Ecole Nationale Research Articles

Intercultural communication skills and student mobility in Morocco

This study examines intercultural communication competence among international students in Morocco, taking as a sample the Ecole Nationale des Sciences Appliquées (ENSA) in Tétouan. The survey of 26 students assessed six key aspects: intercultural communication skills, culture shock, general satisfaction, cultural awareness, intercultural sensitivity and language proficiency. The results show that 58% of students have a high level of intercultural competence. Culture shock is evenly distributed between high, moderate and low levels. Overall satisfaction is high, with 80% of students satisfied with their experience. Cultural awareness and intercultural sensitivity are also high among the majority of participants. In linguistic terms, there was significant progress in Arabic, while the level of French was generally high. The study highlights the crucial importance of intercultural communication skills in the success of international student mobility in Morocco. It highlights areas requiring particular attention, such as support for students experiencing significant culture shock and the continuous improvement of language skills. Despite certain limitations, in particular the size of the sample and the focus on a single institution, this research provides insight into the role of intercultural communication in the success of international student mobility in Morocco.

Integration Experiences of International Students: A Case Study of Sub-Saharan Students in a Moroccan School of Design and Engineering

An increasing number of international Students opt for studying at a university in a foreign country. It is believed that this mobility makes these students face academic and social integrating challenges in their new learning environment. In Morocco, thousands of students, who are scholarship-granted by the Moroccan government, coming from different countries, chiefly from Sub-Saharan Africa seek education in different universities of the kingdom. The main aim of this study extends its focus to explore two outcomes. Particularly, it investigates the social and academic integration experiences of a case study of international students undertaking an undergraduate programme at a Moroccan school of design and engineering along with the challenges these students encounter. Moreover, the study situates these experiences within the institutional conscious efforts that are implemented to achieve an integrational goal. Data were collected from a case study in spring 2019 by interviewing 20 Sub-Saharan students studying at the Moroccan Design and Technology engineering school in Meknes (ENSAM: Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Arts et Métiers) and 3 of the school staff members. Using thematic analysis and then interpretative phenomenology as a guiding framework to analyse and present the data, the findings revealed that the study's participants have experienced both their social and academic integrative patterns at the school in the same way. Indeed, three major themes were identified and analysed, namely, Programmes promoted by ENSAM on integration, relationship patterns between Sub-Saharan and Moroccan students and barriers to integration. The study revealed that the various integration efforts carried out by the school do not sufficiently cater for Sub-Saharan students' perspectives on their social and academic integration experiences. Additionally, staff knowledge regarding the integration of these minority groups is not adequately enhanced through pre-service training that covers best practices for successful integration. Language barrier and interaction patterns between Sub-Saharan students with their host ones are also found to influence Sub-Saharan students' social and academic integration. It is suggested that Moroccan Higher education institutions (HEIs) should acknowledge integration as a long and challenging process for Sub-Saharan students, and that an evaluation of integrative practices promoted at the school is needed.

Chemical composition and quality of rapeseed meal as affected by genotype and nitrogen fertilization

Rapeseed meal (RSM) is known for its high nutritional quality as animal feed. However, there has been little studies on the effect of nitrogen fertilization on RSM chemical composition, mainly neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), acid detergent lignin (ADL), and ash content. Therefore, this study was carried out to evaluate the effect of nitrogen application rate on chemical composition of RSM in interaction with different spring rapeseed varieties (Brassica napus L). A field experiment was conducted during 2018/19 cropping season at the experimental station of the Ecole Nationale d’Agriculture de Meknès” according to a split-plot design with three replications, using six nitrogen application rates, as main plot, and six rapeseed varieties, as subplot. After seeds harvest and oil extraction, meals derived from the different treatments were used in this study. Results showed that increasing nitrogen rate from 0 to 120 kg N ha−1 led to a significant rise in meal yield up to 74.58%. A positive effect of nitrogen fertilization was observed on dry matter, protein content and ash content, recording the highest values at 120 kg N ha−1 treatment. However, cellulose and lignin content were affected negatively by nitrogen fertilization. The nitrogen supply of 150 kg N ha−1 resulted in a reduction of ADF and ADL contents by 23% and 28%, respectively, compared to the unfertilized control (N0). Variability within rapeseed varieties for all parameters except dry matter and ADL content was highlighted.

Bioorganometallic chemistry – the early years

Bioorganometallic chemistry is now a maturing field attracting researchers around the world, and also across the Periodic Table. It has found applications in a broad range of areas such as drug discovery, biocatalysis and imaging. We review here the first experiments carried out in the early 1980′s at the Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Paris under the leadership of Gérard Jaouen, a key figure and visionary in the development of this theme. However, they also required important contributions from Canadian collaborators with expertise in NMR and IR spectroscopy, together with the availability of more powerful and versatile instrumentation. This collaboration found its fulfillment in the demonstration of the use of metal carbonyl complexes (exemplified by an estradiol derivative labeled by a Cr(CO)3 unit) as non-isotopic tracers allowing the detection of estradiol receptors, an essential marker for setting up a targeted therapy for breast cancer. This approach was based on the premise that the intense metal carbonyl stretching vibrations are found in a window (2100–1850 cm−1) where the protein itself does not absorb. The field was extended to the arena of non-isotopic immunoassays, including the simultaneous detection of multiple antiepileptic drugs bearing metal carbonyl labels. More recently, taking advantage of the new technique of atomic force microscopy-infrared spectroscopy (AFM-IR) it has been possible to accomplish direct tracing of these complexes in cells. The contributions of the original group of workers in the field are highlighted, and placed in the perspective of today's subsequent emphasis on the management of previously untreatable cancers.

Design, commissioning and operation of a mini hybrid parabolic trough solar thermal power plant for direct steam generation

Parabolic Trough Collectors (PTCs) are the most mature, reliable and widespread among Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) technologies for electricity generation. The conventional power plants relying on PTCs use synthetic oil as Heat Transfer Fluid (HTF) which has limited life span, has limited operation temperature, is expensive and harmful to the environment. In the present research work, a new perspective has been developed to directly generate steam in the collectors, eliminating the need for HTF in the solar field and avoiding auxiliary heat exchangers. A mini hybrid Direct Steam Generation PTC power plant having a boiler as a backup that can be operated with biogas or natural gas is installed at Ecole Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Tunis (ENIT) within the framework of REELCOOP project (Renewable ELectricity COOPeration). The description, commissioning and operation of the solar plant are presented in this paper. The plant is designed and tested under real-life operating conditions in the south Mediterranean region. The feasibility of the DSG process in horizontal parabolic trough collectors has been confirmed and an important know how has been acquired regarding the operation of DSG solar plant. The main instructions for the operation of the solar plant have been presented including start-up and shutdown procedures of the plant, as well as the safety measures to be considered.The development of this plant is aimed to address the challenge of coupling intermittent solar radiation and the presence of a two-phase fluid in the absorber tubes. An important know how has been acquired regarding the operation of DSG solar plants in solar only mode and in hybrid mode which allowed to balance strengths and weaknesses of solar and biogas/natural gas technologies. By combining both systems, we have tackled the problem of the controllability of the energy supply while exploiting as much as possible renewable sources.

Epidemiological Survey on Gastrointestinal and Pulmonary Parasites in Cats Around Toulouse (France).

Various feline parasites are potentially zoonotic thus establishing factors associated with parasitism is of animal and public health interest. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of endoparasites in client-owned cats, living in the area of Toulouse, France, over the period 2015 - 2017, and to investigate possible risk factors. A total of 498 faecal samples from cats of the University Animal Hospital of Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse were analysed, 448 from cats presented for consultation and 50 at post-mortem. Analysis was performed using a commercial flotation enrichment method with a hypersaturated sodium chloride solution and Baermann technique. Further examination of the gastrointestinal tract contents was conducted on necropsied cats. Overall, 11.6 % of cats were positive for endoparasites; 50 (11.2 %) consultation cases and 8 (16 %) post-mortem cases, with no significant difference in prevalence between the groups. Amongst infected cats, most were infected by a single species of parasite and 10.3 % (n=6) were infected with two or more. The most common parasite was Toxocara cati with a prevalence of 9.4 % (n=47). Other endoparasites encountered were: Cystoisospora sp 1.0 % (n=5), Aelurostrongylus abstrusus 1.0 % (n=5), Strongyloides sp 0.6 % (n=3), Dipylidium caninum 0.4 % (n=2), Aonchotheca putorii 0.2 % (n=1), Ancylostomatidae 0.2 % (n=1) and Toxascaris leonina 0.2 % (n=1). The examination of the gastronintestinal tract contents of the necropsied cats revealed Mesocestoides sp 0.4 % (n=2) and Tænia (Hydatigera) tæniaeformis sensu lato 0.2 % (n=1) which are seldomly diagnosed by flotation methods. In this study, increasing age and neutered status were statistically associated with reduced odds of infection by endoparasites (helminth and coccidian). Predictors of significantly increased risk included being male, intact, and not receiving regular anthelmintic treatment. The same risk factors were highlighted specifically for Toxocara cati infections, with rural location being an additional risk factor for infection.

Iatrogenic pneumothorax‐induced heart murmur during standing laparoscopy in a 3‐year‐old horse

SummaryA 3‐year‐old Selle Français entire male presented to the Clinique Equine, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, for standing laparoscopic closure of the inguinal rings, to prevent recurrence of a strangulated inguinal hernia. An incidental, iatrogenic pneumothorax was induced during the procedure. Just after the pneumothorax occurred, a heart murmur, not present during the preoperative physical examination, could be auscultated. Relevant echocardiographic examination could not be achieved, due to the air in the thorax. Upon complete resolution of the pneumothorax 2 days later, however, the heart murmur resolved, and no abnormal changes were diagnosed on echocardiographic evaluation. This paper reports the diagnosis and clinical management of an iatrogenic pneumothorax and its associated transient heart murmur.

From Point Cloud To Video Projection Mapping: Knowing Modern Architecture By Using Light Projection

Abstract The ClusterLab HeModern of the Università Iuav di Venezia has been working in recent years on the study, knowledge and conservation of 20th century architecture. This interdisciplinary research group (History of Architecture, Geomatics, Building Technology, Restoration Project) intends to investigate how to analyse and evaluate the state of conservation of the materials of which the modern architectural cultural heritage is composed by identifying specific application protocols for intervention, preservation and valorisation. In 2018, the collaboration between the above-mentioned ClusterLab, the LéaV of the Ecole nationale supérieure d’architecture in Versailles and the Archivio del Moderno of the Accademia di architettura in Mendrisio - Università della Svizzera italiana, culminated in the identification of the works and career of André Bloc as a case study. In the context of this study, the Tour, the Engineer’s posthumous work, was selected to serve as a sample for research on the methods of communication of the contents of the architecture, the survey procedures used and the elaborations obtained. So, after the survey campaign, which took place via topographic, laser scanning and photogrammetric methods, two different levels of restitution were conceived: the first, made according to the canonical graphic paper methods, represents the procedural and surveying information, the material characterisation and the state of decay; the second elevates the same contents by applying them to physical reality. In this phase, the research focused on the possibility of making the different projects collaborate through the technique of rapid prototyping and video projection mapping. This particular form of augmented reality was used to enrich, through the mediation of light projections, the sensory perception of the observers by adding more information and emphasising those of greatest interest, proposing an alternative way of storytelling. In fact, unlike other forms of augmented reality, in the case of video projection mapping, the observer has the possibility to interact continuously with the physical reality, whose character is static, while the transmission of data is dynamic and can range in heterogeneity. The elaborations produced were presented in form of a museum exhibit at the international conference “Arti e architettura. Il contributo di André Bloc 1950-1970”, which took place in the exhibition rooms of the Università Iuav di Venezia.

Turning a graphical method of evidential reasoning into an operational tool for judges? Empirical evidence

Research on graphical methods of reasoning has made enormous progress since the pioneering work of Wigmore in the early 20th century and its later rediscovery in the 1980s. While the usefulness of graphical methods for student training and research is widely acknowledged, their use by judges remains marginal, if not non-existent, even though this was Wigmore's objective. This article explores the difficulties that graphical methods of reasoning must overcome if they are to be integrated into the practice of the courts, at a time when courts are faced with ever more pressing imperatives of efficiency. The research is based on a partnership with the French School of Magistrates (Ecole Nationale de la Magistrature) and is informed by training courses given to magistrates on the basis of real cases, during which the authors proposed that they implement what we have called the Orderly Method of Evidence Analysis. Although the research confirms the value of graphical methods in promoting rigour in evidential reasoning, it also reaffirms the already clearly identified limits related to their complexity and time-consuming nature. The article also points out the difficulties that still need to be overcome in order to operationalise graphical methods of evidential reasoning, and the difficulties encountered by these methods in avoiding judgment bias.

Vladimir Pavlovich Zagorodnjuk and Applied Arts in Belgrade between the Two World Wars

Vladimir Pavlovich Zagorodnjuk (Odessa, 1889 — Sydney, 1976) is one of many Russian artists who arrived in Yugoslavia in the early 1920s, in the first wave of emigration, and contributed to the visual culture of Belgrade in the period between the two world wars. This period is marked by the development in all areas of art and was so fruitful that even today, a century later, it has still not been fully researched and presented, demanding a deeper introspection of authorial contributions and stylistic trends, especially in the field of applied art. With the experience he gained while studying at the Ecole Nationale des Beaux Arts in Paris, he began his work in Belgrade in 1921 as a painter-scenographer of the National Theater. In the period 1923–1940, as an independent set designer for the National Theater, he staged 19 plays and 12 operas and about 20 plays in the period 1945–1950. Along with his scenographic work, in the period 1927–1939, he was noticed as a prolific sculptor, and created reliefs and facade sculptures of numerous public and private buildings in the capital and in other large centers of the kingdom. He cooperated with eminent architects of the period, often in favor of the Art Deco style, and contributed to its reception in Yugoslavia. He exhibited with the Society of Russian Artists (1928), with the group Krug (1929, 1930), at the Salon of Architecture (1931), at The first exhibition of theatrical painting (1938), as well as at the Salon of Russian Artists (1942 and 1943). He was awarded with Diploma de Medaille d’Or at The Exhibition of Industrial Decorative Modern Art 1925 in Paris, high State Decoration of Saint Sava in 1926 and The Medal for Labor Merits of III in 1949. In 1950, he immigrated to Australia, where he continued his artistic work to a lesser extent until his death in 1976 in Sydney. His three prolific decades of work in Belgrade left a considerable contribution, highly praised by contemporaries, but not entirely researched and evaluated by present historiography. Regarding previous researches, preserved edifices and documentation of the artist’s private legacy preserved in his family, as well as parts of his legacy donated to the Theater Museum of Serbia, this article tends to present the artistic oeuvre of V. P. Zagorodnjuk and to initiate its further consideration.

Open wind tunnel experiments of the DarkO tail-sitter longitudinal stabilization with constant wind

We describe an experimental platform for testing the DarkO tail-sitter drone in an open wind tunnel experiment. The DarkO convertible UAV is developed and 3D printed at the Ecole Nationale de l'Aviation Civile (ENAC), in Toulouse (France). The objective of the experimental platform is to allow testing control laws in a realistic and secure context. We propose a test bench with a single degree of freedom corresponding to the drone pitch axis. We design a linear proportional/integral feedback hovering stabilizer in the presence of constant wind, and we illustrate its effectiveness in stabilizing a hovering position through experimental results.

Causes of Mortality and Pathological Findings in European Hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus) Admitted to a Wildlife Care Centre in Southwestern France from 2019 to 2020

The European hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus) is a nocturnal, solitary and non-territorial mammal endemic across Europe and central Asia. Due to population decline in recent decades in Europe, this species was declared as protected and registered as 'Least Concern' on the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List of Threatened Species. Previous studies pointed to the possible contribution of human activities to hedgehog mortality but few reports provide a complete overview of the pathological processes associated with mortality of the European hedgehog. The aim of this study was to identify the causes of mortality and pathological findings in 35 wild adult European hedgehogs that died spontaneously or were euthanized at the Wildlife Care Centre of the Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse between 2019 and 2020. The main causes of mortality were trauma (41%) including collision (9%), predation (9%), trapping (6%) and trauma of unknown origin (17%). Infectious diseases associated with systemic and local bacterial infections accounted for 34% of the cases and included cutaneous wounds (23%), mandibular abscesses and botryomycosis (23%), exudative bronchopneumonia (9%), suppurative rhinitis (7%) and otitis (3%). One hedgehog (3%) had a large subcutaneous tumour consistent with a malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumour. Parasitism was associated with mortality in 11% of cases with severe debilitation, massive infestation and active larval migration. Incidental findings included splenic and hepatic extramedullary haematopoiesis (100% and 69%, respectively), pulmonary crenosomiasis (91%), gastrointestinal capillariasis (61%), renal lipofuscinosis (59%), chronic renal infarction and interstitial nephritis (50%). These data emphasize the need for further study of hedgehog mortality and of the genetic, behavioural and environmental factors that may contribute to population decline.

INTERACTIONS BETWEEN TWO FLETTNER ROTORS USED FOR WIND SHIP ASSISTED PROPULSION

Wind tunnel tests are carried out at the Aerodynamics Laboratory of the Ecole Nationale des Arts et Métiers (ENSAM) in Paris on 50 mm and 130 mm diameter rotating circular cylinder in infinite aspect ratio or finite aspect ratio of 3 to 6, with or without rotating endplates. Aerodynamic forces are measured by a 5-components balance and by integrating pressures over three sections along the span of the rotating cylinder. The tests carried out at Reynolds numbers between 13,500 and 70,000 are significant and make it possible to dispense tests at high flow speeds. The results, based on pressure measurements, indicate that the rotation of the cylinder drives the fluid in a spiral motion along the span, winding the flow, accompanied by a very strong increase in the drag coefficient between the middle and the top of the cylinder. The interaction between two rotating cylinders, spaced out by 6 diameters, decreases the ratio CL / CD of the thruster reducing its propulsive performance at close wind angles (30° <β <70°).

Preface

The 2021 International Conference on Computers, Remote Sensing and Aerospace (CRSA 2021) was taken place on July 23-25, 2021 via online platform due to the pandemic of COVID-19. In light of the prevention and control of COVID-19 and travel restrictions worldwide, the organizer could not hold the conference physically, that’s why we have to adjust the format to online meeting to avoid personnel gatherings, so that the conference could go ahead as scheduled.This conference mainly focused on the latest research on "information science" and "artificial intelligence", and aims to gather experts, scholars, researchers and related practitioners in this field from all over the world to share research results, explore hot issues, and exchange new ideas, experience and technology. We warmly welcome experts and scholars in related fields to submit their new research or technical contributions to CRSA 2021, and share valuable experiences with scientists and scholars from all over the world!During the conference, the conference model was divided into three sessions, including oral presentations, keynote speeches, and online Q&A discussion. In the first part, some scholars, whose submissions were selected as the excellent papers, were given about 5-10 minutes to perform their oral presentations one by one. Then in the second part, keynote speakers were each allocated 30-45 minutes to hold their speeches. During the conference, we were pleased to had Prof. Yuanzhu Chen, from School of Computing, Queen’s University, Canada as our Conference Chair.In the second part, we invited five professors as our keynote speakers. Prof. Yuanzhu Chen, our beloved Conference Chair, performed a speech: Fading Networks. Prof. Johan DEBAYLE, from Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Saint-Etienne, France. He presented an insightful speech: Morphological image processing for remote sensing applications. Our third keynote speaker, Prof. Devinder Yadav, from Aerospace / Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, China. His publications in scholarly international journals cover interdisciplinary areas, such as aviation regulations, flight safety, aircraft personnel licensing, airport engineering, higher education, airworthiness, aircraft maintenance, aviation management, and project management. Associate Professor. D. Jude Hemanth, from Karunya University/ Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, India. He delivered a wonderful speech: Why Deep Learning techniques over conventional Machine Learning techniques? An introspection. Assoc. Prof. Anwar Ali, our finale keynote speaker, from Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, China. Their insightful speeches had triggered heated discussion in the third session of the conference. Every participant praised this conference for disseminating useful and insightful knowledge.The proceedings are a compilation of the accepted papers and represent an interesting outcome of the conference. Topics include but are not limited to the following areas: Computational science, Remote Sensing, Aeroacoustics Science and more related topics. All the papers have been through rigorous review and process to meet the requirements of International publication standard.We would like to acknowledge all of those who supported CRSA 2021. The help and contribution of each individual and institution was instrumental in the success of the conference. In particular, we would like to thank the organizing committee for its valuable inputs in shaping the conference program and reviewing the submitted papers.The Committee of CRSA 2021Committee member are available in this pdf

Mechanical properties of bituminous mixtures under sinusoidal cyclic loadings: Experiment and modelling

Mechanical behaviour of bituminous mixtures is characterized by the great thermal sensitivity and the large viscous effects. This paper focuses on the linear viscoelastic (LVE) behaviour of bituminous mixtures that is considered for pavement design. The studied material is a GB3 mix (GB in French is “Grave Bitume”) which is often used for base course construction in France. Complex modulus tests are performed to determine the LVE properties of bituminous mix. Sinusoidal cyclic loadings in tension and compression for small strain amplitudes (up to 10-4 m/m) are applied on cylindrical samples at different temperatures (from -23.4°C to 39.1°C) and different frequencies (from 0.03 to 10Hz). The complex modulus E* and complex Poisson’s ratio ν* are obtained for these large ranges of temperature and frequency. From all these data, it is shown that within the linear viscoelastic domain and in the 3D case, the Time Temperature Superposition Principle (TTSP) is applicable and verified. A model with a continuum spectrum called 2S2P1D (2S2P1D means two Springs, two Parabolic elements, one Dashpot), developed at the Ecole Nationale des Travaux Publics de l’Etat (ENTPE), is used to simulate the 3D LVE behaviour of tested bituminous mixture.
 Keywords:
 linear viscoelasticity; bituminous mixture; modelling; complex modulus; complex Poisson’s ratio.

First person – Mélody Wintrebert

ABSTRACT First Person is a series of interviews with the first authors of a selection of papers published in Journal of Cell Science, helping early-career researchers promote themselves alongside their papers. Mélody Wintrebert is joint first author on ‘Activation of meiotic recombination by nuclear import of the DNA break hotspot-determining complex in fission yeast’, published in JCS. Mélody conducted the research described in this article while a Master’s student in Gerry Smith's lab at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA. She is now a PhD student in the labs of Frédéric Relaix and Laurent Tiret at Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, Créteil, and Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Maisons Alfort, France, investigating cellular and molecular biology.

Exister dans et par la crise. La gestion de la crise sanitaire comme mode de légitimation du « local »

À partir de l’étude de la presse nationale et de documents produits par les associations d’élus locaux et de fonctionnaires territoriaux, cet article analyse la façon dont les collectivités territoriales se sont données à voir entre mars et août 2020, via des discours et des politiques, et comment leur action et leurs prises de position ont pu être soutenues ou relayées par des éditorialistes, des journalistes, des experts. Ce faisant, l’article montre comment la « crise du coronavirus » a pu nourrir la cause décentralisatrice, par la publicisation de l’action des collectivités territoriales, mais aussi en fournissant de nouveaux arguments aux avocats de la décentralisation.

Le rôle du maire en temps de crise

Au printemps 2020, les maires ont été en première ligne pour faire face aux aspects non strictement sanitaires de l’épidémie de Covid-19, et en particulier, au confinement de la population. Le présent texte s’appuie sur des rapports du Parlement et de l’Association des maires de France pour analyser leur action en citant de nombreux exemples. De manière générale, il souligne leur indispensable rôle de terrain souvent peu ou mal compris.

Immunity to glycan α-Gal and possibilities for the control of COVID-19.

This initiative is based on research that has been funded by the Consejeria de Educacion, Cultura y Deportes, JCCM, Spain, project ´ CCM17-PIC-036 (SBPLY/17/180501/000185)

From the Ecole nationale du patrimoine to the INP: 30 Years of Encouraging the Dialogue between Heritage Professionals in France

ABSTRACT The National Institute for Heritage or Institut national du patrimoine (INP) is a unique institution in France, training curators and conservators and offering professional development opportunities for all heritage professionals for decades. The 30-year anniversary of the school is an opportunity to remember the context and the reasons for its creation in 1990. Moreover, it offers an occasion to reflect on the skills of heritage conservators-restorers and their use in the service of our heritage.