Economic Achievements Research Articles

A Negotiated Disadvantage? California Collective Bargaining Agreements and Achievement Gaps

Using panel data from three successive collective bargaining (CBA) negotiation cycles from 277 California school districts in a difference-in-differences framework, I investigate the relationship between changes in CBA restrictiveness and racial and economic achievement gaps over time. I find that achievement gaps in California are smaller where contracts increase in restrictiveness in class size and larger where contracts increase in restrictiveness in teacher evaluation and leave policies over time, though this is not the case for all student subgroups. These effects are primarily concentrated in math, are small in magnitude, and are sometimes delayed in their timing. Altogether, this study provides some evidence that contract changes are associated with the educational opportunities of school districts’ diverse and economically disadvantaged students.

The Productivity of Bulgarian Economy in the 2000-2014 Period: A Comparative Appraisal

The article presents a different approach to studying economic outputs and productivity. At the macro level, they are usually measured by GDP growth rates and other indicators derived from the aggregate. Unlike the orthodox approach, here the economic achievements are referred from economy functioning viewpoint, following the ratio between the main directions of using gross output. In such a way, we get an alternative approach to economic productivity, assessing it through the ratio between the types of societal needs served by the national economy. The direction of the change in this ratio is especially indicative, as it outlines the prospects for a national economy in terms of its capacity to develop production factors potential (labor and capital) within the country. We start from the real aspect of economic turnover, which is based on the primary effects of economic activity – the products (i.e. goods and services), not income. The object of analysis is the use structure of gross national economy output in the four main directions during the 2000-2014 period. The subject of analysis is Bulgaria’s economy productivity in light of the change in reproductive national economy potential, evaluated on a comparative basis. The comparative analysis was conducted on the economies of 25 European countries, almost all EU members. The results and assessments of the empirical analysis clearly outline that, in terms of the change in its reproductive capacity, the productivity of Bulgarian economy declined during the study period.

THE INTERACTIVE MODEL OF THE STATE REGULATION OF SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE TRANSFER TO THE NATIONAL ECONOMY AS A FACTOR OF ITS INNOVATIVE DEVELOPMENT

Topicality. In modern conditions, science and technology play a decisive role in the effective development of the economies of advanced countries. At the same time, in Ukraine during the years of independence science has lost its influence on socio-economic development due to the lack of an effective system of converting research results into concrete economic achievements, and the state's inability to create the necessary conditions and incentives for knowledge transfer.Aim and tasks. The purpose of the article is to substantiate the interactive model of scientific knowledge transfer to the national economy as a basis for developing practical recommendations for state regulation in this sphere, in the conditions of transition to the knowledge economy.Research results. The conceptual base of the interactive model of scientific knowledge transfer to the national economy is substantiated. In particular, the characteristics of the knowledge economy that determine the features of state regulation of the scientific knowledge transfer, namely, the emphasis on the dissemination of knowledge, not on their creation; resource approach to knowledge, and their focus on action. The classification of types of knowledge in the knowledge economy is given, and the special role of implicit knowledge is emphasized, which requires direct contact for its transfer or active participation and presence of persons who possess it. The models of the innovation process in the knowledge economy are considered and the predominance of the interactive model of innovations is shown, according to which the innovation arises as a result of interaction between knowledge producers and consumers of knowledge, which exchange both with codified and implicit knowledge.An interactive model of scientific knowledge transfer to the national economy has been developed and its distinction from the linear model of scientific knowledge transfer has been shown. Approaches to the state regulation of the scientific knowledge transfer have been formed, according to linear and interactive models based on the concept of "market failures".Conclusion. State regulation of the scientific knowledge transfer to the national economy of Ukraine should move away from a narrow understanding of this activity as the commercialization of technology, and reduction of regulatory measures in this area to intellectual property rights protection and "technology push" measures. There is a need for a broader understanding of knowledge transfer as an interactive process involving interaction between different stakeholders, and state regulation in this area should be aimed at mitigation the risks associated with the coordination and network failure of knowledge transfer actors; funding infrastructure and activities aimed at stimulating interaction between knowledge transfer stakeholders, encouraging the exchange and joint creation of knowledge.

The olderpreneur: future market challenges

Abstract Building competitiveness of the economies of the countries with the most advanced population-ageing processes is becoming a significant economic and social challenge in contemporary society. In this paper, focus turns to entrepreneurship among the older generation. The following matters will be discussed: the essence of the phenomenon of the olderpreneur; the nature of entrepreneurship of older people in the global and European scale, with special emphasis on Poland; and the challenges for the future labour market arising out of the demographic processes taking place. The content of this paper is in line with economic and social analysis, using sociological and economic achievements, and is based on existing sources and the results of original research. Desk research and descriptive and comparative analysis are used in presenting the issues addressed. A study of the relevant literature critical review was carried out and secondary sources were used.

Peningkatan Produksi dan Pendapatan Petani Jagung Pulut melalui Aplikasi Pupuk Organik Abu Sabut Kelapa

This community service was carried out at Poso Regency in June to November 2019. Its purpose was to provide training and assistance to partner in utilizing and processing coconut fiber as agricultural waste into organic fertilizer of ash to be applied to waxy corn crop. The method of activity includes: (1) Explanation regarding the process of making organic fertilizer with raw materials of coconut fiber wastes, and economic aspect of utilizing coconut ash organic fertilizer; (2) Production activity in the form of the coconut ash organic fertilizer processing training, the fertilizer application to crop, and profit farming analysis to measure turnover increasing; (3) Partner assistance during the training and productions processes. Partner consists of farmer who belongs to the category of economically productive. Results demonstrate that the program implementation has given improvement to technical and economic achievements of partner’s farming. The improvement of waxy corn production was from 0.90 tonnes/hectare to 3.912 tonnes/hectare, whereas the increased farm profits was from IDR 2,600,000/ha/planting season to IDR 16,066,000/ha/planting season. A high level of partner’s satisfaction to cooperation and activity outcome on partner’s productive business was an incentive to continue adopting coconut ash organic fertilizer technology in his subsequent farming activities. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26905/abdimas.v6i1.4988

Reconciliation of Cultural Change and Economic Achievements of Descendants of Indian Indentured Labourers in Fiji

Reconciliation of Cultural Change and Economic Achievements of Descendants of Indian Indentured Labourers in Fiji

The Political Dynamics of Corporate Tax Avoidance: The Chinese Experience

ABSTRACT In China's political selection system, officials capable of growing local economies are rewarded with promotions. Eager to demonstrate economic achievements, newly appointed local leaders may raise tax revenues to expand fiscal expenditures on infrastructure projects. Against this backdrop, we study how political appointments influence local firms' tax planning. Based on a sample of locally administered state-owned enterprises (SOEs), we find that firms decrease their tax avoidance after new leaders take office. The political-turnover effect on these firms' tax positions is more evident when the incoming leaders have more political clout over SOE managers, the incentives to divert resources are stronger, or politician-manager networks are present, and subsides following the launch of the anticorruption campaign. Furthermore, firms with higher post-turnover tax payments subsequently receive more government contracts or subsidies. Overall, our findings suggest political incentives shape the tax-planning activities of SOE managers in a “two-way favor exchange” manner. JEL Classifications: H26; E32; P26; G30.

ГЕОПОЛИТИЧЕСКОЕ ПОЛОЖЕНИЕ ТЮРКСКОГО МИРА И ГЕОГРАФИЯ ТРАНСПОРТНО-ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИХ ОТНОШЕНИЙ

Notwithstanding the fact that our planet is characterized by scientific, technical, political and economic achievements from the beginning of the XXI century, there is still problems in development, socio-economic backwardness, and problems in the management and determination of borders between countries. The Turkic states, which recently gained independence, are trying to determine their geopolitical position in the political arena of the world, which is mainly associated with the development of their transport and economic relationhips. The favorable geostrategic position of the Turkic world countries, their location at the crossing of various transport corridors accelerated their integration into the world economic system. Therefore, the valuation of the capabilities of the Turkic states in the modern world is of great relevance. This paper uses historical, statistical, comparative, analysis method, systematic and other methods. Using these methods was carried out a geographical analysis of the geopolitical situation and the transport and economic relations of the Turkic world. Economic development, mutual cooperation, positive demographic dynamics and other processes in the modern world are among the interests of the Turkic world. Because the geopolitical situation in the Turkic world and its ability to influence international political situation serve the interests of the region as a whole.

Determinants of economic achievement for women entrepreneurs in Ethiopia

The main objective of this paper is to assess the determinants and challenges of economic achievement for women entrepreneurs in Ethiopia. The study used 698 sample women entrepreneurs selected randomly from a total of 2450 respondents. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and multiple linear regression models. The results revealed that there is a high rate of challenges for divorced (30%) and widowed (41%) women entrepreneurs in the selected area. The results of multiple linear regression show that the educational level, family size, region (SNNP, Gambella, Harari, Dire Dawa, and Addis Ababa), parents’ educational level, number of financially dependent people, business experiences, and access to raw materials were positive predictors of the income of women entrepreneurs. It is also found that entrepreneurial area (Afar, Amhara, and Oromiya), marital status (divorced and widowed), entrepreneurship training, enterprise’s license, and lack of supporting institutions were negatively related with the income of women entrepreneurs. Therefore, improving entrepreneurs’ and parents’ education, providing entrepreneurship training, sharing business experiences, supporting entrepreneurs is the main instrumental in minimizing the factors affecting the income of women entrepreneurs. Moreover, it is advisable if the business participation status of women be assessed periodically to monitor the situation and to take appropriate measures for combating and preventing the challenges facing women entrepreneurs in economic growth.

From Authoritarian to Democracy in Indonesia: A Costly Fiction of Sustainable Human Security?

Empirically successful stories of both authoritarianism and democracy in materializing economic achievement as well as securing political stability may make some people confused in evaluating the two systems, whether they are suitable for humanism or not. There have been contested views on their virtues related to the preservation of human security as one of the most critical aspects of humanism. This study investigates which one of the two existing political regimes is more suitable for the sustainability of secured human security. Relying on the case of Indonesia, which experienced in adopting the two different political regimes, I argue that in the long run democracy is better and conducive for securing sustainable human security than authoritarianism. This study used a qualitative method enriched by diachronic approach. Keywords: authoritarianism; democracy; human security.

Improving the transportation system in Baghdad city

Baghdad has suffered from lack of new major infrastructure in transportation sector for many decades, compounded by a huge increase in the number of roads user. This has led to problems with out-of-date networks causing congested roads and pavement exceeding its design life, increasing travel time with negative effects on users, the economy, and the environment due to increased emission rates and massive fuel consumption. Accordingly, this study seeks to develop a sustainable transportation system to handle a large number of users with minimum effect on the environment to promote economic achievement. Based on the literature, a rail transportation system emerged is the most sustainable system, and such a system is thus proposed for Baghdad, with suggested route and station positions designed to ensure efficient interactions with the current road network. To assess the proposed system, the city was divided into fifteen zones, eight zones on the east side and seven on the west side, and travel times between zones were calculated using GIS software both with and without application of the proposed system. The results revealed that considerable savings in travel time between most zones with the system. Furthermore, the proposed system would change the land use adjacent to access points (stations), boosting investment in housing and encouraging people to leave the overcrowded city centre.

АКТУАЛИЗАЦИЯ ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ В УСЛОВИЯХ ОБЩЕСТВЕННО-ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОГО РАЗВИТИЯ УЗБЕКИСТАНА

The work focuses on the conditions for stimulating the economy in order to expand the boundaries of business activity of the population, especially young people, to achieve the principles of competitiveness and the demand for specialists in the labor market. It has been proved that the level of education of the population, its mobile susceptibility to critical comprehension and self-motivation are the favorable criteria for social and economic achievements. State regulatory standards are given that ensurea high-quality level of the educational sphere in Uzbekistan, positive guidelines for modern forms, types, technologies, innovations of education in the country.Key words: innovative technologies, modular education, sustainable development, socio-economic development.

How does environmental pollution erode political trust in China? A multilevel analysis

The impacts of environmental pollution extend beyond the issue of health. Using Chinese survey and administrative data, this study sheds new light on the political costs of environmental pollution. We show that citizens' trust in government officials declines significantly with higher levels of measured pollution, perceptions of increased pollution, and a greater degree of willingness to support environmental protection. Political trust is particularly low when measured as well as perceived pollution are severe. However, the effect of greater willingness to support environmental protection on the erosion of political trust is independent of measured pollution. Our findings suggest that there is a tipping point at which legitimacy acquired primarily through economic achievements could be undermined by environmental degradation, which is a byproduct of economic achievements. It is imperative for the Chinese government to achieve a balance between fast-paced growth and environmental sustainability, to pay attention to the potential political consequences of environmental issues, and to permit more public dialogues and deliberations on the topic of environmental governance.

Developing Justice Scholars: A Social Justice Intervention to Support Educational Equity for Urban-Residing Students

The historical legacies and current realities of social and economic subordination have left many communities of color in the United States navigating social and structural forces of segregation and redlining, economic exclusions, job discrimination, and racially biased criminal justice policies, all of which have implications for the inequitable educational opportunities we see across U.S. schools (Milner, 2020). In turn, these educational differentials are core components of intergenerational disparities in health, wealth, and well-being. Yet despite these challenges, teachers, school support staff, parents, and youths of color themselves continue to find ways to thrive in underresourced school contexts, in the process demonstrating highly effective practices that have potential for narrowing and eliminating racial and economic achievement disparities. A consistent ingredient in such processes is cultivating cultures of success and agency among students that shift them from being victims of an inequitable system to being in control of their own...

Образ советского Дальнего Востока в архитектуре региональных павильонов на сельскохозяйственных выставках в Москве (1923–1954)

С новым этапом в развитии Выставки достижений народ­ного хозяйства, наступившим после 2014 года, и повышенным интересом широкого круга исследователей к теме истории строительства и архитектуры главного выставочного комплекса страны, история развития архитектурно-планировочной ком­позиции павильонов, их архитектурных образов приобретает особенное значение. В статье рассматриваются изменения восприятия Дальнего Востока в контексте советской культуры 1920-х - начала 1950-х годов на примере вариантов павильона дальневосточного региона на крупнейших народнохозяй­ственных выставках в Москве 1923, 1937, 1939 и 1954 годов. На основе архивных документов, публикаций в печати, проектов и натурных фотографий исследуются особенности архитектур­но-планировочной композиции павильонов дальневосточного региона, генезиса их форм и архитектурных образов. Особая атмосфера общенациональных выставок, проходивших в Москве, порождалась не только потребностью демонстрации хозяйственных достижений, но и трансляцией достаточно легко считываемых культурных кодов, формировавших представле­ние населения о различных регионах своей молодой страны. В данном контексте пример павильона, представляющего слож­ный и самый отдалённый от столицы край, кажется особенно интересным с точки зрения тех изменений, которые произошли и в самом регионе, и в его восприятии архитекторами и худож­никами, работающими над образом павильона для ВСХВ, ВДНХ и предшествующих им выставок.

The Influence of the Teaching Learning Process, Learning Motivation, and Campus Learning Environment on Students' Learning Achievement in Economics and Administration

The Influence of the Teaching Learning Process, Learning Motivation, and Campus Learning Environment on Students' Learning Achievement in Economics and Administration

Social Capital and Psychological Well-Being of Chinese Immigrants in Japan.

Social capital in immigrants has drawn considerable attention from social scientists. Previous studies have paid attention to how immigrants’ bonding social capital (defined as social networks with co-ethnic residents) and bridging social capital (defined as social networks with native residents) are associated with their economic achievement. However, little attention has been paid to immigrants’ different social capital’s effects on psychological well-being. Drawing data from Chinese immigrants in Japan, we examined how these Chinese immigrants assimilated into Japanese society and how their bonding and bridging social capital related to their psychological well-being. The results show that bonding social capital directly affected immigrants’ psychological well-being, whereas bridging social capital indirectly improved their psychological well-being by improving economic status. This study contributes to previous literature on how immigrants’ different social capital is related to their psychological well-being.

Development and Democracy, Complementary or Contradictory: A Critical Reflection on Ethiopian Democratic Developmental State

Achieving economic growth and sustainable development remain the prior policy all nation states across the world. To achieve their sustainable development and economic growth goals, international communities has been fermenting and diagnosing various development models and paradigms. However, there is no one size and fit all development paradigms which obliged to be followed by nation states around the globe. This paper examines developmental state growth model and its nexus with democratization with reference to Ethiopian democratic developmental state growth model. The paper employed qualitative research approach as a research methodology. This paper is based on desk review. This paper argued that, even though EPRDF government claim the country as democratic developmental state which is unique to Asian authoritarian developmental state, the country portrayed as one of poor human right records and leading journalist jailer in the Africa despite the country has been witnessing the fastest economic growth for the last ten consecutive years. This paper also argued that Ethiopian developmental state and democratization process is contradictory since Ethiopian governments have been garnering the political legitimacy through development achievement not directly from public elections and the government has been using the economic achievement as an excuse for its democratic back sliding and democratic deconsolidation in Ethiopia.

A LINMAP Method Based on the Bounded Rationality of Evaluators for Property Service Quality Evaluation

Property service quality (PSQ) evaluation is the key means of property management. Traditional PSQ evaluation is usually based on the rational hypothesis of the evaluators. The evaluators’ behaviour with bounded rationality is more in line with the characteristics of modern PSQ evaluation practice. At this point, evaluation information is usually incomplete information and heterogeneous data. The existing LINMAP methods have the ability to process incomplete information and heterogeneous information, but cannot adapt to evaluation information processing under bounded rational behaviour. As one of the major achievements of behavioural economics, prospect theory can explain people’s bounded behaviour when making decisions. The purpose of this paper was to develop a linear programming technique for multidimensional analysis of preference (LINMAP) model based on prospect theory for modern PSQ evaluation. First, a data preprocessing method was designed by referring to the TOPSIS method. Then, the value function was used to construct the dominance matrix, and the LINMAP model based on prospect theory was constructed. Finally, all alternatives were ranked in order according to overall performance value, which was solved by the LINMAP model. The feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method were demonstrated by example analysis. Based on the evaluation results of PSQ of public projects, the important items and excellent property service projects and their reasons were determined, and some suggestions were proposed to improve PSQ.

Relative Effectiveness of Peer Assessment Technique (PAT) in Enhancing Secondary School Students’ Academic Achievement and Interest in Economics

Relative Effectiveness of Peer Assessment Technique (PAT) in Enhancing Secondary School Students’ Academic Achievement and Interest in Economics