Abstract
Spanish-French borders, considered for a long time as firmly established, became in the last quarter of the 19th century the central issue in a bitter controversy between the governments of Madrid and Paris about control and repression of both the republican and carlist emigrations. These dissident groups, sharing a peculiar sub-culture of the Exile, conceived the border as the central element in their strategies of harassment to the Restored Monarchy, in which the occasional supports within the economic emigration, the sympathy of local public opinion and the degree of benevolence of French departmental and consular authorities played a significant role.
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