Economic Diversification Research Articles

Future Energy Breakthroughs: Implications for the Hydrocarbon Economies of the Arabian Gulf

AbstractCountries in the Arabian Gulf are reliant upon hydrocarbons for revenues, exports, industries and funding services. It is largely assumed that the global energy transition will be gradual, as reflected in planning and strategy documents. However, energy breakthroughs can change the global energy system. This Perspective article seeks to provoke a discussion about potential energy breakthroughs, the plausibility of their rapid expansion at scale, and the implications they may have for the hydrocarbon economies in the Arabian Gulf. Based upon feasibility, scalability, and adoption potential energy breakthroughs are outlined, their probability are assessed, and potential impacts on the hydrocarbon economics of the region are evaluated. The calls to actions are concluded with aim to support the region to be better prepared to track breakthroughs, and be proactively engaged to benefit from them. These include: 1) annual regional research‐policy interface meetings, 2) tailored research and development funding that fosters regional collaboration, 3) investment into breakthrough technologies and energy transition inputs, and 4) seeking synergy in economic diversification regionally to avoid duplication and counterproductive competition.

The security impact of Nigerian fallow tourist attractions on the residents of surrounding communities

Amidst globalisation, tourism industry has emerged as a huge revenue source for different countries across the globe, most especially in the developed world. Nigeria is one of the developing countries that are yet to fully tap their tourism potentials, due to many socio-political factors. Beyond undermining the country’s quest for economic diversification, fallow tourist attractions across the country hypothetically negate internal safety and security, hence the need for empirical researches to inform policy interventions. This study specifically focused on Zuma Rock (in Niger state) to examine the relationship between the rock’s physical surrounding and criminal occurrences, analyse the feeling of safety among the residents of communities surrounding it, and establish the extent of their confidence in the formal agencies of social control. The study utilised area life cycle model to view the place of the rock in relation to other developed tourist sites, which shows it remains at the first stage of tourism development. Further, insight was drawn from defensible space theory to analyse the relationship between the rock’s physical environment and crime. A mixed-methods approach involving quantitative and qualitative data was adopted for the study. A total of 304 respondents across five communities surrounding the rock were randomly selected for questionnaire administration, and additional 80 were judgementally selected for a total of 10 FGD sessions—two in each of the five selected communities. In light of the area life cycle and defensible space framework, the study found that failure to develop a notable tourist attraction breeds crime. It is also found that the study population live in fear due to the prevalence of violent crimes in the rock’s vicinity, and their lack of confidence in formal law enforcement agents. It is therefore recommended that government should prioritise the development of the destination while making effort to strengthen the law enforcement agencies.

Religious tourism

Religiously motivated travel, such as pilgrimages, is one of the oldest forms of tourism. Over the past fifty years, religiously motivated tourism has experienced significant growth. Religious tourism has evolved in diverse contexts and locations, and it is increasingly explored by scholars from various fields. Existing literature on religious tourism suggests a growing diversification of visitors, who are driven by the diminishing significance of traditional religious beliefs in contemporary societies. Scholars have indicated a global decline in engagement with organised religions, possibly attributed to modern scientific knowledge, rational thinking, and secularisation. Consequently, there is a growing trend where individuals travel to religious and pilgrimage sites that hold personal significance or meaning for them. In the post-pandemic context, more attention should be given to the wellness aspects of religious tourism, including the mental, physical, and spiritual health benefits. Religious tourism, especially in developing regions and remote areas, has been viewed as part of economic diversification strategies. To provide pathways for how religious tourism can actually benefit the local community and economy in practice, there is a need for more in-depth research and analysis. More critical research can explore how economic development influences or impacts poverty alleviation, sustainability, accessibility, and environmental impacts. For future research, beyond tourists’ perspectives, more attention on the perspectives of communities and local stakeholders is required. Since Western contexts, conceptualisations, methodologies, and interpretations still dominate the field, it is essential to incorporate holistic perspectives and understandings from a broader body of scholars. Encouraging local scholarship is important to foster more balanced discussions within this field of study. Methodologies should expand and become more creative, moving beyond quantitative studies and incorporating more fieldwork. Scholars need to address practical problems related to religious tourism sites by collaborating with policymakers, tourism operators, local communities, and religious associations.

Sovereign ESG and Foreign Direct Investment in the GCC: The Amplifying Role of Trade Openness in Economic Diversification

This study examines the relationship between Sovereign Environmental, Social, and Governance (SESG) initiatives and foreign direct investment (FDI) within the context of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries from 2000 to 2022. The research explores how national ESG performance influences the attractiveness of these countries to foreign investors, with a particular focus on the moderating role of trade openness. Using a comprehensive panel data analysis, the study finds that strong SESG frameworks are positively correlated with higher FDI inflows, with trade openness amplifying the positive impact of SESG. Additionally, the use of Instrumental Variables (IV) estimation addresses endogeneity concerns, further confirming the robustness of the results. Moreover, the analysis reveals that trade openness amplifies the positive impact of SESG on FDI, suggesting that GCC countries with liberal trade policies and robust ESG practices are more successful in attracting sustainable and responsible investments. These findings contribute to the growing body of literature on ESG and FDI, offering valuable insights for policymakers seeking to enhance economic growth through strategic investments in sustainability and governance. The findings offer valuable insights for policymakers in aligning SESG frameworks with global ESG standards and leveraging global liquidity conditions to enhance FDI inflows, particularly in light of ongoing economic diversification efforts in the GCC.

Diversification and the Resource Curse: An Econometric Analysis of GCC Countries

This research explores the effects of significant global economic shocks, such as the 2008 Global Financial Crisis and the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic, on GDP growth in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) nations. Employing a dynamic generalized method of moments (GMM) model, the analysis highlights the strong momentum effect of lagged GDP growth, where past performance plays a critical role in shaping current economic outcomes. The findings also reveal that natural resources continue to positively influence short-term growth, but with diminishing returns over time, supporting the resource curse hypothesis and underscoring the need for broader structural reforms to ensure long-term sustainability. In addition, the results show that external investments flowing into the country, trade balance, and inflation emerge as key drivers of economic growth. While moderate inflation is positively associated with economic expansion, unemployment exerts a significant negative effect on GDP growth, particularly in models that account for country-specific characteristics. This emphasizes the need for labor market reforms to improve employment rates and support sustainable development. The role of gross capital formation, particularly in both the dynamic GMM and random effects models, further underscores the importance of strategic domestic investment, especially during periods of global disruption. These findings emphasize the critical need for economic diversification in the GCC. Policymakers should focus on attracting foreign investment, managing inflation, enhancing human capital, and boosting domestic investment to mitigate the adverse effects of the resource curse and secure sustainability. While market capitalization and oil rents may stimulate short-term growth, their long-term sustainability remains uncertain without greater diversification. Both external and domestic investments emerge as critical drivers of long-term growth, while persistent challenges such as inflation and unemployment continue to pose risks to economic stability. The study highlights the need to reduce reliance on oil and leverage human capital to build more resilient economies capable of adapting to future challenges. By offering dynamic, empirical insights into the balance between resource reliance and sustainable growth, this research adds valuable insights to the policy discussion on economic diversification in the GCC. Policymakers are urged to prioritize FDI, inflation management, domestic capital formation, and human capital development to mitigate vulnerabilities and ensure sustainable economic growth in the face of ongoing global uncertainties.

A Review of Literature to Derive Best Practices for Big-Data Audits in Saudi Context

In 2014, leading scholars in the field of big data auditing outlined a research agenda to explore these impacts, setting the foundation for further investigation. This paper explores the impact of big data on audit evidence, particularly in the context of Saudi Arabia’s transition to a more diversified economy under Vision 2030. This paper also seeks to synthesize current research and establish best practices for auditors in Saudi Arabia, emphasizing the importance of adapting audit processes to a growing economy that increasingly generates vast amounts of data. In recent decades, auditing practices have undergone substantial transformation by broadening the scope of audit goals and incorporating diverse, non-traditional sources of evidence, such as unstructured data from social media or IoT devices. These new data sources, while increasing audit accuracy and depth, pose challenges regarding data reliability and integrity. Over the past decade, many of these research questions have been addressed, particularly in relation to how big data enhances auditors' abilities to detect fraud, improve audit quality, and provide more accurate risk assessments. By implementing AI algorithms and advanced analytics, auditors can gain deeper insights while also addressing key concerns such as data veracity, compliance with International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), and the guidelines set by the Saudi Organization for Certified Public Accountants (SOCPA). As Saudi Arabia's economy diversifies and becomes more data-driven, understanding and integrating big data into audit practices will be essential for maintaining high audit standards and supporting economic growth.

Seasonal price variation analysis of palm oil: case study of Nigeria (2016–2022)

To enhance the benefits derived from palm oil processing by the farmers, there is a need for the producers (farmers) and buyers of palm oil to understand the seasonal price for making informed decisions on when to buy and sell the commodity. In order to determine price at the appropriate time of the season, the study looked at the seasonal price variation analysis of palm oil and the relationship between producers and buyers. This was done by understanding buyers’ requirements, producers’ effort, measurements taken, and contracting with buyers’ credit from customers. A multiphase sampling strategy was used. Organized interviews and questionnaires were utilized to collect primary data, while the National Bureau of Statistics provided secondary time series data on the average monthly retail price of palm oil from 2016 to 2022. The need for bio-fuel, production growth, governmental regulations, market dynamics, and the seasonality of palm oil products are then identified by the study as important factors influencing palm oil price fluctuation throughout the year. The study then suggests that there’s a need for economic diversification to reduce reliance on a single sector. This study will serve as a basis for future research on palm oil price variation analysis.

Factors determining economic growth in Syria in 2014 – 2023 : macroeconomic analysis

The economy of Syria has been experiencing very strong and diverse pressure from Western countries on the national economy for a long period. Despite this, the country was able to survive and continues its development, although very unstable. In this regard, the issue of thefactors of the growth of the Syrian economy in the last decade, the problems and prospects for the development of the national economy and the foreign trade sector of the country, as well as the prospects for its cooperation with foreign partners, including at the regional level, remains relevant. The article shows that in the last decade, the Syrian economy has faced serious problems, including two new (external) factors – the global COVID-19 pandemic and the escalation of military tensions in the Middle East region, affecting both the territory (and the economy) of Syria. At the domestic socio-economic level, market volatility affects the dynamics of macroeconomic indicators (high instability of development, including in the field of per capita income, a significant degree of closure of the national economy – low indicators of the foreign trade quota with continued import dependence, a significant share of agriculture and low urbanization relative to other countries in the region), while high final consumption costs do not allow the country to ensure the necessary level of fixed capital accumulation for the development and diversification of the national economy. At the same time, Syria's economy remains one of the most diversified in the region, and the country does not face a high degree of food dependence like its regional neighbors. From this, the authors conclude that it is necessary and possible at this stage to intensify and escalate intraregional inter-Arab economic cooperation and trade as one of the tools to reduce existing risks.

Index of development of transport infrastructure as a factor of sustainable development of the coastal zone of the Sea of Azov, Russia

As a zone of interaction between land and sea, coastal zones are becoming a strategic area for achieving a sustainable expansion of economic space. The object of study is the coastal zone of the Sea of Azov (Rostov Region and Krasnodar Territory). The subject of the study is an assessment of the dynamics of transport infrastructure development index as a factor in the sustainable development of the coastal zone of the Sea of Azov.Methodological approaches to assessing the sustainable development of the territory were based on a methodology based on methods of system analysis, mathematical modeling, and GIS technologies. An indicator has been formulated that considers the area of the territory, the population, the length of public roads of local importance, the shipment of goods of local production, the work and services performed on their own, in order to measure the ‘economic’ load on the transport infrastructure.The analysis of the state of the transport infrastructure of the regions of the coastal zone for the period from 2015 to 2021 was carried out. Based on an analysis of the transport infrastructure index, it was concluded that the attraction of municipalities to the Rostov agglomeration, together with the strengthening of social, trade and infrastructure contacts with megacities will lead to a further increase in the anthropogenic load on the territory. The areas studied of the Krasnodar Territory belong to the Northern Economic Zone – a territory with a diversified economy, characterised by cross‐border links with neighboring regions.Highways are the most important link in the transport and logistics system. The level of development and the technical condition of the road network have a significant and diverse impact on the economic and social development of both the state as a whole and it individual regions.

Industrial Production Networks and Small Towns: A Case Study from Algeria

This paper investigates the conditions and consequences of integrating small towns into industrial production networks. It is based on empirical research conducted in Algeria, a hydrocarbon-dependent rentier economy characterized by significant regional inequalities and the political aims of economic diversification and spatial rebalancing. Elaborating the case study of a state-owned cement factory in the small town of Sigus, the research provides insights into the multiple roles of the state in shaping production network integration and the characteristics of small towns as economic locations. The methodology combines secondary data and information with primary research based on semi-structured interviews. It reveals the importance of a multi-scalar regional framework in production network integration, whereby national factors played a key role due to the centralized Algerian state, the state-owned character of the investing company, and the shortcomings of the small town’s local environment. It emphasizes the contradictory impacts of production network integration in economic, social, and environmental terms, primarily on a local level. These contradictions underscore the necessity for critical evaluations to maximize the benefits of production network integration while mitigating its adverse effects. They also call for the more consistent involvement of the local community in similar economic development decisions. Notably, this research contributes significantly to the existing body of literature by addressing the underexplored topic of integrating small towns into production networks within the Algerian context. Doing so offers a more nuanced understanding of the particular economic, social, and environmental dynamics at play in these locations, thereby enriching the discourse on economic development strategies for small towns in rentier economies like Algeria.

Economic Diverification in Nigeria: Agriculture in Perspective

This study examines economic diversification: agricultural in perceptive. In particular the study examines the impact of investment in agricultural sector in achieving economic diversification between periods spanning from the years 2000 to year 2022. Time series secondary data were sourced from Central Bank Statistical Bulletin (2022) and World Bank Development Indicators (2024). Autoregressive Distributed Lag Regression Estimate (ARDL) analysis was conducted with the aid of E-view 10. Findings of this study reveals that agriculture credit guarantee scheme fund for cash crops and livestock have negative and significant impact on economic diversification. More so, agriculture credit guarantee scheme fund for food crops equally has negative and insignificant impact on economic diversification. However, grand total of agriculture credit guarantee scheme fund on agricultural commodities has positive and insignificant impact on economic diversification. Based on study findings, the following recommendations are suggested; that governments at all levels should as a matter of urgency should sustain funding of agriculture sectors and provide necessary infrastructure in the rural areas where majorities of agricultural activities take place in order to diversify her economy. More so, stakeholders in the agricultural sectors mainly the farmers should take advantage of loanable fund available to them and channelled it to appropriate crops that will yield investment return. In addition, it is also recommended that monetary policy authority should look inward to determine why agricultural credit guarantee scheme fund has negative significant impact on all the three categories of agricultural commodities identified. This can be achieved through close monitoring and adequate supervision of the loan disburse to the direct beneficiaries. Lastly, investment in human capacity in agricultural sector is away forward for economic diversification.

Is tourism specialisation a trap for economic growth? The case of the Italian regions

ABSTRACT Tourism activity is a pivotal driver of global economic growth in an era of globalisation. Yet, its ecological footprints call for urgent sustainable practices. This paper enriches intricate interconnections between tourism, economic growth, and sustainability. Novel insights bridge gaps in understanding the effects of domestic and international tourism, regional heterogeneities, and spill-over effects, focusing on Italian regions (2004–2019). Based on a new neoclassical model, this study integrates key indicators beyond Gross Domestic Product and physical capital, encompassing sustainability (renewable energy) and human capital within the KLEM (Capital, Labour, Energy, Materials) specification. These frameworks assess multifaceted dynamics and raise questions about whether high tourism specialisation can lead to a trap for economic growth, development and, ultimately, socio-economic inequalities. Significantly, the research uncovers notable regional heterogeneities, and spill-over effects, shedding light on distinct economic trajectories and challenges, triggering the pursuit of resilience strategies. By highlighting intricate tourism-economy-sustainability connections, this study advances sustainable tourism understanding, urging a delicate balance between tourism's economic benefits and ecosystem concerns. It emphasises the need for eco-conscious practices and economic diversification to ensure harmonious development, aligning with the SDG agenda (UN, 2024).

The Green Economy in the Energy Transformation Process—Comparative Analysis of the European Union Member States

The article mainly examines spatial diversification of the green economy in EU countries in 2014 and 2021 in the context of the energy transformation process. In the theoretical part of the work, the green economy concept, with reference to the conditions of the green energy, was analyzed. The research procedure used in the article is based on multidimensional comparative analysis. The empirical verification was conducted using green economy indicators that are published periodically by the OECD and Eurostat. Based on 21 indicators, a synthetic green economy index was designed for 27 EU member states. In the selected set of detailed indicators, those related to green energy economy played an important role. This approach allowed for the creation of rankings and comparisons between EU countries in 2014 and 2021, i.e., the implementation period of the Europe 2020 Strategy. In this period, the priority areas of EU development were: the low-carbon economy, including the use of renewable energy sources and improvement of energy efficiency, as well as the introduction of eco-innovation. Green energy should be the basis for the functioning of highly developed countries and socio-economic progress in the case of developing countries. Based on the analysis, a large discrepancy in terms of green economy was observed in the examined countries. Particular attention was paid to disproportions in the area of green energy. The average value of the synthetic measure of the green economy in the EU countries increased in the studied years from 0.4488 to 0.4529, which can be interpreted as a slight acceleration in the greening processes. The added value of the research presented in the paper and its novelty is the analysis of the current patterns of green transformation in EU member states, with particular emphasis on energy factors.

Unraveling the environmental Kuznets curve: The influence of economic diversity, energy efficiency, and industrial dynamics on carbon emissions in developing economies

A new path of economic development among emerging and developing nations has a distinct impact on the environment than seen in the past. The current study attempts to examine how these growth patterns in the developing world have impacted the degradation of the environment. This study contends that merely considering GDP per capita and the proportion of manufacturing in GDP fails to encapsulate the complete growth dynamics of developing and emerging countries. Consequently, such an approach does not adequately reflect the impacts of environmental degradation. As a result, the economic complexity index (ECI) is introduced to the model to reflect the full effects of new growth trajectories on CO2 emissions by using the Panel Fully Modified OLS (PFMOLS) model of 67 emerging and developing countries during 1996–2020. The results indicate that the complexity of developing and emerging economies, on the one hand, raises CO2 emissions, likely through expanding economic activities (the scale effect). Moreover, ECI reduces CO2 emissions by moving the economy toward more high-tech and environmentally friendly technologies and industries and favorable changes in the energy mix (the efficiency effect). Overall, the empirical outcomes emphasize that the final impact of ECI on the environment was negative in most samples, indicating an improving impact of economic complexity on environmental degradation, reflecting that the “efficiency effect” outweighed the “scale effect.” The findings imply that technology and knowledge transfer are essential for energy efficiency and sustainability.

Foreign Economic Activities of The Russian Federation: Contemporary Problems and Prospects

Modern conditions for the development of foreign economic activity of the Russian Federation are formed under the influence of many factors, including international sanctions, economic diversification, development of transport and digital infrastructure, as well as active international cooperation. In the context of global economic and political changes, the Russian Federation seeks to adapt and look for new opportunities to strengthen its position in the world market. The article identifies the features of the organization of foreign economic activity in the Russian Federation taking into account the sanctions pressure, in particular, reflects the features of the decline in foreign trade, limited access to international fi nance, difficulties in international settlements, change of trading partners, problems with technology imports, problems with logistics. The article analyzes the main problems faced by the Russian Federation in its foreign economic strategy. In the article, the author examines in detail the main problems faced by the Russian Federation in the formation of its foreign economic strategy, and within the framework of each problem, considers the prospects for its solution, taking into account the established development trends, such as: strengthening economic cooperation with Asian countries, in particular with China and India, as a strategic priority; the use of new technologies and innovations to increase the competitiveness of Russian goods in world markets; development of transport and logistics infrastructure to improve export opportunities. The article reflects the aspect of a comprehensive approach to solving current problems and implementing strategic tasks aimed at sustainable development of foreign economic activity of the Russian Federation in the long term.

The Focus and Evolution of Corporate Social Responsibility in the United Arab Emirates

Through in-depth interviews with public- and private-sector decision-makers, this qualitative study investigated modern corporate social responsibility (CSR) and its future path in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). Quality education, health and well-being, environment, community development, circular economy, alignment with national priorities, consumer protection and public-private partnerships were discovered as core CSR priorities. Participants identified economic diversification, rebranding, increased environmental stability, strengthened corporate citizenship, improved regulation, and widespread differentiation as future focuses in the evolution of CSR in the UAE. The current and future emphasis of CSR is propelled by the UAE’s sustainable development objectives and human capital strategy. Transparent regulations, robust environmental, social, and governance (ESG) standards, and innovative strategies can distinguish responsible companies apart in the UAE. Nevertheless, it is expected that CSR will be further integrated into key business activities, aligning with evolving national economic visions, collaboration between sectors, and orientation towards a long-term impact on society. In deed the reputations of companies are enhanced through rigorous adherence to ESG standards, transparency regulations, and innovative approaches. Hence, there has been a strategic shift towards environmental sustainability, stakeholder capitalism, and robust regulation, shaping a highly competitive, impact-focused CSR environment in the UAE, consistent with economic diversification plans.

Enhancing Basic Education Quality through the Implementation of the Regional Medium-Term Development Plan in Oil-Rich Areas

This study investigates the implementation of basic education quality improvement policies in Balikpapan City, a region known for its pivotal role in Indonesia’s oil industry, often referred to as an oil-rich area. The research aims to assess the effectiveness of the Regional Medium-Term Development Plan (2021-2026) in addressing educational quality, considering the city's economic dependence on oil. Adopting a qualitative approach, the study focuses on the Department of Education and Culture in Balikpapan, engaging key informants to evaluate the efficacy of policy implementation. The analysis framework encompasses an evaluation of policy standards, resources, inter-organisational communication, and the characteristics of the implementing agencies. The findings reveal that, while considerable progress has been made in enhancing educational facilities and teacher competencies, challenges persist due to the city’s heavy reliance on the oil sector and its impact on local resources. Furthermore, the study explores the relationship between these challenges and Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 4 (quality education) by addressing disparities in resource allocation and the city's limited capacity for economic diversification. The research recommends the integration of more diverse data sources, continuous monitoring, and deeper analysis of the social and economic impacts to further improve educational outcomes. Balikpapan's economic context, as an oil-dependent city, significantly influences its ability to implement and sustain effective educational policies, highlighting the necessity for balanced development strategies aligned with broader SDGs.

The Impact of Administrative Decisions on Commercial Freedom in Saudi Arabia: A Legal Study

This legal study examines the impact of administrative decisions on commercial freedom in Saudi Arabia, exploring the intricate relationship between regulatory frameworks and business operations. The research analyzes the historical context of commercial freedom in the kingdom, tracing its evolution from traditional practices to the current legal landscape. It delves into the constitutional provisions and relevant legislation that shape administrative decision-making processes affecting commercial activities. Through case studies, the study illustrates practical implications of administrative decisions on various aspects of business operations, including visa regulations, residence permits, zoning laws, and regulatory compliance. The research identifies key challenges to commercial freedom, such as regulatory barriers and administrative obstacles, while also highlighting opportunities for enhancement, including improved transparency and modernized regulations. The study emphasizes the crucial roles of key stakeholders - government, private enterprises, and civil society organizations - in shaping commercial freedom. It proposes recommendations for reform, focusing on legislative changes, institutional improvements, and fostering an entrepreneurial culture. While acknowledging Saudi Arabia's progress in developing its commercial legislation and regulatory system, the research identifies areas for improvement. It concludes that the kingdom's efforts to balance regulatory oversight with business needs, coupled with its economic diversification goals, suggest a positive trajectory for commercial freedom. However, success depends on continued reform, stakeholder engagement, and adaptation to global economic trends while respecting local cultural and religious values. This study provides valuable insights for policymakers, business leaders, and researchers interested in understanding and enhancing commercial freedom in Saudi Arabia.

THE REALITY OF DATE PRODUCTION IN ALGERIA AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH NATIONAL INCOME: AN ECONOMETRIC STUDY USING THE AUTOREGRESSIVE DISTRIBUTED LAG (ARDL) MODEL DURING THE PERIOD 2000-2019

Objective: The objective of this study is to investigate the evolution of date production in Algeria and its impact on the country's national income (GDP) from 2000 to 2019. This research aims to analyze the short-term and long-term relationships between date production and national income, assessing the significance of agricultural policies in enhancing the productivity and economic contribution of the date sector. Ultimately, the study seeks to highlight the role of date production in diversifying Algeria's exports and contributing to sustainable economic growth. Theoretical Framework: This study explores the relationship between date production and national income in Algeria, using agricultural productivity theory, endogenous growth theory, export diversification theory, and the ARDL model. It aims to understand the impact of agricultural policies, human capital investment, and export diversification on Algeria's date production, highlighting the potential for economic diversification. Method: This study analyzes the relationship between date production and Algeria's GDP from 2000 to 2019, using the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model. Data sources include Algeria's GDP and date production data. The study uses unit root tests, bounds testing, and error correction models to estimate the relationship. Statistical software like EViews or R is used for analysis. Results and Discussion: The study reveals a positive relationship between date production and national income in Algeria from 2000 to 2019. The data suggests that agricultural policies have led to an upward trajectory in date production, while GDP has grown significantly. The study also highlights the importance of date production in Algeria's economy, particularly in diversifying exports. The long-term relationship suggests sustained investment in date production will yield continued benefits for national income. Research Implications: The study highlights the importance of supporting agricultural policies that enhance productivity in Algeria's date sector. It suggests broader export diversification strategies, infrastructure development, and economic development. Strengthening date production can create job opportunities, stimulate rural development, and contribute to food security. Future research should explore other agricultural products, climate change, and technological innovations to improve yields and sustainability in the sector. Originality/Value: The study explores Algeria's date production and national income relationship, providing insights for policymakers to diversify the economy beyond hydrocarbons and foster sustainable growth.

Unpacking the economic impact of tourism: A multidimensional approach to sustainable development

While the literature has extensively explored the advantages and drawbacks of tourism, as well as attempts to establish connections between growth/development and tourism, comprehensive studies addressing the sustainable development impact of tourism remain scarce. Addressing this gap, our investigation focuses on understanding the association between tourism and the achievement of sustainable development goals. Using a panel dataset encompassing 160 economies from 1995 to 2019, we explore the link between two distinct measures of tourism (tourist arrivals as a fraction of total population and tourism revenue as a percentage of total exports) and various indicators of sustainable development, encompassing health, economy, education, social progress, and the environment. Our findings reveal a significant interaction between tourism and sustainable development, with the relationship notably differing between developed and developing economies, particularly in light of GDP per capita. Our research addresses a critical gap in existing literature by focusing on the sustainable development implications of tourism, an area where comprehensive studies remain scarce. By analyzing the complex relationship between tourism and sustainable development across diverse economies, our study provides valuable insights for policymakers and stakeholders seeking to navigate the challenges of balancing economic growth with environmental and social sustainability.