Siberia Research Articles

БАННО-ПРАЧЕЧНОЕ ХОЗЯЙСТВО ВО ВЛАДИМИРСКОЙ И ИВАНОВСКОЙ ОБЛАСТЯХ В ГОДЫ ВЕЛИКОЙ ОТЕЧЕСТВЕННОЙ ВОЙНЫ

Study of the bath and laundry facilities’ activities during the Great Patriotic War aims to fill in the scientific and historical lacuna regarding the studied regions and to conduct comparative analysis of the situation in this area with other rear regions. Few studies on this issue made it possible to identify similar trends in different regions of the country from Eastern Siberia and the Urals to the Middle Volga region and the Northwest, and therefore the task of the article is also to identify the specifics of two regions of the Upper Volga Region. Materials from regional archives, extracted mainly from party funds, were used in the work. During the study the main difficulties and shortcomings in the work of baths and laundries in the region were identified, as well as the importance of this area for the sanitary and epidemiological situation was shown. Attention is drawn to the fact that this branch of consumer services was considered by the local leadership as insignificant, and therefore it was not given due attention, and this trend, characteristic of other rear regions, fully manifested itself in Vladimir and Ivanovo regions. The failure of the baths and laundries to comply the plans issued by the local authorities was due to a chronic shortage of fuel, relatively worn-out equipment, as well as a shortage of personnel. All these problems were commonplace for other sectors of the housing and communal services.

Детская тема на страницах сибирской периодической печати (по материалам газеты "Сибирская жизнь", 1897–1900 гг.)

The article considers literary, journalistic and advertising materials devoted to childhood and children, published in a Siberian pre-revolutionary periodical. At the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries, the topic of childhood was constantly covered in Russian periodicals, which was connected with the growth in public education, the development of children’s pedagogy, as well as with the general humanization of the public sphere. Texts about children were written not only by the capital’s newspapers, but also by regional newspapers and magazines, which made a great contribution to drawing public attention to the situation of young Russian residents. The aim of this study is to determine the demand for the themes of childhood and the features of their coverage in one of the leading regional newspapers of Russia – Sibirskaya zhizn’, which was published in Tomsk from 1897 to 1919. The newspaper was founded by the famous Siberian businessman and philanthropist Petr Makushin, covered the life of Western and Eastern Siberia, wrote about Russian and foreign events. The average circulation was about 10,000 copies. It is plain to see the scope of this newspaper’s influence over quite a large territory. This study conveys its research through such means as selection of materials, determination and analysis of volumes of materials, identification of main topics of these themes and features of their presentation. The empiric material consists of publications providing insight into themes of childhood in issues of the newspaper Sibirskaya zhizn’ published from November 1897 to December 1900. The main methods of the study were frontal analysis of the newspaper content, complex analysis of the periodical, content analysis, historical-typological and structural-thematic analysis. The author comes to the conclusion that the topic of childhood was in demand by the society, the materials about children were published in every fourth issue of the newspaper, although they were small in volume. The genre palette includes a relatively small number of forms: story, essay, report, note, review, article. The most frequently discussed topics in the newspaper were school, parents, poverty, health, charity, books, and education. In addition, while the literature mainly paints a dramatically negative picture of children’s life, attracting reader’s attention to a social problem, journalism acts as a kind of “counterweight” to it, showing real examples of assistance to children from society’s side. Journalists of the 19th century saw the life of children as extremely difficult, consisting of difficult learning, hard and destructive labor, brutal environment, full of orphanhood and poverty. But Sibirskaya zhizn’ tirelessly stressed that children are fragile, that they need protection, support and care that society can and ought to provide to them.

История музыкальной культуры дореволюционной Кяхты в новой книге М. А. Белокрыса

The monograph of M.A. Belokrys “Music life of provincial Russian town as phenomenon of cultural heritage (Eastern Siberia, Kyakhta, XVIII - early XX century)” has been reviewed (Omsk, OmSU Publisher, 2023, 200 p.). It's pointed out that in edition mentioned above the author could widely represent the set of methods and approaches that are appropriate for historic and cultural literature and these ones are used while working on stated issue. The musical life of prerevolution Kyakhta has been seen in various forms and aspects (from home musical education, singing choirs, amateur orchestra till touring-concert activity of coming musicians, musical clubs and other cultural and educational associations). The correlation between economic development of Kyakhta and its condition of musical life has been made. General and particular features in generation and development of musical culture of Kyakhta in comparison with other urban settlements of Eastern Siberia in prerevolution period have been found out.

Geography of organic production for sustainable development of rural areas

Climate change, new government policies, and changes in the geography of exports at the present stage require an integrated approach to assessing the prospects for the development of organic production in Siberia, which can act as a growth engine for rural areas. The calculation results show that the possibilities of organic production in Siberia are differentiated according to the natural and climatic principle. Tundra and forest-tundra are characterized by developed reindeer herding. The most productive zones are the southern taiga zone, forest-steppe and steppe. Western Siberia uses arable land as its main production asset: specialization is carried out in grain production and meat and dairy cattle breeding. Eastern Siberia has magnificent pastures and hayfields with developed sheep and dairy cattle breeding. Rural areas with suburban areas can specialize in the production of milk, poultry, pork, vegetables and potatoes; beekeeping has prospects.

Контрабанда драгоценных металлов в XIX в.: условия, специфика и способы противодействия в кяхтинском приграничье

The article analyzes the reasons for the intensification of the smuggling of precious metals in the Kyakhta border region in the 19th century. This period is characterized not only by political instability in the Qing Empire, but also began in the second half of the 19th century. The “gold rush” in Eastern Siberia, which imposed its own characteristics on the dynamics of illegal import and export of precious metals in the region. In this situation the government of the Russian Empire with the help of legislative acts, tried not only to stabilize cross-border trade, but also to adjust the activities of the Kyakhta customs to combat the smuggling of precious metals.

The Martyrdom of Illness: Mariia Spiridonova in Siberian Imprisonment, 1906–17

Abstract: In the summer of 1906 at the age of twenty-one, Mariia Spiridonova, a Russian Socialist Revolutionary (SR) assassin was transported with five other convicted female SR terrorists by railway from Moscow to the Nerchinsk prison complex in eastern Siberia. Only Spiridonova was known as a martyr-heroine to opponents of tsarism across the empire, however, because national newspapers had published her story of physical abuse by police and Cossacks at the time of her arrest. Patterning themselves after an earlier generation of populist terrorists in the 1870s and 1880s, male and female SR terrorists in the revolution of 1905–07 attempted to kill government officials whom the SR party accused of oppressive actions against helpless civilians. Although SR terrorists expected to sacrifice their own lives as compensation for committing political murder, the tsarist government commuted the women’s death sentences to penal servitude for life. In Siberian imprisonment, Spiridonova and her five terrorist comrades followed the tradition of preceding generations of revolutionaries by joining a ‘socialist collective’ or ‘commune’ of political prisoners with a code of conduct and a shared economy. Male and female socialist prisoners lived by such compacts to prepare themselves for the future revolution and to deepen the political consciousness of their fellow inmates by personal example. Only Spiridonova among the women ‘politicals’ took no visible role in upholding the prison commune but rather lived in semi-isolation as an invalid throughout her eleven years in the Nerchinsk complex. Suffering from tuberculosis, Spiridonova, who had anticipated a martyr’s death on the scaffold, seemingly succumbed to the martyrdom of chronic illness. Yet the fall of the tsarist autocracy in February 1917 did not just liberate Spiridonova from penal servitude but simultaneously restored her health, her energy and her drive to engage in radical politics. Her pattern of revolutionary behaviour thus alternated between active and passive self-sacrifice, the tuberculosis that enhanced her legend of martyrdom apparently waxing and waning according to the degree of her personal freedom.

СОЛЯРНО-ЛУНАРНАЯ МИФОЛОГИЯ СЕВЕРНОЙ И ВОСТОЧНОЙ АЗИИ: НЕКОТОРЫЕ КОРРЕЛЯЦИИ

In the article I will try to prove the existence of the correlation between the occurrence of mythological motifs of opposite content (“Sun – man, Moon – woman”, “Sun – woman, Moon – man”, “Sun and Moon – men”, “Sun and Moon – women”, “Sun – woman”, “Ambiguous Sun”, “Ambiguous Moon”) and the characteristics of the category of grammatical gender in the languages of the peoples of Mongolia, Southern, Western and Eastern Siberia and the Far East. An attempt was made to identify the reasons for the coexistence of motifs of opposite content within the mythological systems of the mentioned peoples. Also, the characters’ nominations were analyzed and compared with the grammatical gender (if exists) of the words “sun” and “moon”. The roles played by the Sun and Moon in specific motifs were analyzed as well. The study is based on the index of mythological motifs by Yu.E. Berezkin (https://ruthenia.ru/ folklore/berezkin/). The work considers the peoples of the Altai (groups: Manchu-Tungus [Evens, Evenks]; Mongolic [Buryats, Oirats, Mongols, Daurs]; Turkic [Tuvans, Khakas, Altai, Teleuts, Yakuts]), Uralic (groups: Samoyedic [Nenets, Enets, Nganasans, Selkups]; Finno-Ugric [Khanty, Mansi]) families, as well as Palaeo-Siberian languages (Yenisei family [Kets, Yughs]; Chukchi and Kamchatka group of languages [Koryak, Chukchi, Itelmen]; Yukagir family [forest Yukagirs]). As a result, based on the selected material, it was not possible to unambiguously establish or refute the presence of this correlation. Among the studied peoples, only in the languages of the peoples of the Yenisei language family, the Kets and the Yughs, there is a category of grammatical gender. But the gender of the celestial body in the mythology of these peoples does not coincide with the grammatical gender of the denoting it in their languages. In the mythological systems of more than half of the other peoples there are motifs of opposite content. The inability to say precisely whether this correlation exists is also confirmed by analyzing the roles played by the studied characters.

«Земля стоит на Божьём мору»: рассказы о сотворении мира из Приангарья в записи А. А. Макаренко

The paper presents new archival texts containing folk stories about the creation of the world. The stories were recorded by A. A. Makarenko on the Angara River in the Kezhemsky volost of the Yenisei district in 1904. These records were not included in the collection “Siberian Folk Calendar in Ethnographic Relation: Eastern Siberia. Yenisei province” published in 1913, remaining outside the attention of the scientific community. The folk stories describe how God created the land from the earth raised from the bottom of the sea by Satan (cf.: S. Thompson. Motif-index of folk-literature: A811. Earth brought up from the bottom of primeval water; A812.1. Devil as Earth Diver). These are the complete versions of cosmogonic narratives, almost as in their authentic fixation. The Angara versions of cosmogonic history were compared with the texts of similar narratives from the European territory of Russia, revealing the connection with the folklore traditions of the Russian North. This connection is due to the peculiarities of the settlement of the Angara region: the lower reaches of the Angara River and its tributaries. According to the research, the original settlers of the Angara region were natives of the Russian North, with the old-time core of the Russian population.

Развитие как ключевое оценочное понятие трансформации пространственных систем

This article examines the spatial socioeconomic development problems that have emerged prominently in Russia in recent years. A special focus is the notion of ‘razvitie’ (development) gaining mainstream traction in the vocabulary of Russian politicians, researchers and media professionals. Authoritative scholarly opinions are cited, describing development as a process of changes in objects and phenomena without implying a positive connotation. Using the example of external regulation of anthropogenic spatial systems, it is shown that development should enhance the stability of the systems’ functioning, considering their equifinality and potential for self-organisation (self-development). A genetic connection is established between the concept of ‘spatial development’ and the global advances in economic geography. Attention is paid to the features of spatial and regional development as strategic planning objects. The article also examines the feasibility of accurately assessing the outcomes of a spatial development strategy by quantifying the achievement of its goals and targets. It is emphasised that results highlighting regional disparities and settlement patterns should be compared within groups of similar regions and macro-regions, such as northern, central and southern provinces of European Russia, Siberian territories, the Far East, the Arctic Zone and the republics of the North Caucasus. For demographic processes, comparisons should be based on specific population groups: children, youth, the working-age population, pensioners and migrants. Specific changes in productive forces distribution that align with target indicators should be verified by population assessments based on annual surveys.

Внутрирегиональная и межрегиональная миграция населения Сибири: сравнительный анализ Иркутской, Томской областей и Красноярского края

The article focuses on the analysis of intraregional migration processes in Tomsk and Irkutsk Oblasts and Krasnoyarsk Krai. The aim of the article is the observation of trends and consequences of the interregional and intraregional migration processes in three Siberian territories. The basis of this study is the migration statistic data in Irkutsk and Tomsk Oblasts and Krasnoyarsk Krai. The authors use data that were both published in open access and obtained on individual request from the Russian Federal State Statistics Service (Rosstat). Migration statistics was analyzed by means of authors’ statistic calculations and visualization of these data by mapping the information. The migration situation in the Siberian regions is analyzed in the following steps: comparison of indicators and coefficients of migration growth/loss of interregional movements to identify the most and least intensive and productive migration connections of the regions; comparison of the coefficients of migration growth/loss of intraregional migrations to identify the main migration trends – donor-territories and recipient-territories within the regions; comparison of indicators and coefficients of migration intensity to identify the territories of the region with the most and least movable population. The data of intraregional migrations are the basis for the mapping of these processes. The comparison of data on interregional and intraregional migration in relation to the identification of centers of attraction and migration donors on a regional scale allowed identifying common patterns and regional specifics of these processes, as well as key migration trends and territories that are most actively involved in migration exchange. These approaches ensured the comparison of migration situation in three regions. The authors ascertain trends of sustainable population outflow from rural areas to large cities and concentration of intraregional migrants in cities of regional or district administration. Taking into account the movement of people to the central and southern regions of the country, described through the western shift concept, presumably, the intraregional migration trends that repeat directions of interregional migration flows can create extra conditions for negative migration processes in these regions. The results of the study allowed formulating a hypothesis about the correlation of the role of interregional and intraregional migration for the social and demographic development of Tomsk and Irkutsk Oblasts and Krasnoyarsk Krai.

Difference in linear enamel hypoplasia frequency between the 16<sup>th</sup>- to 19<sup>th</sup>-century agrarian populations of the Korean Joseon dynasty and Siberian Russia

Difference in linear enamel hypoplasia frequency between the 16<sup>th</sup>- to 19<sup>th</sup>-century agrarian populations of the Korean Joseon dynasty and Siberian Russia

Use of ultrasonic screening in aquaculture for the directed formation sturgeon and salmon fish mature stocks

The results of research work for the period from 2018 to 2023 on the use of early non-invasive functional ultrasound screening for the purpose of targeted formation of highly productive mature-brood stocks of Siberian sturgeon of the Ob, Yenisei, Baikal, Lena populations, European sterlet of the Kama population, Siberian sterlet of the Ob, Yenisei, Irtysh populations on main full-cycle industrial fish-breeding farms of Eastern and Western Siberia using water recirculation systems are presented in the article. Biotechnological methods for the formation of highly productive mature stocks using ultrasound monitoring are described. The number of individuals with pathologies and anomalies in the development of the reproductive system, liver, gallbladder and other internal organs were estimated; treatment methods were proposed. For the first time studies on the use of ultrasound for visualizing the gonads, determining the stages of maturity, detecting diseases of the heart, liver, gallbladder in salmon fish (trout, Atlantic salmon) grown in aquaculture have been carried out. For the first time ultrasound and histological studies were carried out to study the nature of “ink spots” on the skin of Siberian sturgeon Lena population from natural habitat. It was found that in the skin of sturgeon during pathology there was a growth of epidermal cells. Melanin melanocytes increased in both epidermis and dermis. At the same time there were no elastic fibers of the epidermis after painted according to Van-Gison. All these changes may indicate melanoma.

ПРОЯВЛЕНИЯ ЭПИДЕМИЧЕСКОГО ПРОЦЕССА ЭНТЕРОВИРУСНОЙ ИНФЕКЦИИ В СУБЪЕКТАХ ДАЛЬНЕВОСТОЧНОГО И СИБИРСКОГО ФЕДЕРАЛЬНЫХ ОКРУГОВ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ В 2023 Г. ПРОГНОЗ ЗАБОЛЕВАЕМОСТИ ЭНТЕРОВИРУСНОЙ ИНФЕКЦИЕЙ НА 2024 Г.

The annual increase in the incidence of enterovirus infection (EVI) in the population of the Far East and Eastern Siberia determines the need for constant epidemiological surveillance of EVI using molecular typing of enteroviruses.In 2023, a significant excess of the long-term average incidence rate of EVI was noted in 8 of the 16 analyzed territories of the Far Eastern and Siberian federal districts. The main clinical forms of EVI were herpangina and exanthema forms. Among the identified types of enteroviruses in 2023, coxsackievirus A6 predominated. Phylogenetic analysis revealed the circulation of a new variant of the eC2 genotype of the ECHO30. The calculation of prognostic indicators showed that an increase in EVI incidence in 2024 is expected in five analyzed territories. The manifestations of the EVI epidemic process in the territories of the Far Eastern and Siberian federal districts in 2023 were influenced by the active circulation of the coxsackievirus A6 and the emergence of a new ECHO30 genovariant. In the territories with high EVI incidence rates predicted for 2024, attention should be paid to the timely organization of epidemic control measures.

First record of Parmelia asiatica (Parmeliaceae, Ascomycota) in Europe

The lichen Parmelia asiatica (Parmeliaceae), described in 2011 from China (Yunnan province), is reported for the first time in Europe, in European Russia. Since 2013, the species has been recorded in the Russian Far East and Baikal Siberia. The majority of the records are in Protected Areas located in regions with a humid climate, where the preferred habitats are mainly foothill/mountain, humid, mixed or dark coniferous old-growth forests. A critical analysis of the herbarium specimens from the Kerzhensky State Nature Reserve (Nizhny Novgorod Region, Russia) collected by the authors in 2020 allowed us to identify a specimen as Parmelia asiatica. Before this study, only six species of the genus Parmelia were known in European Russia. The present paper contains data on the new record of P. asiatica, its morphology, the species distribution range, and its ecology. The diversity of data collected in Russian state nature reserves (including the new record) proves the need and importance of studying the lichen flora of these territories, since they represent the best-preserved, rare and unique habitats. In particular, the Kerzhensky State Nature Reserve is believed to be located near the contact zone between European and Siberian vascular and lichen flora, which is also confirmed by the here reported record of P. asiatica.

To the 75th anniversary of the discovery of a unique geological structure - the patom crater

In 1949, a geological expedition led by V.V. Kolpakov discovered an amazing natural object, later called the Patom crater, which has become a mystery of the relief of Eastern Siberia to the present day, since it has no analogues in the world. The first special scientific expedition, very poorly equipped due to the difficulty of delivering complex equipment to this anomalous structure, lost in the remote taiga far from civilization, took place only in 1963. Starting in 2005, the crater became the object of comprehensive research by many expeditions, which included specialists from various scientific fields. When studying the larches on the slopes and inside the crater, its relatively young age was calculated (several centuries). But the Patom crater remains an unresolved problem in the issue of clarifying its genesis and thus is the subject of further study for scientists of the XXI century.

Waterfowl and Shorebirds: Formation and evolution of “cold” wintering grounds in Inner Asia (Baikal Siberia)

Despite the widespread occurrence of “cold” wintering of waterfowl, the causes of their formation have been studied very poorly. Very harsh winter conditions are typical for Eastern Siberia, but wintering grounds with a high number of 55.0-60.0 thousand birds are also formed here. Such wintering grounds include the source and upper course of the Angara River (thermal refugium). The high death rate of nests in the summer due to the unstable mountain floodplain water regime of the rivers of the region is compensated by the repeated nesting of birds. As a result, their total breeding season is greatly increased. By the time of migration, the late broods do not have time to accumulate enough plastic substances (fat) necessary for migration to the southern wintering grounds. Favorable conditions at the beginning of winter in thermal refugiums contribute to long delays of birds in feeding and resting places. However, by the time they are able to continue migration, it becomes impossible. Snow falls in the adjacent territories, reservoirs are covered with ice and a constant negative air temperature is established. Consequently, the “cold” wintering of shorebirds and waterfowl is forced. The basis of their species composition is formed by the animal-eating diving duck species. In this regard, their protection and maintenance of numbers in extreme years are difficult and expensive tasks.

Развитие кинопроката в Иркутске и Красноярске: от Гражданской войны к НЭПу

The purpose of this article is to consider the development of the film distribution in Irkutsk and Krasnoyarsk in the late 1910s – early 1920s. This period is marked by two major historical events – the Civil War and the final establishment of the Bolsheviks in power and their transition to a new economic policy after the Civil War. The article presents an analysis of the changes in the genre composition, the main plots of the films that were shown to the townspeople during the period under review. In addition, information is provided on the most popular domestic and foreign films and film actors who have enjoyed the most attention and interest from the local public. At the end of the article, it is concluded that film life in the centers of Eastern Siberia was quite developed. At the same time, she was influenced by historical events that took place in the country and the world.

The economic situation and ways to solve the environmental problems in the city of Ust-Kut

<p>The Ust-Kutsky district and its center, the Ust-Kut city, have become the fastest growing in the Irkutsk region of Russia in the last decade. Ust-Kut is a very important settlement for the economic development of the northern territories of the Irkutsk region and the southern territories of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). The city is a key transport hub, where various types of transport routes converge: railway, aviation, automobile, river, and product pipeline. There are deposits of various minerals near Ust-Kut. The timber mining and timber-processing industries are represented here as much as possible. On the other hand, Ust-Kut is one of the ten most air-polluted cities in the Irkutsk region. Most of the air pollution consists of substances formed as a result of fuel combustion. The unfavorable air regime of the city is influenced by climatic conditions: relatively weak winds and temperature inversions in winter. The oil and gas deposits located nearby may help solve the problem of air pollution by gasification of Ust-Kut. In addition, water and soil pollution have been noted in the city due to technological problems of wastewater disposal, garbage collection, and recycling, as well as certain types of industrial waste processing. Therefore, the main task of the sustainable development of the city is to solve its environmental problems. Ust-Kut's environmental problems are solved at the expense of financial resources from government programs, which are not sufficient. But the tax on mining is completely federal, as these funds do not remain in the territory. Through this research, we have searched for ways to achieve a balance between economic development and environmental well-being in Ust-Kut. Specifically, we have explored additional types of economic activities that are safe for nature and public health. For Ust-Kut, located in the north of Eastern Siberia, it is important to increase the area of green spaces within the central part of the city. The development of a system of parks and squares involves their improvement and the formation of a connection into a single natural framework through linear landscaping objects and connections with urban forest sites. The use of sanitary protection zones around enterprises that emit into the environment will contribute to the formation of a comfortable environment and expand landscaping opportunities.</p>

Граф Муравьёв-Амурский и Забайкалье

Governor-General of Eastern Siberia N. N. Muravyov proposed to focus on solving continental problems, leaving Alaska to America. He developed a plan for the development of the Amur, choosing Transbaikalia as a springboard for solving socio-political and economic problems, where the Trans-Baikal Region was created with the center in Chita with the statute of the city, the TransBaikal Cossack army, the registration of peasants to factories was canceled. Chita began to play the role of the Eastern Kronstadt and the upper Amur pier. Since 1854, Amur expeditionary raftings began with the Ingoda or the Shilka, ensuring the movement of military personnel, mainly from trans-Baikal Cossacks, weapons and food to the mouth of the Amur. During the first four years of rafting, Muravyov mastered and began to populate the Amur banks with migrant peasants. He managed to repel the attack of the Anglo-French squadron and convince the Chinese authorities of Russia's peaceful and friendly intentions. Friendly agreements were concluded with China – the Aigun, Tianjin and Beijing agreements on the delimitation of the territory along the Amur and Ussuri. For mastering the Amur River, according to the rescript, Muravyov was granted by Alexander II the title of count and the honorary name Amur. In modern scientific and educational literature, there is a clear underestimation of the activities of Count N. N. Muravyov-Amursky.

Krasnoyarsk Mutual Fire Insurance Society (1904-1917)

The subject of the study is the organization and activity of the Krasnoyarsk Mutual Fire Insurance Society. On the basis of the historical and genetic method, the reasons for the origin of the insurance business in the Yenisei province, the leading trends in its development during the second half of the XIX - early XX centuries, changes that occurred under the influence of the First World War are analyzed. The application of the historical-systematic method allowed the authors to determine the role and place of the city mutual insurance society in the emerging fire insurance system in one of the provincial centers of Eastern Siberia. The historical-comparative method made it possible to identify the differences between mutual insurance companies and joint-stock companies. The statistics of fires and the scale of losses from them grew in the Russian Empire in the second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries. At the same time, a fire insurance system was being formed. A specific non–commercial form of insurance was mutual insurance (the main types are zemstvo and city), which arose due to the fact that the services of private insurance companies were inaccessible to a wide range of the population. In the Yenisei province , the only society of this type appeared only at the beginning of the XX century. Krasnoyarsk City Mutual Insurance Society for a short period of its existence could not significantly change the situation in the local insurance market, where the dominant position was occupied by branches of joint-stock insurance companies. Nevertheless, his activity has had a beneficial effect on the development of the insurance business in the city by reducing tariffs, supporting fire-fighting measures of the city authorities. The First World War carried the threat of loss of organizational and financial independence of mutual insurance companies, since the government became interested in the idea of introducing a state monopoly of fire insurance in order to compensate for the budget deficit.