking countries presents various challenges to immigrants. Observed dissimilarities in stress levels might stem from difference in size of cultural gap between the target and home country. Seeing that, cultural factors may significantly influence stress level perceived by immigrants, thus a question for further studies arises: what are specific cultural features significant in experiencing stress among immigrants? Answering to that question will give an unprecedented insights to demands of emigration and may lay a basis for future community support programs.

Migrantes en el socialismo: el desarrollo cubano a debate

This brief essay introduces the concepts that characterize recent Cuban emigration as a result of features inherent to productive heterogeneity. It explains how the relative limits on consumption in a welfare environment are manifested, as well as how unequal exchanges affect this process. This text draws conclusions on the role of migration and compensation for structural inequalities, implicitly concluding that economic emigration is a consequence of the structural distortions of socialist productive heterogeneity.

The impact of emigration from Serbia to Hungary on the human resources of Vojvodina

In the recent decades the migration processes and circular migration are increasing worldwide and have become more and more complex. There has been a new type of international migration - back and forth international migration. Nowadays, job seeking in the international space, brain circulation, multiple citizenship and identity, property ownership and consumption at the place of origin and at destination residence result in completely new lifestyles in Central and Eastern Europe, too. After the disintegration of the socialist regime both in Serbia and Hungary, new types of emigrants from Serbia appeared in Hungary, namely students, highly qualified workers, entrepreneurs, elders and circulars. The most recent types of migrants along the Serbian-Hungarian border area are: economic emigrants (emigrant physical workers); creative class (entrepreneurs, businessmen, international traders); circulars and seasonal emigrants, as well as students. The hypothesis of this work is that the main motive of emigration from Serbia to Hungary is the economic motive, especially job-seeking. The analysis of emigration from Serbia to Hungary is based on the interviews and questionnaire-based research obtained among emigrants from Vojvodina to Hungary, who were living in Hungary or commuting there regularly between 2010 and 2013. The obtained data prove the hypothesis. The economic motives are present even when the emigrants do not stay in Hungary, but move off to more developed countries of the EU.

Paying the pilot? The economics of subsidising international air travel to small remote island nations with large diaspora

The tourism-air transport linkage may be complicated by the presence of substantial non-tourist leisure travel flows. This paper analyses the value of direct long-haul air service to Los Angeles for two small South Pacific nations, Tonga and the Cook Islands, which were faced with demands that they subsidise the current service to ensure its continuation. Both countries are tourist destinations, but both also have sizeable diaspora of economic emigrants living abroad, which generate considerable visiting friends and relatives traffic. It turns out that the economics of this travel are quite different from those relating to foreign tourism, such that it is possible that Tonga could actually lose by having the long-haul service. The bottom line is that the Cook Islands do gain, and that Tonga probably does, though in both cases by less than the amount of subsidies that they agreed to pay the airline.

How does development affect international economic emigration? A case study of Polish emigration to the UK

Economic migration patterns are a determining factor behind the changes in the size of the labour force, which is essential in the design of a development strategy. This paper examines whether the process of development has an impact on levels of migration using the case study of Polish economic migration to the UK. The first part refers to the theories of economic migration, including Zelinsky’s ‘migration hump’, among others. It also discusses the quantitative methods and data needed to test the validity of the theories. The second part presents the abovementioned case study, focusing on the post-1990s period. The variables chosen for regression are Poland’s GDP per capita and employment rate, the exchange rate between the Zloty and the pound sterling and the Polish HDI. The results demonstrate that most variables have strong correlations with the levels of migration, particularly those related to the process of development, following a ‘migration hump’ pattern.

Migrations from Yugoslavia to Germany: Migrants, emigrants, refugees and asylum-seekers

Migrations from Yugoslavia to Germany have a long tradition. There have been various economic and social causes, and in some periods even political ones for that phenomenon. Taking into consideration the historical aspect and also the contemporary migration flows, the dynamics of migrations of the Yugoslav population to Germany has the following stages in its development. The first stage had begun in late XIX century and ended with the World War I. Although the overseas migration flows prevailed, yet the German agriculture and its mine industry attracted a part of the Yugoslav population. Between the two world wars mostly "Westfahl Slovenes" and Croats and Serbs from Bosnia-Herzegovina got "temporary employed" in the Rhine-Westfahl industrial area, along with several thousand Serb-Croat-Slovene agricultural seasonal workers per year. The second stage began immediately after the Second World War when most of about 200,000 citizens from the former Yugoslavia, being mostly refugees, moved from the West European to overseas countries, but some of them stayed in Germany. Involuntary migrants and refugees, however, returned in great number from Germany to Yugoslavia. At that stage non-extradition of war criminals on the part of the West occupying powers on German territory, then disregard of West German Governments of the anti-Yugoslav activities of the part of extreme Yugoslav emigration, and different interpretation of the bilateral agreement on extradition, became the essential problem in relations between SFR Yugoslavia and FR Germany. The third stage in development of migrations commenced in early 1960s. At that time, Germany and other Western countries became prominently immigrational, while since mid-1960s till 1973 economic emigrants from Yugoslavia became more and more important in the German economic space. From 1954 to 1967 migration of Yugoslav citizens had not yet been intensive and their intention was mostly to work abroad. Illegal employment was, however, prominent at that time. Due to the normalisation of political relations, re-establishment of diplomatic relations and conclusion of bilateral agreements that legally defined employment of foreign workers, since 1968 till 1973 a great number of Yugoslavs got employed in FR Germany. The contemporary migrations from FR Yugoslavia to Germany resulted from the economic and political crisis in the former SFRY as well as from the civil wars that were waged in the Yugoslav territory. FR Germany became the most important destination country of Yugoslav migrants - workers, refugees, false asylum-seekers and political emigrants. Different categories of migrants from Yugoslavia to Germany enjoy the treatment that is in accordance with the immigration policies of the German governments as well as with the degree of development of the German-Yugoslav political and economic relations, and the degree of the established co-operation in the field of legal assistance and social welfare. Migrant workers, who have legally regulated their employment and residence status, could in the future expect to gain assistance from their mother country in getting efficient protection of their rights and interests in all stages of the migration process. Numerous migrants asylum-seekers, in spite of the proclaimed international protection, share, however, the fate resulting from the politically motivated measures and actions taken by the German authorities within the arbitrary decision-making of the right and/or abuse of the right to asylum. This is the reason why as early as in late 1994 the Government of FRG announced that it would expel foreigners from the country. The remaining refugees, or actually the so-called false asylum-seekers in FR Germany, share the fate of forced repatriation. Within this category special emphasis should be placed on the attitude of the German government to the Albanians and Roma from Kosovo. At first, the Germans treated the Albanians from Kosovo as politically persecuted persons, offering them refuge. Then they declared them (and Roma also) to be false asylum-seekers and insisted on readmission - their gradual repatriation to Kosovo. Considering both positive and negative implications of the migration process, the key issue for the citizens from Serbia and Montenegro who live in Germany remains the following: maintenance of their national identity, cherishing of their mother tongue and culture, keeping up relations with their mother country, social gathering - in various associations, clubs and organisations, education in their mother tongue, what particularly includes comprehensive additional teaching for children in Serbian, as well as better information dissemination.

Unemployed Intellectuals in the Sahara: The Teshumara Nationalist Movement and the Revolutions in Tuareg Society

In the past four decades the Tuareg, a people inhabiting the central Sahara, experienced dramatic socioeconomic upheaval caused by the national independence of the countries they inhabit, two droughts in the 1970s and 1980s, and prolonged rebellion against the state in Mali and Niger in the 1990s. This article discusses these major upheavals and their results from the viewpoint of three groups of Tuareg intellectuals: the “organic intellectuals” or traditional tribal leaders and Muslim religious specialists; the “traditional intellectuals” who came into being from the 1950s onwards; and the “popular intellectuals” of the teshumara movement, which found its origins in the drought-provoked economic emigration to the Maghreb, and which actively prepared the rebellions of the 1990s. By focusing on the debates between these intellectuals on the nature of Tuareg society, its organization, and the direction its future should take, the major changes in a society often described as guarding its traditions will be exposed.

La comunidad española en Francia: la región de Auvergne

The Spanish community in France, after almost a century of migration, remains insufficiently known. Research completed from the late 1980s onwards has clarified above all the case of republican exiles after the Civil War. A local approach is necessary to understand the community as a whole, which was characterised by its great diversity. This article describes the sources, both in France and in Spain, available for developing a regional study of Spanish emigrants. Taking the example of the Auvergne, several dozen studies completed from the 1930s, often confidential, are then synthesized and situated in the context of current debates about the history of migration and foreign populations in France. Finally, the article inidicates the large areas of shadow that still lie over the subject as it relates to the Auvergne, in particular relating to economic emigrants, and attempts to offer some leads for future research.

At the Crossroads: Mexico and U.S. Immigration Policy

Chapter 1 Introduction Chapter 2 Mexico and U.S. Worldwide Immigration Policy Chapter 3 Mexican Social and Economic Policy and Emigration Chapter 4 Do Mexican Agricultural Policies Stimulate Emigration? Chapter 5 Mexican Immigration and the U.S. Population Chapter 6 Fiscal Impacts of Mexican Migration to the United States Chapter 7 Labor Market Implications of Mexican Migration: Economies of Scale/ Innovation/ and Entrepreneurship Chapter 8 Policy, Politics, and Emigration: Reexamining the Mexican Experience Chapter 9 U.S. Public Perceptions and Reactions to Mexican Migration Chapter 10 NAFTA and Mexican Immigration Chapter 11 U.S. Foreign Policy and Mexican Immigration Chapter 12 Conclusion

Albanians of the Sirinic district

The Sirinic district is located in one of the four mountain valleys (Sirinic, Sredska, Opolje and Gora) in the Sara mountain region. Its geographic boundaries almost match the administrative borders of the commune of Strpce. It is first mentioned in Serb manuscripts of the first half of the XIV century. The census taken in 1455 by the Turks shows a relatively high density of Serb population. The Albanians immigrated to the Sirinic district from northern Albania after the second mass migration of Serb population in 1737. They came from north and east, from southern parts of Kosovo, Kacanicka gorge and the Valley of Skoplje. A larger-scale settlement of Albanians into the Sara mountain region was prevented by massive Islamization of native Serb population in the districts of Gora, Opolje and Sredska. Thus, a multi-ethnic buffer zone was formed during Turkish reign which has been basically preserved until today. For this particular reason the region has attracted interest of many domestic and foreign researchers ever since early XIX century. Elaboration of two multi-disciplinary scientific research projects by the Institute of Geography "Jovan Cvijic" of the Serb Academy of Science and Arts in the period from 1989 to 1994 was based on the same considerations. One of the projects is fully concerned with the Sirinic district and the author of this paper was asked to study migrations and the origins of Albanian population as well as to organize and conduct a population census in the commune of Strpce. Immigration of Albanians to the Sirinic district took place in several phases which ultimately led to the formation of five mixed Serb-Albanian settlements located between a group of four homogenous Albanian and seven such Serb settlements. Thus, a relatively stable ethnic and geographic structure was formed as early as in the XIX century. Its territorial and demographic proportions did not substantially change regardless of all tumultuous historical and political events that had since taken place. A more detailed analysis shows that the share of Albanians in total population of the district rose from about 29% in 1931 to only 33% in 1989 in spite of the natural increase in population in excess of 30 per thousand ever since the early 1980s. However, demographic growth of Albanian population remained much below the level of the biological reproduction rate due to intensive emigration i.e., a negative migratory balance ranging from 21.8 per thousand in 1961 to 26.5 per thousand in 1989. The causes for emigration were economic and, for decades, bound toward Kosovo, Western Macedonia and the Valley of Skoplje. Emigration to Turkey began in late XIX century, resumed during the Balkan Wars and was recorded again in the early 1980s (encouraged by the Balkan Treaty signed by the FPRY, Greece and Turkey) but did not much affect total demographic movement of Albanians in the Sirinic district. Economic emigration of population to Switzerland and Germany has been growing from the 1960s onward. This paper also reviews parallel existence and functioning of two crucially different homeostatic demographic systems - the Albanian and the Serb - in the same compact geographic environment. The paper also points to the preserved awareness of a fixed (tribal) affiliation and finally displays a detailed review of migratory dynamics and origins of Albanian population, number of houses (families) and the number of members of each clan in 1989.

La frontera como protagonista histórico Observaciones sobre la emigración y la resistencia políticas en la primera etapa de la Restauración (1875-1900)

Spanish-French borders, considered for a long time as firmly established, became in the last quarter of the 19th century the central issue in a bitter controversy between the governments of Madrid and Paris about control and repression of both the republican and carlist emigrations. These dissident groups, sharing a peculiar sub-culture of the Exile, conceived the border as the central element in their strategies of harassment to the Restored Monarchy, in which the occasional supports within the economic emigration, the sympathy of local public opinion and the degree of benevolence of French departmental and consular authorities played a significant role.

Economic reform, social change, and illegal Chinese emigrants

Focusing on current human smuggling operations in China, this article analyzes and attempts to explain the background of illegal Chinese emigrant activities. It argues that, contrary to the common representation of these illegal emigrants as hopeless, destitute people who have no choice but to flee from their country, in truth many are young people driven by restlessness and ambition, from various social origins. Recent political, economic, and social reforms within China provide those dreaming of a better life in foreign countries the opportunity to leave.

Labour Migration from Turkey to Western Europe (1960–1974)

By joining the migratory labour movement to Western Europe in the early 1960s, Turkey for the first time in its history became a country of large scale economic emigration. It is here argued that the growth of the number of Turkish workers in Europe during the recruitment period, and their development as the largest of the foreign labour contingents in Germany and the Netherlands, was due to the exhaustion of south European countries' labour reserves. Taking into account other viewpoints and discussing their inadequacies, the emergence of conditions for external migration and the specific ‘push’ factors are explored on the basis of Turkey's socio-economic structure. The characteristics of Turkish migrants are likewise addressed according to these issues.

Economic emigration from Poland to Western Europe

Economic emigration from Poland to Western Europe

Labor Emigration from Tsarist Russia: A Review Essay

Immigrants from Tsarist Russia became a factor in economic development at die end of the 1890s, constituting important part of die New Immigration. Since the participants in this wave tended to be men between the ages of 20 and 45, the loss of this most dynamic element of the work force, not to mention potential military personnel, evoked loud complaints at home. Accordingly, emigration history has become area of growing research interest for Soviet historians. As a first attempt to produce overall understanding of the process of economic emigration to Europe and the United States before World War I, N.L. Tudorianu's (1986) study, Outline of Russian Economic Emigration in the Period of Imperialism, should be of interest to Americans in terms of both fact and interpretation. Because die work was published in Kishinev in edition of just 1,125 copies, it is probably hard to find in libraries, and therefore extended summary of the work would seem to be in order. Tudorianu's operating assumptions place his work firmly in the context of Soviet historiography and its purposes. As he put it, his study contributes to the general study of capitalism and to the study of the mobility of tsarist society at the turn of the century. In addition, he argued, it is necessary to conduct an uncompromising struggle against ideology and to counteract the statements of bourgeois scholars, apologists of imperialism, who extol the benefits of the American way of life for the unfortunate of the world (pp. 2-3). American social-eco? nomic and social-political literature, he declared, now as in the past, in every way praises and propagandizes the way of life, traditionally describing how the persecuted, hungry and needy refugees from different countries, once in the United States, managed to enrich themselves and to acquire democratic rights and freedoms (p. 208). If Tudorianu meant to attack ahistorical attitude that fails to put the story of immigration into a worldwide context or that neglects to tell the darker side of the immigrants' life, he of course had a legitimate

Causes of Uruguayan migration to Argentina.

2 main hypotheses have been suggested to explain Uruguayan migration to Argentina: 1) political emigration because of the military regime imposed in June 1973 and 2) economic emigration because of the economic improvement in destination countries and the worsening conditions at home. A further formulation of the 2nd hypothesis incorporates sociodemographic factors in its theory. This paper elaborates a theoretical framework using human capital theories to formulate a model of the effects of the economic variables of wages and unemployment, and adds political and sociological variables to the model. The authors then quantify the relative effects of the political, human capital, and informational variables. Results of multivariate analysis show that for 1966-1981, 53.1% moved for economic reasons, 25.7% moved for political reasons, and 21.2% moved for social reasons. In the long run, the most important cause of migration to Argentina is related to the relative situation of regional labor markets and people's willingness to incur the costs of migration if there is a reasonable probability of economic improvement in the other country. Only from 1973-1975 are political and institution reasons of primary importance. In 1976, sociological reasons predominated.

Positive Discrimination as a Strategy Against Exclusion: the case of the inner cities

There is increasing evidence that the shift from a broadly social-democratic mixed economy to more rigorous market ‘principles’, combined with a shift from inclusionary welfare policies based on a notion of citizenship, towards more selective and exclusionary welfare, are producing a marginalised population identified not only by being at the bottom end of a quantitative continuum but qualitatively distinguished by their exclusion from participative citizenship. There will be a concentration of the marginalised population in some inner city areas where processes of economic decline and selective emigration will exacerbate the more general marginalising processes. Given this relative spatial concentration of the marginalised in the inner cities, this paper examines the potential of positive discrimination and positive action practices as applied in inner city policies, as strategies against exclusion.